Aa¨vq: 03 msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm

 wLª÷c~e© 3400 mv‡ji w`‡K †`Iqv‡j `vM KvUv, KvwV, bywocv_i, iwki wMU BZ¨vw` cÖPwjZ wP‡ýi bvg wQj
nvqv‡ivwMøwd·|
 GwU wMÖK kã nvqv‡ivwMÖ‡dvm †_‡K G‡m‡Q|
 nvqv‡iv wMÖ‡dvm gv‡b cweÎ wjwc|
 wgkixq msL¨v e¨e¯’v wQj 10 wfwËK|
 BbKv mf¨Zv MYbv Ki‡Z e¨envi nZ `wo|
 cÖvPxbKv‡j MYbv e¨envi nZ cÖZxK ev wPý|
 `kwgK msL¨v c×ywZ Zzjbvg~jK mnR|
 cÖvPxbKv‡ji GKwU RbwcÖq msL¨v c×wZ wQj †gq¨vb msL¨v c×wZ|
 wgkixq nvqv‡ivwMøwd· 1,00,000 msL¨vwU †evSv‡Z e¨envi n‡Zv e¨v‡fi Qwe|
 evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z Av‡Q 2wU wWwRU|
 eZ©gvb Mwb‡Zi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q MYbv †_‡K|
 `vk©wbK Gwi‡óUj me©cÖ_g BbwdwbwU ev Amxg (∞) Gi ms‡³K cÖPjb K‡ib|
 wgm‡i me©cÖ_g fMœvsk msL¨vi cÖeZ©b nq|
 cÖvPxbKv‡j gvbyl nv‡Zi Av½y‡ji mvnv‡h¨ MYbv Ki‡Zv|
 fviZe‡l© me©cÖ_g k~‡b¨i e¨envi ïiæ n‡qwQj|
 †Kv‡bv wKQzi cwigvY †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ hv e¨envi Kiv nq ZvB msL¨v|
msL¨v c×wZ:
 msL¨v c×wZ cÖavbZ `yÕai‡bi h_v- 1. bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ I 2. cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ|
 bb-cwRkbvj c×wZ‡Z msL¨vi gvb e¨eüZ wPý ev A¼mg~‡ni cwRkb ev Ae¯’v‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i bv|
 cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z msL¨vi gvb e¨eüZ wPý ev A¼mg~‡ni cwRkb ev Ae¯’v‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i wbbx©Z nq| GB
c×wZ‡Z msL¨v Zvi †em, A‡¼i Ae¯’vb I i¨vwW· c‡q›U GKwU MyiæZ¡c©~Y welq|
 †em-Gi Ici wfwË K‡i cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ 14 cÖKvi| h_v- 1. †Wwmg¨vj 2. evBbvwi 3. A±vj 4. †n·v‡Wwmg¨vj
 Kw¤úDUv‡i UNIX Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g A±vj msL¨v c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|
 †n·v‡Wwmg¨v‡ji 16 wU AsK n‡”Q 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A,B, C, D, E, F,
 `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z i¨vwW· c‡q›U‡K ejv nq †Wwmg¨vj c‡q›U ev `kwgK we›`y|
 evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z e¨vwW· c‡q›U‡K evBbvwi c‡q›U e‡j|
 †Kvb msL¨vi Suffix G Aew¯’Z c~Y© msL¨v hv H msL¨vi cÖK…wZ wba©viY K‡i _v‡K Base ev Radix e‡j|
 A±vj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z i¨vwW· c‡q›U‡K ejv nq A±vj c‡q›U|
 †n·v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z i¨vwW· c‡q›U‡K †n·v‡Wwmg¨vj c‡q›U e‡j|
 msL¨v c×wZi ÿz`ªZg cÖZxK n‡jv A¼|
 bb- cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ n‡jv cÖvPxb msL¨v c×wZ|
 eZ©gv‡b cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ ïay gv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
 msL¨v MYbv Kivi c×wZ‡K msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|
 wnmve wbKv‡ki Rb¨ `kwgK ev †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ cÖZxK ev A¼ `ywU n‡jv 0 I 1
 Binary A_© wØwgK|

Page- 56
msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi:
 Pvi ai‡bi msL¨v c×wZi g‡a¨ GK msL¨v c×wZ †_‡K Ab¨ msL¨v c×wZ‡Z ci®ú‡ii g‡a¨ iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ †gvU 12 wU
iƒcvšÍi n‡Z cv‡i|
 evBbvwi msL¨vi †em n‡jv 2|
 A±vj msL¨vi †em n‡jv 8|
 †n·v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨vi †em n‡jv 16|
 †Wwmg¨vj msL¨vq †em n‡jv 10|
 LSb gv‡b n‡jv Least Significant bit. †h Digit Gi base power minimum Zv‡K LSb e‡j|
 MSb gv‡b n‡jv Most Significant bit. †h Digit Gi base power maximum Zv‡K MSb e‡j|
 †Kvb msL¨vi 1wU ev 2wU Ask _vK‡Z cv‡i| h_v: - c~Y©vsk ev fMœvsk|
 †n·v‡Wwmg¨vj 9 Gi c‡ii msL¨v n‡jv A.
 (99)10 = (1100011)2
 Kw¤úDUvi evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi K‡i mKj KvR K‡i|
 mß`k kZ‡K MUwd«W wjewbR evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi aviYv †`b|
 AKUvj msL¨v c×wZ `kwgK msL¨v c×wZi Lye KvQvKvwQ|
 `kwgK msL¨v c×wZi e¨envi gvby‡li Kv‡Q me‡P‡q mnR|
 A±vj msL¨v c×wZ ivRv 7g Pvj©m D™¢veb K‡ib|
 `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ †_‡K Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
evBbvwi †hvM I we‡qvM wPýhy³ msL¨v I 2- Gi cwic~iK:
 Complement ev cwic~i‡Ki KvR n‡”Q Electronic System G Negative Number generate Kiv|
 evBbvwi we‡qvM Kw¤úDUvimn wWwRUvj hš¿cvwZ g~jZ ch©vqµ‡g †hv‡Mi gv‡a¨‡g ¸Y ev FYvZ¥K msL¨vi mv‡_ †hv‡Mi
gva¨‡g we‡qvM K‡i wnmve wbKvk K‡i _v‡K|
 evBbvwi †b‡MwUf msL¨v I evBbvwi c‡RwUf msL¨v eySv‡bvi Rb¨ msL¨vi me©ev‡g GKwU AwZwi³ mvBb weU e¨envi Kiv
nq|
 mvBb weU 0 n‡j msL¨vwU abvZ¥K hv‡K ejv nq + Ges mvBbweU 1 n‡j msL¨vwU FYvZ¥K hv‡K ejv n‡q Ô-Õ
Bit Sign bit Data bit
8bit 1 7
16bit 1 15
32bit 1 31
64bit 1 63
 evBbvwi †hv‡M 1 + 1 = 10
 evBbvwi †hvM mnR I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ|
 evBbvwi we‡qv‡M 1-0= 1
 `kwgK ¸Y I evBbvwi ¸‡Yi †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ bvB|
 `kwgK fvM I evBbvwi fv‡Mi wbqg cÖvq GK|
 1 †K 0 Kiv , 0 †K 1 Kiv 1's Complement Gi KvR|
 10010 Gi 1- Gi cwic~iK n‡jv 01101|
 abvZ¥K msL¨vi 2- Gi cwic~iK Ki‡Z nq bv|
 wPý †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ mvaviY AwZwi³ weU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Kw¤úDUv‡i 2- Gi cwic~iK MVb e¨envi Kiv nq|
Page- 57
 2-Gi cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ eZ©bx mnR-mij , `v‡g m¯Ív Ges `ªæZ MwZ m¤úbœ nq|
 evBbvwi msL¨vq MvwYwZK m~Îvejx cÖwZôv K‡ib RR© eywj|
 RR© eywji cÖwZwôZ m~θ‡jv‡K e‡j eywjqvb m~Î|
 FYvZ¥K msL¨v‡K abvZ¥K msL¨vi mv‡_ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g we‡qvM Kiv nq|
 eZ©bx‡Z `ªæZ MwZ‡Z `ÿZvi mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i-2 Gi cwic~iK|
 †Kvb evBbvwi msL¨vi 1 Gi cwic~iK Gi gv‡bi mv‡_ 1 †hvM K‡i 2 G cwic~iK Gi gvb cvIqv hvq|
 2- Gi cwic~iK MV‡b †hvM I we‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ GKB eZ©bx e¨envi Kiv nq|
 evBbvwi †hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi cvuPwU Ae¯’v n‡Z cv‡i| h_v:
(i) 0 + 0=0
(ii) 0 + 1=1
(iii) 0 + 0=1
(iv) 1 + 1 =0; nv‡Z _v‡K 1
(v) 1 + 1 + 1=1; nv‡Z _v‡K 1
 evBbvwi we‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi PviwU Ae¯’v n‡Z cv‡i| h_v:
(i) 0-0= 0
(ii) 0-1= 1; nv‡Z _v‡K 1
(iii) 1-0= 1
(iv) 1-1 = 0;
†KvW I wewfbœ cÖKvi †Kv‡Wi aviYv:
 †Kvb Z_¨‡K mswÿß ev †MvcbxqZvi mv‡_ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ c×wZ‡K e‡j- †KvW|
 †Wwm‡gj c×wZi cÖwZwU cÖZxK, eY©, hwZ wPý BZ¨w`‡K wfbœ wfbœ evBbvwi msL¨v w`‡q wPwýZ Kivi c×wZ‡K †KvwWs
e‡j|
 `kwgK msL¨vi cÖwZwU A¼‡K mgZzj¨ ev mgvb evBbvwi msL¨v Øviv cÖKv‡ki e¨e¯’v n‡”Q BCD
 BCD Gi c~Y©i æc n‡jv Binary Coded Decimal.
 EBCDIC g~jZ 8 weU BCD †KvW|
 EBCDIC Gi c~Y©i æc n‡jv- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.
 ASCII †KvW D™¢veb K‡ib ievU DBwjqvg wegvi 1961 mv‡j|
 ASCII Gi c~Y©iæc n‡jv American Standard Code Sof Information Interchange.
 Avjdv wbD‡gwiK †KvW n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi wK-‡ev‡W©i mKj evU‡bi AšÍM©Z †WUv|
 Uni Code D™¢veb nq 1991 mv‡j|
 ASCII †KvW e¨eüZ nq gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i|
 Kw¤úDUv‡i BIOS Gi ZvwiL msiÿY K‡i BCD †KvW|
 BIOS Gi c~Y©iæc n‡jv Basic Input Output System
 gvby‡li fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvq cwiYZ Kivi c×wZ nj Encoding.
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv‡K gvby‡li fvlvq cwiYZ Kivi c×wZ nj Decoding.
 Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb QvovI wewfbœ hš¿vs‡ki g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡Wi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
 ASCII †KvW ˆZwi K‡i ANSI
 ANSI Gi c~Y©i æc n‡jv American National Standard Institute
eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv, eywjqvb Dccv`¨ I mZ¨K mviwY:
Page- 58
 Boolean Formula :
1. A + 0 = A
2. A + 1 = 1
3. A + Ā = 1
4. A + A = A
5. A . 0 = 0
6. A . 1= A
7. A . Ā = 0
8. A . A= A
=
9. A = A
10. A + B = A . B
11. A + B + C = A. B. C
12. AB = A + B
13. ABC = A + B + C
14. A B = AB + AB
15. A  B = AB + AB
16. A + BC= (A + B) (A + C)
 RR© eywj 1854 mv‡j eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
 eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi 0 I 1 A¼ `ywU e¨eüZ nq| 0 I 1 †K eywjqvb aªeK e‡j|
 K¬vDW k¨vjb eywjqvb Dccv`¨ hyw³mn cÖgvb I cÖwZwôZ K‡ib|
 eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi wbqg ¸‡jv‡K eywjqvb ¯^Ztwm× e‡j|
 hyw³g~jK Acv‡ikb¸‡jv n‡jv- Ai, GÛ, Ges bU|
 eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi- 1 + 1= 1
 eywjq exRMwY‡Zi Ici `yw U cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Î †`b divmx MwYZwe` -wW - giM¨vb|
 eywjqvb ¯^ZtwmׇK 4fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
 eywjqvb ¯^Ztwm×
OR AND NOT XOR
0 + 0=0 0 . 0=0 0= 1 0  0=0
0 + 1=1 0 . 1=0 1= 0 0  1=1
1 + 0=1 1 . 0=0 1  0=1
1 + 1=1 1 . 1=1 1  1=0
 eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi `ywU m¤¢ve¨ gvb 0 I 1 †K GKwU AciwUi c~i K ev Kw¤úø‡g›U e‡j|
 eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivq mvaviY Dccv`¨ 6wU|
 eywjqvb Dccv‡`¨i †ÿ‡Î A + A = 1
 wW- giMv‡bi cÖ_g Dccv`¨ nj- A1 + A2 + A3 + ……. + An = A1 + A2 + A3 + …….An
 wW- giMv‡bi wØZxq Dccv`¨ nj- A1. A2.A3. ……. An = A1 + A2 + A3 + …….An
 AND Ges OR Acv‡ik‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ m~·K ˆØZbxwZ m~Î e‡j|
 mZ¨K mviwY XOR †MBU wb‡`©k K‡i|
 mZ¨K mviwYi gva¨‡g wewfbœ †MB‡Ui djvdj cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 Commulative Theorem n‡jv-
(i) A + B =B + A; (ii) A.B= B.A
jwRK †MBUmg~n:
 Classification Of Logic Gate
1. Unique Gate (†gŠwjK †MBU)
i. And Gate ii. OR Gate iii. Not Gate
2. Universal Gate (mve©Rbxb †MBU)
Page- 59
 i. NAND Gate ii. NOR Gate
3. Combinational Gate (†hŠwMK †MBU)
i. XOR Gate
 wWwRUvj eZ©bx‡Z †gŠwjK †MBU e¨envi Kiv nq wZbwU| h_v: (i) OR Gate (ii) AND Gate (iii) NOR Gate
 †hvw³K †hv‡Mi †MBU n‡”Q OR Gate.
 OR Gate 1 †K cÖavb¨ †`q| OR Gate G Value 1 n‡j Result = 1 . A_©vr 0 + 0 + 0 + ….. + 0 + 1= 1
 eywjq exRMwY‡Zi AND Acv‡ikb ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ AND Gate e¨eüZ nq|
 AND Gate 0 †K cÖavb¨ †`q| AND Gate G Value 0 n‡j Result = 0 . A_©vr 1. 1. 1 .1 .1…..1.0= 0
 NOR Gate G Bbcy‡Ui Kgwcø‡g‡›Ui mgvb AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq|
 NAND Gate I NOR Gate w`‡q †gŠwjK †MBUmn Ab¨vb¨ mKj †MBU cÖKvk Kiv hvq e‡j NAND Gate I
NOR Gate †K mve©Rbxb †MBU e‡j|
 evdvi †MB‡U Input Output GKB _v‡K|
 XNOR I XOR Gate e¨eüZ nq mvwK©‡Ui RwUjZv I LiP Kgv‡bvi Rb¨|
 evBbvwi †hvMdj wb‡`©k Ki‡Z OR Gate e¨envi Kiv nq|
 XOR †MB‡Ui AvDUcy‡U NOT †MBU hy³ K‡i XNOR †MBU ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
 Avi †MB‡Ui wWwRUvj B‡j±ªwbK mvwK©‡U `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK BbcyU w`‡q GKwU gvÎ AvDcyU cvIqv hvq Ges AvDUcyUwU
nq| BbcyUMywji †hŠw³i †hv‡Mi mgvb|
 AND Gate Gi wWwRUvj B‡j±ªwbK mvwK‡U `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK BbcyU w`‡q GKwU gvÎ AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq Ges
AvDUcyUwU nq BbcyU¸wji †hŠw³K My‡Yi mgvb|.
 NOR Gate G †Kv‡bv GKwU BbcyU Gi gvb 1 n‡j AvDUcyU 0 n‡e Ges hLb me¸‡jv BbcyU 0 n‡e ZLb AvDUcyU
1 n‡e, NOR Gate n‡”Q OR Gate I NOT Gate Gi mgwó|
 NAND Gate G GKwU BbcyU Gi gvb 0 n‡j AvDUcyU 1 n‡e Ges hLb me¸‡jv BbcyU 1 n‡e ZLb AvDUcyU 0
n‡e NAND Gate n‡”Q AND Gate I NOT Gate Gi mw¤§wjZ GKwU †MBU|
 X-OR Gate Gi c~Y©iæc Exclusive OR Gate. †gŠwjK Gate mn| AND, NOT I OR Gate mvwK©U AvKv‡i
cvIqv hvq|
 X-OR Gate ev¯Íevq‡b 5wU †gŠwjK †MBU jv‡M| 2wU AND †MBU, 2wU NOT †MBU Ges 1wU OR †MBU‡K hy³
K‡i X-OR Gate ˆZwi nq|
†gŠwjK †MBU:
Gate Gi bvg wPý ms‡KZ D`vniY
AND GKvwaK
OR GKvwaK
NOT GKwU
Dc‡ii QKwU mn jwRK †MU Gi we¯ÍvwiZ mKj †MU Gi wPý mn D`vniY Aci GKwU QK GB wcwWGd Gi †k‡li w`‡K
†`qv Av‡Q|
 eyywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi wZbwU †gŠwjK †MBU i‡q‡Q|
 OR Ges AND †MB‡U `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK BbcyU _v‡K Ges GKwUgvÎ AvDUcyU _v‡K|
 NOR †MB‡Ui AvDUcyU OR †MB‡Ui AvDUcy‡Ui wecixZ|
 OR †MB‡Ui mv‡_ NOT †MBU †hvM K‡i NOR †MBU ˆZwi Kiv nq|
mve©Rbxb †MBU:
Page- 60
 AND + NOT = NAND
 OR + NOT = NOR
 GKwU Universal Gate Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q GKwU wmMb¨vj 2 evi †cÖib Ki‡j Zv Gi g‡Zv AvPiY K‡i| †hgb:
 NAND GKwU †hŠwMK †MBU|
 NAND I NOR †MBU n‡jv mve©Rbxb †MBU|
 NAND †MBU w`‡q OR, AND I NOT †MBU ˆZwi Kiv nq|
 NOR †MBU w`‡q OR, AND I NOT †MBU ˆZwi Kiv nq|
 `yBwU NAND †MBU ms‡hv‡M AND †MBU ˆZwi Kiv nq|
we‡kl †MBU ( XOR, XNOR †MBU):
 XOR †MB‡Ui BbcyU `ywU Amgvb n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e|
 XOR †MB‡Ui mv‡_ I NOT †MBU hy³ K‡i XNOR †MBU ˆZwi nq|
 mvaviYZ `ywU weU GKB wKbv Zv Zzjbv Kivi Kv‡R XNOR e¨eüZ nq|
Gb‡KvWvi I wW‡KvWvi:
 †h wWwRUvj eZ©bxi gva¨‡g Avb‡Kv‡WW †WUv‡K †Kv‡WW †WUvq cwiYZ Kiv nq Zv‡K Gb‡KvWvi e‡j|
 Gb‡KvWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †h‡Kv‡bv AvjdvwbD‡gwiK eY©‡K ASCII AvBwm, BwewmwW BZ¨vw` †Kv‡W cwiYZ Kiv hvq|
†mRb¨ BbcyU e¨e¯’vq wK-†ev‡W©i m‡½ Gb‡KvWvi hy³ _v‡K|
 GKwU 8 †_‡K 3 jvBb Gb‡KvWv‡i 8wU BbcyU †_‡K 3wU AvDUcyU jvBb cvIqv hvq|
 wW‡KvWvi -Gi wWwRUvj eZ©bxi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨eüZ fvlv‡K gvby‡li †evaMg¨ fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq|
 gvby‡li e¨eüZ fvlv‡K †gwkb fvlvq iƒcvšÍi K‡i Gb‡KvWvi|
 wW‡KvWvi n‡jv Gb‡KvWv‡ii wecixZ|
 BbcyU e¨e¯’vq wK-‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ Gb‡KvWvi hy³ _v‡K|
 wW‡KvWvi n wU BbcyU jvBb †_‡K 2n AvDUcyU jvBb cvIqv hvq|
 wW‡KvWvi Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi‡Z hy³ _v‡K|
 Gb‡Kv‡Wi 2n BbcyU †_‡K n wU AvDUcyU cÖ`vb K‡i|
 Gb‡KvWvi Avb‡Kv‡WW †WUv‡K †Kv‡WW K‡i|
 4wU BbcyU †_‡K Gb‡Kv‡W‡ii 3wU AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq|
 wW‡KvWvi †Kv‡WW †WUv‡K Avb‡Kv‡WW K‡i|
 GKwU wW‡KvWv‡ii BbcyU 7wU n‡j AvDUcyU 128 wU n‡e|
A¨vWvi:
 `yB weU †hvM Kivi Rb¨ †h mgwš^Z eZ©bx e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K e‡j- nvd A¨vWvi|
 nvd A¨vWv‡ii AvDUcyU K¨vwi n‡jv -1wU|
 †h mgevq Øviv †hvM Kiv hvq Zv‡K e‡j-A¨vWvi
 A¨vWvi n‡”Q `yB ai‡bi|
 †h A¨vWv‡i `ywU evBbvwi weU †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K ejv nq evBbvwi A¨vWvi|
 nvd A¨vWv‡ii mgxKiY n‡”Q- S= A  B , C= AB
 dzj A¨vWv‡ii mgxKiY n‡”Q- A  B  Ci , Co= (A  B)Ci + AB
 nvd A¨vWv‡i C n‡”Q A. B
 dyj A¨vWv‡i Co n‡”Q AB + BC i + ACi
 nvd A¨vWvi = X-OR + AND

Page- 61
 2wU nvd A¨vWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ dzj A¨vWvi ˆZwi Kiv hvq-1wU|
 c~iK c×wZ‡Z †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g we‡qv‡Mi KvR Kiv nq|
 wWwRUvj B‡j±ªwb‡· `yB ai‡bi evBbvwi A¨vWvi cvIqv hvq|
†iwRóvi:
 wd¬c-d¬‡ci ˆZwi wWwRUvj eZ©bx‡K e‡j- †iwRóvi|
 MV‡bi wfwˇZ †iwRóvi n‡”Q `yÕai‡bi|
 n weU †iwRóv‡i wd¬c -d¬c _v‡K n msL¨K|
 †iwRóvi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi †g‡gvwi wWfvBm|
 †cÖvMÖvg KvD›Uvi n‡”Q GK ai‡bi †iwRóvi|
 MvwYwZK I hyw³g~jK Acv‡ikb‡K ejv nq| A¨vwKDgy‡jUi †iwRóvi|
 GKwU Kgb cvj‡mi mv‡_ GK‡Î me weU †jvW Kiv hvq Zv‡K e‡j- c¨vivjvj †jvW †iwRóvi|
 wkdU †iwRóv‡i GKev‡i GKwU K¬K cvj‡m AvBbvwi weU BbcyU nq 1wU|
 Buffer k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q- ga¨e©Zx Ae¯’v|
 A¨vKDgy‡jUi I Ab¨ †iwRóv‡ii Ae¯’v msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ †iwRóvi‡K ejv nq, K¬vM †iwRóvi|
 †iwRóvi bZzb Z_¨ ivLv‡K Loading e‡j|
 GK¸”Q wd¬c d¬c I †MBU w`‡q †iwRóvi ˆZwi Kiv nq|
 †iwRóvi K¨vk †g‡gvwi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 cÖwZwU wd¬c d¬‡c 1wU weU Rgv _v‡K|
 †iwRóvi CPU †Z †WUv cÖ‡mwms K‡i mvgwqK mwÂZ iv‡L|
 Flip-Flop ˆZwi K‡i 1918 mv‡j William Eccles|
 Flip-Flop GKwU Temporary Memory
 Flip-Flop ˆZwi Kiv nq Universal Gate Gi Latch Gi gva¨‡g
KvD›Uvi:
 KvD›Uvi me©vwaK hZ¸‡jv msL¨v ¸Y‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K gwWDjvm e‡j|
 KvD›Uvi BbcyU cvjm‡K KvD›Uvi cvjm e‡j|
 Bbcy‡Ui Ici wfwË K‡i KvD›Uvi 2 cÖKvi| h_vÑ 1. wmb‡µvbvm 2. A¨vwmb‡µvbvm|
 wmb‡µvbvm KvD›Uv‡i GKwU gvÎ K¬K cvjm KvD›Uv‡i e¨eüZ me¸‡jv wd¬c - d¬c Gi Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NUvq|
 A¨vwmb‡µvbvm KvD›Uv‡i wfbœ wfbœ K¬K cvj&m e¨envi Kiv nq|
 wicj WvDb KvD›Uvi eo †_‡K ch©vqµ‡g †QvU bv¤^v‡ii w`‡K MYbv K‡i|
 wicj Avc KvD›Uvi †QvU †_‡K ch©vqµ‡g eo bv¤^v‡ii w`‡K MYbv K‡i|
 evBbvwi wicj KvD›Uvi GKwU A¨vwmb‡µvbvm KvD›Uvi|
 UvBwgs wmMb¨vj cÖ`vb Ki‡Z KvD›Uvi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
 n weU evBbvwi wicj KvD›Uvi n msL¨K wK¬c- d¬c Øviv MwVZ|
 wWwRUvj Nwo‡Z KvD›Uvi e¨eüZ nq|
 Mod-10 GKwU wmb‡µvbvm KvD›Uvi|
 KvD›Uvi wbwg©Z nq wd¬c- d¬‡ci mvnv‡h¨|
 KvD›Uvi me©vwaK hZMy‡jv msL¨v ¸Y‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K gwWDjvm e‡j|
 GKwU KvD›Uv‡i n wU wd¬c- d¬c _vK‡j Zvi gwWDjvm n‡e 2n
kU© †bvU
msL¨v c×wZt †Kvb msL¨v †jLv ev cÖKvk Kivi c×wZB msL¨v c×wZ| msL¨v c×wZ `y cÖKvi| h_vt
Page- 62
1) bb cwRkbvj msL¨v ev A¯’vwbK msL¨vt †h c×wZ‡Z msL¨vi gvb e¨eüZ wPý ev AsKmg~‡ni cwRkb ev Ae¯’v‡bi Dci
wbf©i K‡i bv Zv‡K bb cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|
2) cwRkbvj msL¨v ev ¯’vwbK msL¨vt †h c×wZ‡Z msL¨vi gvb e¨eüZ wPý ev AsKmg~‡ni cwRkb ev Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i
K‡i Zv‡K cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|
i¨vwW· c‡q›Ut †Kvb msL¨vi c~Y© Ask I fMœvsk †h WU wPý Øviv wef³ Kiv nq Zv‡K i¨vwW· c‡q›U e‡j|
†eRt †Kvb msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwË ej‡Z H msL¨v c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ AsK ev cÖZxKmg~‡ni mgwó‡K †evSvq|
¯’vbxq gvbt msL¨vwUi †h ¯’v‡b ev Ae¯’v‡b AsKwU ev cÖZxKwU Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K ¯’vbxq gvb e‡j|
wWwRUvj eZ©bx‡Z ms‡KZ cÖ`v‡bi mywe`v‡_© 4 cÖKvi ¯’vwbK msL¨v c×wZ †ewk cÖPwjZ| wb‡Pi Pv‡U© Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jvt
msL¨v c×wZ †eR ev wfwË e¨eüZ wPý ev cÖZxK ev AsK
evBbvwi 2 0,1
`kwgK ev †Wwmg¨vj 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
A±vj 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
†n·v‡Wwmg¨vj 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A(10),B(11),C(12),D(13),E(14),F(15)
wPýhy³ msL¨v I 2 Gi cwic~iKt †Kvb evBbvwi msL¨vi 1 Gi ¯’‡j 0 Ges 0 Gi ¯’‡j 1 emv‡j †h msL¨v cvIqv hvq Zv‡K 1
Gi cwic~iK e‡j| Avi Zvi mv‡_ evBbvwi 1 †hvM Ki‡j †h msL¨v cvIqv hvq Zv‡K 2 Gi cwic~iK e‡j|
†Kvb msL¨v †K aYvZ¡K ev FYvZ¡K †evSv‡Z †h wPý ev sign e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K wPýhy³ msL¨v ev signed number e‡j|
mvBb weU 0 n‡j msL¨vwU aYvZ¡K hv‡K ejv nq “+” Ges mvBb weU 1 n‡j msL¨vwU FYvZ¡K hv‡K ejv nq “-”|
†KvW I wewfbœ cÖKvi †KvWt †Kv‡bv Z_¨‡K (A¶i, msL¨v, kã Ges Ab¨vb¨ wPý) msw¶ß ev †MvcbxqZvi mv‡_ cÖKv‡ki
Rb¨ e¨eüZ c×wZ‡K †KvW e‡j| wewfbœ cÖKvi †KvWt
 BCD: Binary Coded Decimal. `kwgK msL¨vi cÖwZwU As‡Ki mgZ~j¨ 4 weU evBbvwi msL¨v Øviv cÖKv‡ki
e¨e¯’v‡K ejv nq BCD †KvW|
 EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. GwU g~jZ AvjdvwbD‡gwiK I 8
weU BCD †KvW| G‡Z 0-9 ch©¯Í msL¨vi Rb¨ 1111 ; A-Z e‡Y©i Rb¨ 1100(A-I),1101(J-R),1110(S-Z)
e¨eüZ nq| 28 ev 256 wU eY©, msL¨v, we‡kl wPý I cÖZx‡Ki Rb¨ GB †KvW e¨envi K‡i Kw¤cDUv‡i e¨envi Dc‡hvMx
Kiv nq|
 ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange. GwU eûj cÖPwjZ AvjdvwbDgvwiK
†KvW| Gi `ywU ¯Íi| h_vt
ASCII 7: 27 ev 128 wU AwØZxq ms‡KZ (A¶i, we‡kl wPý BZ¨vw`) †K Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
ASCII 8: 28 ev 256 wU AwØZxq ms‡KZ (A¶i, we‡kl wPý BZ¨vw`) †K Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
 Unicode: Universal/Unique/Uniform Code. we‡k¦i †QvU eo mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤cDUv‡ii †KvWfz³ Kivi
Rb¨ GwU e¨eüZ nq| 1991 mv‡j Apple Inc. Ges Xerox Corporation Gi GK`j Kw¤cDUvi cÖ‡KŠkjx GwU
D™¢veb K‡ib| G‡Z 2 evBU ev 16 we‡Ui †KvW hv 216 ev 65536 wU wPý †K wbw`©ó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivt †hŠwMK PjK I hyw³gyjK Acv‡ikb mg~‡ni ms‡hv‡M MwVZ MwYZ‡KB eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv e‡j| 1854
mv‡j MwYZwe` RR© eyj GB exRMwYZ cÖeZ©b K‡i|
mZ¨K mviwYt eywjq PjK¸‡jvi BbcyU I AvDUcyU m¤¢ve¨ gvb (0 I 1) †h †Uwe‡j †`Lv‡bv nq Zv‡K mZ¨K mviwY e‡j|
jwRK †MBUt eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ †hme B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©U e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K jwRK †MBU
e‡j| jwRK †MBU g~jZ 2 cÖKvi| h_vt
1) †gŠwjK †MBUt wWwRUvj mvwK©U G †h mKj †MBU Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †MBU Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov ˆZwi Kiv hvq Zv‡K Basic Gate
ev †gŠwjK †MBU e‡j| †gŠwjK †MBU 3 cÖKvi| h_vt
1) OR Gate ev †hŠw³K †hv‡Mi †MBU (‡h‡Kv‡bv GKwU BbcyU 1 n‡j AvDUcyU 1 n‡e Ab¨_vq 0) A+B
2) AND Gate ev †hŠw³K ¸‡Yi †MBU (‡h‡Kvb GKwU BbcyU 0 n‡j AvDUcyU 0 n‡e Ab¨_vq 1) A.B
3) NOT Gate ev †hŠw³K wecixZ †MBU (1wU BbcyU G 1wU AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq| BbcyU Gi wecixZ n‡e AvDUcyU A_¨©vZ 0
_vK‡j 1 Ges 1 _vK‡j 0) �
Page- 63
2) †hŠwMK †MBUt wWwRUvj mvwK©U G †h mKj †MBU Gi gva¨‡g Ab¨vb¨ mKj †MBU ˆZwi Kiv hvq Zv‡K †hŠwMK †MBU e‡j|
†hŠwMK †MBU 2 cÖKvi| h_vt
1) mve©Rbxb †MBUt NAND (AND Gate + NOT Gate) Ges NOR (OR Gate + NOT Gate) †K
Universal Gate ev mve©Rbxb †MBU e‡j| NAND= �. � ; NOR= � + �
2) we‡kl †MBUt X-OR (‡Rvo msL¨K 1 _vK‡j AvDUcyU 0 Ges we‡Rvo msL¨K 1 _vK‡j AvDUcyU 1 nq) Ges X-
NOR (‡Rvo msL¨K 1 _vK‡j AvDUcyU 1 Ges we‡Rvo msL¨K 1 _vK‡j AvDUcyU 0 nq) †K Exclusive
Gate/Special Gate ev we‡kl †MBU e‡j| X-OR= � ⊕ � ; X-NOR=� ⊕ �
Gb‡KvWvi I wW‡KvWvit †h wWwRUvj eZ©bxi mvnv‡h¨ gvby‡li fvlv‡K Kw¤cDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ fvlvq iæcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq A_¨©vZ
Avb‡Kv‡WW †WUv (Uncoded) †K †Kv‡WW (Coded) Kiv nq Zv‡K Gb‡KvWvi (Encoder) e‡j|
†h wWwRUvj eZ©bxi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤cDUv‡ii fvlv‡K gvby‡li †evaMg¨ fvlvq iæcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq A_¨©vZ ‡Kv‡WW †WUv (Coded)
†K Avb‡Kv‡WW (Uncoded) Kiv nq Zv‡K wW‡KvWvi (Decoder) e‡j|
A¨vWvit †h mgevq mvwK©U ev eZ©bx Øviv †hvM Kiv hvq Zv‡K A¨vWvi (Adder) e‡j| A¨vWvi 2 cÖKvi| h_vt
1) nvd A¨vWvi ( Aa©‡hv‡Mi eZ©bx)t `yB weU †hvM Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
2) dzj A¨vWvi (c~Y© †hv‡Mi eZ©bx)t K¨vwimn `yB weU †hvM Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
†iwR÷vit †iwR÷vi (Register) n‡jv wKQz wd¬c d¬c Gi ˆZwi wWwRUvj eZ©bx hv mxwgZ msL¨K evBbvwi †WUv aviY K‡i
ivL‡Z cv‡i| n weU †iwR÷vi G n msL¨K wd¬c d¬c _v‡K Ges GwU n weU Gi †h‡Kv‡bv evBbvwi †WUv aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
1 †_‡K 20 ch©šÍ msL¨vi mgZ~j¨ evBbvwi, †Wwmg¨vj, A±vj I †n·v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨vi QK
†Wwmg¨vj evBbvwi A±vj †n·v‡Wwmg¨vj
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A(10)
11 1011 13 B(11)
12 1100 14 C(12)
13 1101 15 D(13)
14 1110 16 E(14)
15 1111 17 F(15)
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14

Page- 64
 Z…Zxq Aa¨vq: msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
(eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi)
1g Ask: bv¤^vi wm‡÷g evBbvwi
msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f` 03. MSB-Gi c~Y©i ƒc n‡”QÑ [Kz. †ev: 2016]
01. msL¨v c×wZ cÖavbZ Kq fvM Kiv hvq? [P. †ev: 2016] (K) Most Suitable Bit
(K) 2 (L) 3 (L) Most Significant Bit
(M) 8 (N) 10 (M) Maximum Suitable Bit
DËi: (K) (N) Maximum Significant Bit
e¨vL¨v: DËi: (L)
msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f`: cÖKv‡ki c×wZi Dci wfwË K‡i e¨vL¨v:
msL¨v c×wZ 2 cÖKvi| h_vÑ EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded
1| cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ (Positional Numbering decimal Information Code.
System) BCD Binary Coded Decimal
2| bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v, c×wZ (None-Positional ASCII American Standard Code for
Numbering System). Information Interchange
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)| Unicode Universal Code
02. wfwËi Dci wbf©i K‡i msL¨v c×wZ KZ cÖKvi? LSB Least Significant Bit
[h. †ev: 2017] MSB Most Significant Bit
(K) 2 (L) 3 LSD Least Significant Digit
(M) 4 (N) 5 MSD Most Significant Digit
DËi: (4) AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
e¨vL¨v: wfwË AYymv‡i msL¨vi cÖKvi‡f`: G wbq‡g msL¨v 04. (12)10 Gi mgKÿ evBbvwi †KvbwU? [P. †ev: 2016]
c×wZ Pvi cÖKvi| h_vÑ (K) (1101)2 (L) (1100)2
1| evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ: evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi †eR n‡”Q (M) (1111)2 (N) (1010)2
2| KviY G c×wZ‡Z 0 I 1 †gvU 2wU †gŠwjK A¼ DËi: (L)
Av‡Q| e¨vL¨v:
2| `kwgK ev †Wwmgvj msL¨v c×wZ: `kwgK msL¨v
(12)10
c×wZi †eR n‡”Q 10| KviY G c×wZ‡Z 0 †_‡K 9
ch©šÍ †gvU 10wU †gŠwjK A¼ Av‡Q| h_v: 0, 1, 2, 3, 2 12
4, 5, 6, 7, 8 I 9| 2 6-0
3| A±vj msL¨v c×wZ: A±vj msL¨v c×wZi †eR n‡”Q 2 3-0
4| KviY G c×wZ‡Z 0 †_‡K 7 ch©šÍ †gvU 8(AvU) wU 2 1-1
†gŠwjK A¼ Av‡Q| 0-1
4| †n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v c×wZ: †n·‡Wwmgvj msL¨v (12)10 = (1100)2
c×wZi †eR n‡”Q 16| KviY G c×wZ‡Z †gvU 16wU AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
†gŠwjK wPý ev A¼ Av‡Q| 05. evBbvwi †hv‡M 1+0+1=? [wm. †ev: 16]
h_vÑ 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E Ges F| (K) 10 (L) 01
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| (M) 00 (N) 11
wewfbœ cÖKvi msL¨v c×wZi cwiwPwZ DËi: (K)
Page- 65
e¨vL¨v: 09. (BFE)16 mgZzj¨ A±vj gvb KZ? [w`. †ev: 2016]
evBbvwi msL¨vi †hvM `kwgK msL¨vi g‡Zv| †hgbÑ 0+0=0, (K) (5774)8 (L) (5776)8
0+1=1, 1+0=1, 1+1=0 K¨vwi 1|] (M) (5976)8 (N)
06. wg. myexi GKRb, Qv·K eql wRÁvmv Kivq †m ejj,
evBbvwi‡Z Zvi eqm 10010| Zvi GB msL¨vi mv‡_
(101111111110)8
DËi: (L)
(1011)2 †hvM Ki‡j evBbvwi‡Z †hvMdj KZ n‡e?
[e. †ev: 16] e¨vL¨v:
(K) 11001 (L) 11101 (BFE)=(101111111110)2=(5776)8
(M) 10011 (N) 10111 B F E
DËi: (L)   
e¨vL¨v: 1011 1111 1110
10010 GLb,
 1011 101 111 111 110
11101    
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| 5 7 7 6
A±vj AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
07. A±vj msL¨vi †eR KZ? [w`. †ev: 2017] 10. (17)8 Gi c‡ii msL¨v †KvbwU? [Xv. †ev: 19]
(K) 2 (L) 8 (M) 10 (N) 16 (K) 14 (L) 15
DËi: (L) (M) 16 (N) 20
e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (N)
A±vj msL¨v c×wZ: †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 8wU A¼ ( Digit)
ev wPý e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K A±vj msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vi Abyiƒc|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY wewfbœ Kv‡Ri e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ GB c×wZ †Wwmgvj
e¨envi Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ wWwRU¸‡jv n‡jv 0, 11. †WwWgvj msL¨v c×wZi wfwË KZ? [h. †ev: 2016]
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Ges 7| A±j msL¨v c×wZi wfwË n‡”Q (K) 2 (L) 8
8| myB‡W‡bi ivRv mßg Pvj©m A±vj msL¨v c×wZ D™¢veb (M) 10 (N) 16
K‡ib| AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwii cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq I BDwb· DËi: (M)
wm‡÷‡g A±vj msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| e¨vL¨v:
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| †Wwmgvj msL¨v c×wZ: †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 10 wU A¼
08. AKUvj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 177 Gi c‡ii msL¨vwU KZ? (Digit) e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ ejv
[Kz. †ev: 2016] nq| cÖvPxb fvi‡Z GB c×wZi cÖPjb cÖ_g ïiæ nq e‡j G‡K
(K) 178 (L) 180 wn›`y msL¨v c×wZI ejv nq| `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ
(M) 200 (N) 270 wWwRU¸‡jv n‡jv 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Ges 9| mvaviY
DËi: (M) wnmve-wbKv‡ki Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq
e¨vL¨v: `kwgK msL¨v c×wZi wfwË 10 weavq GB c×wZ‡Z
A±vj c×wZ Av¼¸‡jvi ¯’vbxq gvb n«vm-e„w× N‡U `k ¸Y K‡i|
177 AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
1 12. (A0)16 Gi `kwgK mgZzj¨ gvb KZ? [gv. †ev: 16]
(K) 80 (L) 100
(M) 160 (N) 256
200
A_ev, `kwgK c×wZi msL¨v wb‡q cvBÑ
DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v:
(177)8 = (127) 10
127+1=128
 (128)10 = (200) 8
(A0)16=(160)10
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| A0=A101+0160
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
Page- 66
13. (37.125)10- Gi evBbvwi gvb KZ? [Kz. †ev: 2017] 16. 4, 8, C AYyµgwUi c‡ii gvb KZ? [mw¤§wjZ †ev: 18]
(K) 100101.01 (L) 100101.001 (K) D (L) F
(M) 101001.01 (N) 101001.001 (M) 10 (N) 16
DËi: (L) DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v: e¨vL¨v:
(37.125)10=(100101.001) 2 cÖ`Ë AbyµgwU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msLv c×wZ|
KviY Abyµ‡g C Dcw¯’Z| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ‡ZB
A, B, C, D, E, F _v‡K| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ‡i
2 37
2 18-1 4, 8 †Wwmgvj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z I 4, 8 wKš‘ †Wwmgvj msL¨v
2 9-0 c×wZi 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, †n·v‡Wwmgvj msLv
c×wZ‡Z A, B, C, D, E, F.
2 4-1 ZvB †Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z Abyµ gwU|
2 2-0 4,8,12, 16
G‡ÿ‡Î 12 Gi †n·v‡Wwmgvj iƒc C
Aciw`‡K 16 Gi †n·v‡Wwmgvj iƒc:
1-0

c~Y©msL¨v fMœvsk
16 16

.1252
16 10
0 .2502
0 .502 01
1 .00 (-16)10=(10)16
(37.125)10=(100101.001) 2
17. EFF Gi c‡ii msL¨v KZ? [wm. †ev: 2019]

AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
(K) 100 (L) 200
14. 2 BAD.8C †Kvb ai‡Yi msL¨v? [w`. †ev: 19]
(M) FOO (N) FFO
(K) `kwgK (L) evBbvwi DËi: (M)
(M) AKUvj (N) †n·v‡Wwm‡gj e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (N) (EFF)16=(111011111111)2
e¨vL¨v: 11101111111
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj c×wZ: †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 16wU A¼ ev wPý +1
e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| GB (111100000000)2=(F00) 16
c×wZ‡Z 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 GB `kwU A¼ Ges A, B,  EFF Gi c‡ii msL¨v=F00
C, D, E, F GB QqwU Bs‡iRx eY©gvjvi cÖZxK i‡q‡Q| G AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
c×wZi wfwË n‡jv 16| 18. (11011110.1)2-Gi †n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v †KvbwU?
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| [h. †ev: 2016]
(K) DD.1 (L) DE.1
15. 1, 8, F avivwUi cieZx© gvb KZ? [P. †ev. 2017]
(M) DE.8 (N) ED.8
(K) A (L) B DËi: (M)
(M) 16 (N) 22 e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (M) (11011110.1)2=(DE.8)16
e¨vL¨v: 1, 8, F avivwU mgvšÍivj avivi AšÍfz©³| 1101 1110 1000
c`¸‡jvi cv_©K¨=8-1=F-8=7   
cieZx© c`=F+7=(16)16
D E 8

AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
Page- 67
19. (11011.110111)2 Gi mgZzj¨ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj 24. (10)16 Gi c~‡e©i gvb †KvbwU? [Kz. †ev: 2019]
msL¨v KZ? [wm. †ev: 2019] (K) 1 (L) A
(K) 1B.37 (L) 1B.DC (M) E (N) F
(M) D8.DC (N) D8.37
DËi: (N)
DËi: (L)
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vi Abyiƒc|
e¨vL¨v: 0001
evBbvwi †hvM
1011
.11011100 .
   

25. (100)2 Ges (AA)16 Gi †hvMdj KZ? [P. †ev: 17]

1 B D C

(K) 1AA (L) 1B

 (11011.110111)2=(1B.DC)16
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
20. (1110.11)2 Gi mgKÿ †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡ji msL¨v (M) AF (N) AE
†KvbwU? [Xv. †ev: 2019] DËi: (N)
(K) E.A (L) E.C e¨vL¨v:
(M) C.E (N) E.3
DËi: (N)
(100)2=(4) 10=(4)16

Note: c~‡e©i 80bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vi Abyiæc|

AA
21. (100101.101011)2 Gi †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb KZ? 4
[wm. †ev: 16] AE
(K) 25.AC (L) 45.53 AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
(M) 37.53 (N) 94.AC 26. (1F) 16 Gi mv‡_ 1 †hvM Ki‡j KZ n‡e? [wm. †ev: 16]
DËi: (K) (K) (1F)16 (L) (2F) 16
Note: c~‡e©i 8 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq Abyiƒc| (M) (20)16 (N) (21F)16
22. (1110.11)2 Gi mgKÿ †n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v DËi: (M)
†KvbwU? [Xv. †ev: 2017] e¨vL¨v:
(K) E.3 (L) E.8 1F+1=20
(M) E.C (N) C.E AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
DËi: (M) 27. (A+B+C)16 Gi mgZzj¨ gvb †KvbwU? [Kz. †ev: 19]
e¨vL¨v: (K) (33)8 (L) (100001)2
1100 1100
. (M) (ABC)16 (N) (CBA)16
DËi: (L)
 

e¨vL¨v:
E C

(1110.1100) 2  (E.C)16
(A)16=(1010)2
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| (B)16=(1011)2
23. †n·v‡Wwmgv‡j 4D Gi mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb KZ? [gv. (C)16=(1100)2
†ev: 16]
(K) 17 (L) 52 1010
(M) 64 (N) 77 1011
DËi: (N) + 1100
e¨vL¨v: 100001
(4D)16=(77)10 A  B  C16  1000012
4D=4161+D160 AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
=64+13=77
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
Page- 68
28. K¬v‡k wkÿK (1011.11)2 I (1101.10) 2 Gi wewmwW †KvW
†hvMdj wbY©q Ki‡Z ej‡jb| GKRb wkÿv_x© 31. †Kvb †KvW `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
(11011.11)2 wjLj| †m KZ †ewk wjLj? K‡i? [w`. †ev: 16]
[P. †ev: 2019] (K) ASCII (L) EBCDIC
(K) 10.10 (L) 11.10 (M) UNICODE (N) BCD
(M) 11.11 (N) 101.10 DËi: (N)
DËi: (K) e¨vL¨v:
e¨vL¨v: wewmwW ( BCD) †KvW: BCD kã ms‡ÿcwUi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv
1011.11 Binary Coded Decimal| `kwgK msL¨vi cÖwZwU
+ 1101.11 AsK‡K mgZzj¨ evBbvwi msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk Kiv‡K wewmwW
†KvW e‡j| `kwgK c×wZi msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq
cÖKv‡ki wbwg‡Ë GB †KvW e¨eüZ nq| 0 †_‡K 9 G `kwU
11001.01
wkÿv_x©i wjwLZ †hvMdj=11011.11
As‡Ki cÖwZwU‡K wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ 4 wU evBbvwi AsL cÖ‡qvRb|
4wU weU Øviv 24 A_©vr 16 wU wfbœ Ae¯’v wb‡`©k Kiv hvq|
11011.11
(-) 11001.01 wewfbœ cÖKvi †Kv‡Wi g‡a¨ BCD 8421 †KvW ev NBCD
10.10 †KvW we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ Ges eûj e¨eüZ| IBM
 wkÿv_x© †ewk wj‡L‡Q=(10.10)2 me©cÖ_g BCD †KvW e¨envi K‡i|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
32. BCD †KvW KZ we‡Ui? [e. †ev: 2016]
2 Gi cwic~iK MVb (K) 2 (L) 4
29. 5 Gi 2 Gi cwic~iK gvb KZ? [Xv. †ev: 16] (M) 8 (N) 16
(K) 1101 (L) 1001 DËi: L)
(M) 1010 (N) 1011 Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
33. (78)10 Gi BCD gvb KZ? [iv. †ev: 2016]
DËi: (N)
(K) 01111001 (L) 01111000
e¨vL¨v: 4 we‡Ui Rb¨ 5 Gi evBbvwi gvb 0101| myZivs 5 (M) 01101000 (N) 01101100
Gi evBbvwi 1101| 5 Gi 1 Gi cwic~iK 1010| DËi: (L)
myZivs 2 Gi cwic~iK 1010+1=1011 e¨vL¨v:
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| (78)10 Gi BCD gvb (01111000)BCD
30. `kwgK msL¨v 12 Ges 2's complement KZ? 7 8
[iv. †ev: 17]
 
0111 1000
(K) 00001100 (L) 11111100 AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
(M) 11110011 (N) 11110100 34. (72)10 Gi BCD †KvW †KvbwU? [e. †ev: 2016]
DËi: (N) (K) (11110)BCD (L) (111001)BCD
e¨vL¨v: (M) (111010)BCD (N)
`kwgK msL¨v 12 Gi evBbvwi iƒc=(1100)2 (01110010)BCD
DËi: (N)
8-we‡Ui Rb¨, cvB, 00001100 e¨vL¨v:
(12)10 Gi 1 Gi cwic~iK=11110011 (72)10 Gi BCD gvb (01110010)BCD
(12)10 Gi 2 Gi cwic~iK=11110011+1 7 2
=11110100  
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| 0111 0010
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|

Page- 69
 AvmwK †KvW BDwb‡KvW
35. ASCII-8 †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g KZwU AwØZxq wPý‡K 38. wb‡Pi †KvbwU 16 we‡Ui †KvW?
wbw`©ó Kiv hvq? [iv. †ev: 2019]
(K) 128 (L) 256 (K) ASCII (L) BCD
(M) 512 (N) 65536 (M) EBCDIC (N) UNICODE
DËi: (L) DËi: (N)
e¨vL¨v: e¨vL¨v:
A¨vmwK (ASCII) †KvW: American Standard Code BDwb‡KvW (Unicode): 1991 mv‡j Apple
for Information Interchange Gi mswÿß iƒc Computer Corporation Ges Xerox Corporation
ASCII ev A¨vmwK| Gi GK`j cÖ‡KŠkjx †hŠ_fv‡e BDwb‡KvW D™¢veb K‡ib|
1965 mv‡j ievU© wegvi mvZ we‡Ui A¨vmwK †KvW D™¢veb we‡k¦i †QvU eo mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †KvWfz³ Kivi
K‡ib| A¨vmwK GKwU eûj cÖPwjZ †KvW| Rb¨ BDwb‡KvW e¨eüZ nq| BDwb‡KvW g~jZt 2 evBU ev
ASCII-7: GwU †gvU 7wU weU Øviv ˆZwi nq| evgw`‡Ki 16 we‡Ui †KvW| GB †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g 65,536 ev 216 wU
wZbwU weU‡K †Rvb weU Ges Wvbw`‡Ki PviwU weU‡K AwØZxq wPý‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq| d‡j †h mg¯Í fvlv‡K
msL¨vm~PK weU ejv nq| †gvU weU-7 nIqv‡Z G †Kv‡Wi †KvWfz³ Kivi Rb¨ 8 weU Ach©vß wQj (†hgbÑPvqwbR,
gva¨‡g 27 ev 128 wU AwØZxq wPý‡K wbw`ó Kiv hvq| †Kvwiqvb, RvcvbxR BZ¨vw`) †m mKj fvlvi mKj wPý‡K
A= 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 A= 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 mn‡RB †KvWfz³ Kiv mnRZi n‡jv| eZ©gv‡b GB †Kv‡Wi
†Rvb weU msL¨vm~PK weU c¨vwiwU †Rvb weU msL¨vm~PK weU cÖPjb ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
ïiæ †_‡KB BDwb‡KvW‡K AviI Kivi DbœZ j‡ÿ¨
ASCII-8: GwU †gvU 8wU weU Øviv ˆZwi nq| me©-
gvew`‡Ki weUwU‡K c¨vwiwU weU Ges me©-Wvbw`‡Ki PviwU Unicode Consortium KvR K‡i hv‡”Qb| Gi
weU‡K msL¨vm~PK weU ejv nq, Ges gv‡Si wZbwU weU‡K djkÖæ wZ‡Z 1997 mv‡j BDwb‡KvW fvl©b 3 †ewi‡q‡Q| GB
†Rvb weU ejv nq| †gvU weU-8 nIqv‡Z G †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g †Kv‡Wi e¨envi RbwcÖq Kivi Rb¨ gvB‡µvmdU, AvBweGg,
Gcj BZ¨vw` eo eo †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv †Póv Pjv‡”Q| BwZg‡a¨
28 ev 256wU AwØZxq wPý‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq| eZ© gv‡b
wKQz Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gI ˆZwi n‡q‡Q hv‡Z BDwb‡KvW mv‡c©vU
A¨vmwK †KvW ej‡Z AvmwK-8 †KB eySvq|
K‡i †hgbÑWindows 2000 OS/2 BZ¨vw`| A‡bK c‡i
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
n‡jI evsjv fvlv‡K BDwb‡KvWfz³ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k
36. ASCII-8 †Kv‡W msL¨vm~PK weU KZwU?
miKvi Unicode Consortium Gi m`m¨ n‡q‡Q|
[iv. †ev: 2016]
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
(K) 2 (L) 4
39. evsjv fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i AšÍfz©³ Kivi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b
(M) 8 (N) 16
†Kvb ai‡bi †KvW e¨eüZ nq?
DËi: (L)
[wm. †ev: 2017]
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
(K) BCD (L) ASCII
37. c¨vwiwU weUhy³ †KvW KZ we‡Ui? [Xv. †ev: 2017]
(M) EBCDIC (N) Unicode
(K) 3 (L) 4
DËi: (N)
(M) 7 (N) 8
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
DËi: (N)
40. evsjv eY©gvjv †Kvb †KvW fz³?
e¨vL¨v:
(K) BCD (L) ASCII
c¨vwiwU ASCII-8, ASCII-7 †Kv‡Wi evgw`‡K GKwU
(M) UNICODE (N) EBCDIC
c¨vwiwU weU hy³ n‡q ˆZwi nq ASCII-8 ev 8 we‡Ui †KvW|
DËi: (M)
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
Note: c~‡e©i 38 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
Page- 70
 eûc`x mgvwßm~PK cÖ‡kœvËi: 44. 762 msL¨vwU n‡Z cv‡iÑ [Kz. †ev: 2016]
41. cwRkbvj msL¨vi gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbÑ i. `kwgK ii. A±vj
[P.†ev: 16] iii. †n·v‡Wwmgvj
i. As‡Ki wbR¯^ gvb ii. msL¨vwUi †eR wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. As‡Ki ¯’vbxq gvb (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
(K) i (L) ii DËi: (N)
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (N) `kwg‡Ki c×wZ‡Z AsK 0 n‡Z 9
e¨vL¨v: A±v‡ji c×wZ‡Z AsK 0 n‡Z 7
†Kvb GKwU msL¨vi gvb †ei Kivi Rb¨ `iKviÑ †n·‡Wwm‡g‡ji c×wZ‡Z AsK 0 n‡Z 9 Ges A,B,C,D,E
1| msL¨vwU‡Z e¨eüZ A¼¸‡jvi wbR¯^ gvb| I F D³ 762 msL¨vwU wZb ai‡bi msL¨v n‡Z cv‡i|
2| msL¨v c×wZi Base ev wfwË| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
3| msL¨vwU‡Z e¨eüZ A¼¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb ev ¯’vbxq gvb| 45. 1(42)10 msL¨vwU Dc¯’vcbvq e¨eüZ MVb n‡jvÑ
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| [e. †ev: 2016]
42. (1010)2 Gi mgZzj¨ gvbÑ [Kz. †ev: 2017] i. cÖK…Z gvb MVb ii. 1-Gi cwic~iK MVb
i. (10)10 ii. (12)8 iii. (14) 10 iii. 2 Gi cwic~iK MVb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
(N) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi: (K)
DËi: (L)
e¨vL¨v : (1010)2
= 020+121+022+123 001 010 e¨vL¨v:
= 0+2+0+8   msL¨vwU‡Z cÖK…Z gvb I 2 Gi cwic~iK MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
= (10)10 1 2 AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
 (10)10= (1010)2 46. AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †WUv Av`vb cÖ` v‡bi Rb¨ e¨e„nZ
 (1010)2= (12)8 nqÑ [iv. †ev: 2016]
Avevi, (1010)2= (A) 16
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
i. ASCII code ii. EBCDIC code
43. 111 msL¨vwU n‡Z cv‡i [e. †ev: 2017] iii. Unicode
i. evBbvwi ii. AKUvj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. †Wwm‡gj (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
(K) i (L) iii DËi: (N)
(M) i, iii (N) i, ii, iii e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (N) AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW: Aÿi (a-z, A-Z), AsK (0-9)
e¨vL¨v:
111 msL¨vwU evBbvwi, A±vj, †Wwmgvj GgbwK Ges wewfbœ MvwYwZK wPýmn (+,=,) AviI KZK¸‡jv
†n·v‡WwmgvjI n‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl wP‡ýi (!,@,#$,%,*,/ BZ¨vw`) Rb¨ e¨eüZ
†Kbbv evBbvix‡Z AsK msL¨v 2wU hv n‡jv: 0, 1 †KvW‡K AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW ejv nq| 0 †_‡K 9 ch©šÍ
A±v‡j AsL msL¨v 8wU hv n‡jv: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 AsK¸‡jv wbw`©ó Kiv QvovI Kw¤úDUvimn wewfbœ cÖhyw³
†Wwmgv‡j AsK msL¨v 10wU hv n‡jv: 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 c‡Y¨i Kg©`ÿZv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi cÖqv‡m Aÿi I D™¢e
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW †WUv KwgDwb‡KkY
Page- 71
I †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii †ÿ‡Î k„sLjvI Avbqb K‡i‡Q| KZ¸‡jv e¨vL¨v:
RbwcÖq AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW n‡jvÑ 001 000 000
* A¨vmwK (ASCII) †KvW 1
* BwewmwWK †KvW (EBCDIC) I 1
11 111

* BDwb‡KvW (Unicode) BZ¨vw`|  

AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|

7 7

 (100)8 Gi Av‡Mi msL¨v (77)8

47. mKj gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡i Bs‡iwR eY©‡K AšÍfz©³ Kiv
hvqÑ [P. †ev. 2017] wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
i. ASCII Øviv ii. EBCDIC Øviv wkÿK Qv·K †ivj bs wRÁvmv Kij| QvÎwU evBbvwi
iii. Unicode Øviv c×wZ‡Z †ivj bs 1101 ejj|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 51. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ msL¨vi mv‡_ (1001)2 Gi †hvMdj
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii KZ? [Kz. †ev: 2016]
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii (K) (01100)2 (L) (10110)2
DËi: (N) (M) (10010)2 (N) (11110)2
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| DËi: (L)
48. †KvbwU 8 we‡Ui †KvW? e¨vL¨v:
i. ASCII Code ii. EBCDIC Code 1101
iii. BCD Code  1001
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 10110
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
52. DÏxc‡Ki †ivj bs Gi mgKÿ msL¨v n‡jvÑ
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
[Kz. †ev: 16]
DËi: (K)
i. (13)10 ii. (11) 16
Note: c~‡e©i 46bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v †`Lyb| iii. (15) 8
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖ‡kœvËi: wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
'Q' wbe©vPbx cixÿvq ICT wel‡q (100)8 b¤^i †c‡q‡Q| (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
49. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z msL¨vwUi †n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v n‡jvÑ DËi: (L)
[e. †ev: 2019] e¨vL¨v:
(K) 40 (L) 10 DÏxc‡Ki †ivj bs 1101
(M) 8 (N) 4 11012  1 26  0  21  1 22  1 23
DËi: (K)  1  0  4  8  1310
e¨vL¨v:
1310  D16  158
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
(100 )8  (001 00 0 0020
  
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
 
4 0

wg. AvwZK Kvgvj‡K ejj, Ò‡Zvgvi eql KZ?Ó Kvgvj ejj

 (100)8=(40)16 †h Zvi eqm ( 101101)2|
50. DÏxc‡K ewb©Z msL¨vwUi Av‡Mi msL¨v KZ? [e.†ev: 19] 53. Kvgv‡ji eq‡mi mgKÿ msL¨v n‡jvÑ [w`. †ev: 2017]
(K) (55)8 (L) (64)8 (K) (25)8 (L) (35)8
(M) (66)8 (N) (77)8 (M) (55)8 (N) (65) 8
DËi: (N) DËi: (M)
Page- 72
e¨vL¨v: †gŠwjK Dccv`¨ (Basic
Kvgv‡ji eqm n‡jv (101101)2. Theorem)
101 101 * A+0 =A * A+A.B=A
  * A+1 =1 * AA
5 5 * A+A =A wefvRb Dccv`¨ ( Distributed
 (101101)2=(55)8 * AA =1 Theorem)
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| * A.A =A * A(B+C)=A.B+A.C
54. `k eQi ci Kvgv‡ji eql evBbvwi‡Z KZ n‡e? * A.I =A * A+B.C=(A+B)(A+C)
[w`. †ev: 17] * A. A =0 * A  AB  A  B
(K) (101011)2 * A.0 =0 *
(L) (101110)2 A.B  B.C  BC  A.B  C

(M) (101111)2
wewbgq Dccv`¨ wW-†gviMv‡bi Dccv`¨ ( De-
(N) (110111)2
(Commutative
DËi: (N)| Morgan’s Theorem)
e¨vL¨v: Theorem)
* A+B=B+A
 
* A  B  A.B
(101101)2=120+021+122+123+024+125 * A.B  A  B
* A.B=B.A
Abygvb Dccv`¨
=1+0+4+8+0+32 =(45)10
10 eQi ci Kvgv‡ji eqm n‡e=45+10=55
(Associative
2 55
Theorem)
2 271 *
2 131 A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C
* A(B.C)=(A.B).C
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
2 61
2 30 56. wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwb· mvwK©‡U+5 †fvë wb‡`©k K‡iÑ
2 11 [gv. †ev: 2016]
01 (K) 1 (L) 0
 (55)10=(110111)2 (M) 10 (N) 101
DËi: (K)
2q Ask: wWwRUvj wWfvBm
e¨vL¨v:
mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi:
wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwb· +0.8 †fvë †_‡K +2 †fvë †j‡fj
eywjqvb exRMwYZ
msÁvwqZ bq weavq e¨fnvi Kiv nq bv|
55. †KvbwU eywjqvb A¨v‡Reªvi †gŠwjK Dccv`¨? [wm.
mvaviY exRMwYZ †Kvb PjK ev †fwi‡qe‡ji wewfbœ gvb n‡Z
†ev:19]
cv‡i| wKš‘ eywjq exR¸wY‡Z GKwU Pj‡Ki †KejgvÎ `ywU
(K) a+1=a
gvb ÔmZ¨Õ (1) A_ev Ôwg_¨vÕ 0 n‡Z cv‡i|
(L) a+a=a
0 (0 Volt †_‡K +0.8 Volt)
(M) a+0=0
1(2 volt †_‡K +5Volt)
(N) a  a  0
Kw¤úDUv‡ii B‡jKUªwb· mvwK©U¸‡jv 0 †_‡K 1 GB `yB
DËi: (L)
gv‡bi gvSvgvwS †Kvb gvb aviY K‡i bv|
e¨vL¨v:
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|

Page- 73
57. †KvbwU †gŠwjK Dccv`¨? [e. †ev: 2017] e¨vL¨v:
(K) A+1=A (L) A+0=A wW giM¨A‡bi Dccv`¨: Dccv`¨ Abyhvqx cvB,
(M) A  A  0 (N) A+A=1 A  B  A.B
DËi: (L)
wKš‘ B  B n‡j, A  B  A.B
e¨vL¨v:
†gŠwjK Dccv`¨mg~n n‡jv:  A  B  A.B
* A+0=A * A.A=A AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L) I (N)|
* A+1=1 * A.l=A 61. wW-giM¨vb-Gi Dccv`¨ †KvbwU?
* A+A=A * A.A  0 (K) A  B  AB  AB
* A  A 1 * A.0=0 (L) AB  A  B
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| (M) A  B  AB  AB
58. A+BC=(A+B)(A+C) Dccv`¨wU n‡jvÑ [iv.†ev: (N) A+AB=A
17] DËi: (L)
(K) wewbgq (L) Abyl½ e¨vL¨v:
(M) †gŠwjK (N) wefvRb wW-giM¨v‡bi Dccv`¨: Bs‡iR MwYZwe` wW-giMvb eywjqvb
DËi: (N) A¨vj‡Reivi †ÿ‡Î `ywU Dccv`¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Zvi bvg
e¨vL¨v: Abymv‡i Dccv`¨ `ywU‡K wW-giM¨v‡bi m~Î ev Dccv`¨ ejv
wefvRb Dccv`¨ (Distributed Theorem) nq| evBbvwi c×wZi MvwYwZK KvRK‡g© m~Î `ywU LyeB
 A(B+C)=A.B+A.C ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjY K‡i _v‡K| `yB Pj‡Ki Rb¨ wW-
 A+B.C=(A+B)(A+C) giM¨v‡bi Dccv`¨ `ywU n‡jvÑ
 A  AB  A  B 1. A  B  A.B
 A.B  B.C  BC  A.B  C 2. AB  A  B
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
59. Y=A.B+C eywjqvb mgxKiY ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z †gvU Ai †MBU
KqwU †gŠwjK †MBU cÖ‡qvRb? [e. †ev: 2019]62. hw` wZb BbcyU OR †M‡Ui AvDUcyU 0 (k~b¨) Kiv
(K) 2 (L) 3 cÖ‡qvRb nq Zvn‡j †KvbwU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e?
(M) 4 (N) 5 [wm. †ev: 17]
DËi: (K) (K) mKj BbcyU 0 (k~b¨) Ki‡Z n‡e
e¨vL¨v: (L) mKj BbcyU 1 Ki‡Z n‡e
(M) †h †Kv‡bv GKwU BbcyU 0 (k~b¨) Ki‡Z n‡e
(N) †h †Kv‡bv GKwU BbcyU 1 Ki‡Z n‡e
DËi: (K)
AZGe, Y ev¯Íevq‡b 1wU AND Ges 1wU OR A_©vr †gvU e¨vL¨v:
2wU †gŠwjK †MBU cÖ‡qvRb| wZb BbcyU wewkó OR †M‡Ui AvDUcyU, X=A+B+C
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)| G‡ÿ‡Î X Gi gvb 0 n‡Z n‡j Aek¨B mKj BbcyU k~b¨
wWÑgiM¨v‡bi m~Î I Dccv`¨: (0) n‡Z n‡e| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
60. wW-giM¨v‡bi Dccv`¨ Abyhvqx cvBÑ [h. †ev: 2016] 63. NOR †MB‡Ui AvDUcyU‡K NOT †MB‡Ui ga¨ w`‡q
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡j †Kvb †MBU cvIqv hv‡e? [w`. †ev: 16]
(K) AB  A.B (L) A  B  A.B
(K) Y-OR (L) X-NOR
(M) A.B  A  B (N) A  B  AB (M) OR (N) AND
DËi: (L) I (N) Dfq mwVK| DËi: (M)
Page- 74
e¨vL¨v: NOR †MB‡Ui AvDUcyU‡K NOT †MB‡Ui ga¨ w`‡q n‡j AvDUcyU 1 (mZ¨) nq| BbcyU hw` A nq Zvn‡j
cÖevwnZ Ki‡j OR †MB‡U cwiYZ nq| A_©vr NOR AvDUcyU X  A ev A'(A G D‡ëv)| AZGe, cÖkœwUi
†MB‡Ui BbcyU A I B n‡j Gi mgxKiY Z‡e X  A  B mwVK DËi (M)|
| GLb NOR †MB‡Ui Avevi NOT †MB‡Ui ga¨ w`‡q 67. wb‡Pi †Kvb jwRK †MB‡Ui AvDUcyU Bbcy‡Ui wecixZ?
cÖevwnZ Ki‡j OR †MBU cvIqv hvq| [P. †ev: 2016]
(K) AND (L) OR
A_©vr X  A  B  A  B
(M) NOT (N) X-OR
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
e¨vL¨v: (M)
GÛ †MBU
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
64. wmMbvjwUi mvswLK gvb KZ?
[h. †ev: 2019]
(K) 0010011010 (L) 1001100101
(M) 1011010101 (N) 010011010
DËi: DËi †bB|
b¨vÛ †MBU
Note: mwVK DËi 01011010
bU †MBU 68. †KvbwU NAND †MBU? [Kz. †ev: 2017]
65. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †gŠwjK †MBU? [h. †ev: 2016]
(K) NOT (L) NOR
(M) AND (N) X-OR DËi: (M)
DËi: (K) 69. wb‡Pi wP‡Î AvDUcyU n‡”Q? [iv. †ev: 16]
e¨vL¨v:
†gŠwjK †MBU (Basic Logic Gates): †h †MBU¸‡jv
GKKfv‡e GKwU MvwYwZK Acv‡ikb m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i (K) A  B (L) A  B
Zv‡K †gŠwjK †MBU ejv nq| †gŠwjK †MBU¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
(M) AB (N) A B
1. Ai †MBU (OR Gate): †hŠw³K †hv‡Mi Rb¨|
DËi: (M)
2. GÛ †MBU (AND Gate): †hŠw³K ¸‡Yi Rb¨|
e¨vL¨v:
3. bU †MBU (NOT Gate): †hŠw³K c~i‡Ki Rb¨|
wP‡Î GKwU †MBU †`Lvb n‡q‡Q A_©vr GKwU AND Ges
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
66. †Kvb jwRK †MB‡Ui BbcyU I AvDUcyU jvBb mgvb GKwU NOT †MBU wb‡q MwVZ| myZivs BbcyU AB n‡j
_v‡K? [Xv. †ev: 2017] AvDUcyU n‡e AB |
(K) AND (L) OR
(M) NOT (N) NAND
DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v:
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)
bU (NOT) †MBU: eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi c~i‡Ki KvR
70. AND Ges NOT †MBU wg‡j †Kvb †MBU nq?
m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †h jwRK †MBU e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv‡K
Xv.†ev: 16]
NOT †MBU ejv nq| G †MB‡U GKwU BbcyU I GKwU (K) NOR (L) NAND
AvDUcyU _v‡K| AvDUcyU Bbcy‡Ui wecixZ weavq, G (M) OR (N) X-OR
†MBU‡K BbfvU©vi (Inverter) ejv nq| G †MBU BbcyU 1 DËi: (L)
(mZ¨) n‡j AvDUcyU 0 (wg_¨v), Avi hw` BbcyU 0 (wg_¨v) Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vLvq †`Lyb|
Page- 75
 bi †MBU e¨vL¨v: me©Rbxb †MBU: †h †MBU Øviv †gŠwjK †MBU¸‡jv
71. F-Gi gvb KZ? [e. †ev: 2019] (Ai, A¨vÛ Ges bU) ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq, Zv‡K me©R bxb
†MBU ejv nq| b¨vÛ I bi †MBU Øviv †gŠwjK †MBU (Ai,
A¨vÛ Ges bU) ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvqÑweavq NAND I NOR
†MBU me©SbxY †MBU| mKj †MBU‡K me©Rbxb †MBU w`‡q
ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
(K) 1 (L) 0 75. mve©Rbxb †MBU †KvbwU? [h. †ev: 2017]
(M) A (N) B (K) AND (L) NAND
DËi: (K) (M) XOR (N) X-NOR
e¨vL¨v: DËi: (L)
F  A  A  1[†gŠwjK Dccv`¨] Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
G·-Ai †MBU
wW‡KvWvi I Gb‡KvWvi
72. F  R S  RS mgxKiYwU †Kvb †MBU wb‡`©k K‡i?
[Kz. †ev: 2019] 76. †Kvb eZ©bx B eY©‡K ASCII-†Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i?
[h.†ev: 16]
(K) NOR (L) NAND
(K) A¨vWvi (L) Gb‡KvWvi
(M) X-OR (N) X-NOR
(M) wW‡KvWvi (N) KvD›Uvi
DËi: (M)
DËi: (L)
e¨vL¨v:
e¨vL¨v:
Gi †ÿ‡Î
Gb‡KvWvi: Gb‡KvWvi n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi jwRK mvwK©U
X-OR Gate output

hv Avgv‡`i fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ hvwš¿K fvlvq

Y  A  B  AB  AB
73. wb‡Pi wP‡Î †Kvb †MBUwU AvDUcyU †`qv Av‡Q?
iƒcvšÍi K‡i| Gb‡KvWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †h †Kvb
[Kz.†ev.16]
AvjdvwbD‡gwiK eY©‡K wewmwW †KvW, A¨vmwK BDwb‡KvW
BZ¨vw` †Kv‡W cwiYZ Kiv hvq| †mBRb¨ BbcyU e¨e¯’vq e‡Y©i
Gb‡KvwWs Kivi Rb¨ Kx-‡ev‡W©i m‡½ Gb‡KvWvi hy³ _v‡K|
Gb‡KvWv‡i 2n msL¨K BbcyU †_‡K n msL¨K AvDUcyU
cvIqv hvq †hgb=24 ev 16wU BbcyU †_‡K 4 wU AvDUcyU
cvIqv hvq|
(K) OR (L) AND
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
(M) NOT (N) X-OR 77. †h jwRK e_©bx Avjdv wbD‡gwiK K¨v‡i±i‡K evBbvwi
DËi: (N) †Kv‡W cwiYZ K‡i Zv‡K wK e‡j? [iv. †ev: 2017]
e¨vL¨v: (K) †iwR÷vi (L) Gb‡KvWvi

OR AND ( A, AND (A, B)  (M) wW‡KvWvi (N) KvD›Uvi
 AB  AB  A  B hv X-OR †MB‡Ui AvDUcyU| DËi: (L)
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
me©RbxY †MBU 78. †Kvb mvwK©‡Ui m‡e©v”P †lvjwU BbcyU †_‡K PviwU
74. mve©Rbxb †MBU †KvbwU? AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq? [e. †ev: 2016]
[gv. iv. †ev: 16] (K) Gb‡KvWvi (L) wW‡KvWvi
(K) AND (L) OR (M) †iwR÷vi (N) KvD›Uvi
(M) NOR (N) NOT DËi: (K)
DËi: (M) Note: c~‡e©i 76 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
Page- 76
79. 16 jvBb Encoder-Gi †ÿ‡Î Output jvBb KqwU DËi: (L)
n‡e? [h. †ev: 16] Note: c~‡e©i 82 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
(K) 2 (L) 3 85. cuvPwU BbcyUwewkó wW‡KvWv‡ii AvDUcyU jvBb?
(M) 4 (N) 8 [Xv.†ev: 19]
DËi: (M) (K) 8 (L) 16 (M) 32 (N) 64
Note: c~‡e©i 75 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| DËi: (M)
80. 16 BbcyU wewkó Gb‡KvWv‡ii AvDUcyU msL¨v KZwU Note: c~‡e©i 82bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb|
n‡e? [w`. †ev: 2017] jwRK dvskb mijxKiY
(K) 2 (L) 3 (M) 4 (N) 5 86. A+BC=KZ? [wm. †ev: 2017]
DËi: (M) (K) (A+B)+(A.C) (L) (A+C)+(A.B)
Note: c~‡e©i 76 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| (M) (A+B)(A+C) (N) A+B)+(A+C)
81. †Kvb mvwK©‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ †WUv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ DËi: (M)
fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq? [w`. †ev: 16] e¨vL¨v:
(K) †iwR÷vi (L) KvD›Uvi (A+B)(A+C)=A.A+AC+AB+BC
(M) Gb‡KvWvi (N) wW‡KvWvi =A+AC+AB+BC [A.A=A]
DËi: (M) =A(1+C+B)+BC
e¨vL¨v: =A(1+B)+BC [1+A=1]
Gb‡KvWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †WUv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ fvlvq =A.1+BC
iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| wW‡KvWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvDUcyU =A+BC
BDwb‡U †jLv †KvW‡K gvby‡li †evaMg¨ fvlvi AvKv‡i cÖKvk AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
Kiv hvq|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| 87. F  ABC  ABC Gi mijxK…Z gvb †KvbwU?
82. wW†KvWv‡ii BbcyU msL¨v 4 n‡j AvDUcyU n‡eÑ [P.†ev: 16]
[Kz.†ev: 17] (K) A  B  C (L) ABC
(K) 4 (L) 8 (M) 16 (N) 37 (M) ABC (N) A+B+C
DËi: (M) DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v: wW‡KvWv‡ii n msL¨K BbcyU †_‡K 2n msL¨K e¨vL¨v:
AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq| myZivs 4wU †_‡K 24=16wU AvDUcyU F  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC [ A  A  A]
cvIqv hvq|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
83. †Kvb wWwRUvj eZ©bx n msL¨K Bbcy‡Ui Rb¨ 2n
msL¨K AvDUcyU cÖ`vb K‡i? [Kz. †ev: 2019] 88. wP‡Îi AvDUcyU n‡eÑ [w`. †ev: 16]
(K) Gb‡KvWvi (L) wW‡KvWvi (K) AB (L) AB
(M) nvdGWvi (N) dzjGWvi (M) A B (N) AB
DËi: (L) DËi: (L)
Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨vq †`Lyb| e¨vL¨v:
84. †Kvb eZ©bx‡Z n msL¨vK BbcyU Ges 2n msL¨v‡K
AND( A , B)  A B.
AvDUcyU _v‡K? [h. †ev: 2019]
(K) Gb‡KvWvi (L) wW‡KvWvi AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
(M) †iwR÷vi (N) KvD›Uvi
Page- 77
 eûc`x mgvwßKm~PK cÖ‡kœvËi
89. F  A  A B  A B n‡j F Gi mijxK…Z gvb
KZ? [w`. †ev: 16] 92. Dfq BbcyU 1 n‡j AvDUcyU 0 nq †Kvb †MB‡U
(K) 0 (L) 1 [h. †ev: 19]
(M) A (N) B i. NAND
DËi: (L) ii. NOR
e¨vL¨v: iii. XNOR
F  A A B B wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
 A  AA  B  A  A  1
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
90. [e. †ev: 2017] DËi: mwVK DËi †bB|
e¨vL¨v:
b¨vW †MB‡Ui mZ¨K mviwY
A B A+B Y  AB
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
wP‡Îi jwRK mvwK©UwUi AvDUcyU X Gi gvb n‡eÑ 1 1 1 0
(K) A  B (L) A  B
(M) A  B (N) A  B bi †MB‡Ui mZ¨K mviwY
DËi: (L) A B A+B Y  AB
e¨vL¨v: 0 0 0 1
jwRK mvwK©UwUi AvDUcyU, 0 1 1 1
X  A  B A  B 1 0 0 1
 A.A  A.B  A.B  B.B
1 1 1 0
 0  AB  A B  0 G·-bi †MB‡Ui mZ¨K mviwY
 AB  A B A B Y  AB
0 0 1
0 1 0
 AB
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
91. a=1, b=0 Gi Rb¨ a  b  ? [Kz. †ev: 2017] 1 0 0
(K) 0 (L) 1 1 1 1
(M) 0, 1 (N) 1, 0 mZ¨K mviwY †_‡K cvB †h, ïay NAND gate G Dfq
DËi: (L) input 1 n‡j output 0 nq|
e¨vL¨v:
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (mwVK DËi †bB)|
a  b  ab  ab
= 0.0+1.1 [a=1 e‡j a=0] 93. (A)16+(10)2+(7) 8 Gi gvb n‡Z cv‡iÑ [P. †ev: 19]
=0+1 [b=0 e‡j b=1] i. (13)16
=1 ii. (23)8
iii. (10011)2
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| DËi: (N)
Page- 78
e¨vL¨v: e¨vL¨v: hw` A I B BbcyU Ges X AvDUcyU nq Z‡e
DÏxc‡Ki cÖ`Ë msL¨v 3wU| (i) NAND Gate Gi †ÿ‡Î|
(A)16=(1010)2 X  A.B
(10)2 A=0 & B=0 n‡j, X  0.0  0  1
(7)8=(111)2  (i) bs mwVK|
(ii) NOR Gate Gi †ÿ‡Î,
1010
10
X  AB
GLb, A=0 & B=0 n‡j, X  0  0  0  1
111
10
 011
 (ii) bs mwVK|

 

(iii) X NOR Gate Gi †ÿ‡Î,

(2 3)8

Avevi, 1 0011
 

 X  AB
 (10011)2=(23)8=(13)16 GLb, A=0, B=0 n‡j, X  A  B
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|  A B  AB
94. (110110)2 Gi mgKÿ gvbÑ [mw¤§wjZ †evW©:2018]
i. (66)8 ii. (54)10 iii. (36)16
 0. 0  0.0

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

 1.1  0 =1
 (iii) bs mwVK|
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
96. A djvdj n‡Z cv‡i hLbÑ [Xv. †ev: 2017]
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi: (N)
i. A+A+A

e¨vL¨v: ( i) A±v‡j cÖKvkt

ii. A.A

110 110
iii. AA
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
6 6
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
=(66)8, (i) bs mwVK|
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
(ii) †Wwmgv‡j cÖKvkt
DËi: (K)
(110110)2
e¨vL¨v:
 125+124+122+121+020
 (54)10
i. A+A+A=A+A=A
ii. A.A=A
(iii) †n·v‡Wwmgv‡j cÖKvk:
iii. AA  AA  AA
(110110)2
=0+0
110 110 [4 weU wewkó evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi]
=0
6 6 AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
(36)16
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© GKwU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
 (iii) bs mwVK|
95. †Kvb †MB‡Ui mKj BbcyU 0 n‡j AvDUcyU 1 n‡e?
[mw¤§wjZ †evW©Ñ2018]
i. NAND ii. NOR
iii. X-NOR
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi: (N)
Page- 79
97. DÏxcK eZ©bxi AvDUcy‡Ui mijxK…Z gvb‡i eZ©bx n‡Z myZivs †`Lv hvq †h, X-OR †MBU ˆZwi‡Z OR, AND
cv‡iÑ [Kz. †ev: 2017] Ges NOT wZbwU †MBUB e¨eüZ nh| A_Ge, cÖkœwUi mwVK
DËi (N)|
99. NOR Gi AvDUcyU 0 (k~b¨) n‡e hLbÑ
[w`. †ev: 2017]
i. †h †Kv‡bv GKwU BbcyU 0 (k~b¨)
ii. me¸‡jv BbcyU 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. †h †Kv‡bv GKwU BbcyU 1
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
DËi: (M) (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
e¨vL¨v:eZ©bxi AvDUcyU, X  (A  B)(A  B)
DËi: (N)
e¨vL¨v:
 A.A  A.B  A.B  B.B
 A  AB  AB  0
 B.B  0  bi †MB‡Ui mZ¨K mviwY
A B A+B Y  AB
 A  A( B  B)
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
 A  A.l
 AA 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
A
i. Gi AvDUcyU=A+B
AZGe, cÖœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
ii. Gi AvDUcyU=A+A=A
iii. Gi AvDUcyU=A.A=A 100. NOR Gi AvDUcyU 0 (k~b¨) n‡e hLbÑ
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| [Xv. †ev: 19]
98. X-OR †MBU ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nqÑ [P. †ev: 16] i. me¸‡jv Bbcy‡U 1
i. OR Gate ii. AND Gate iii. NOT Gate ii. me¸‡jv Bbcy‡U 0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. †h †Kv‡bv GKwU BbcyU 1
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi: (N) (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
e¨vL¨v: (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
BbcyU AvDUcyU DËi: (M)
A B X Note: c~‡e©i cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v †`Lyb|
0 0 0 101. wb‡Pi eZ©bxq AvDUcyU n‡eÑ [iv. †ev: 2016]
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
mZ¨K mviwY †_‡K cvB , X= AB  AB i. A+B
†gŠwjK †MBU Øviv ev¯Íevqb - ii. AB  AB
iii. AB
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi: (L)
Page- 80
e¨vL¨v:
F  AB.BC
†h‡nZz eZ©bxwU G·-Ai †MB‡Ui mvs‡KwZK wPý, eyjxq
exRMwYZ Abyhvqx AvDUcyU n‡e:  AB.BC  A  A 
 
X  A  B  AB  AB
 ABC  B.B  B
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
102. Gb‡KvWv‡ii BbcyU n‡”QÑ [P. †ev: 2017] AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
i. A±vj msL¨v Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖ‡kœvËi:
ii. `kwgK msL¨v wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
iii. †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi: (N) 105. Y Gi gvb †KvbwU? [Xv. †ev: 2019]
e¨vL¨v: (K) AB (L) AB
Gb‡KvWvi: Gb‡KvWvi n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi jwRK mvwK©U (M) A  B (N) AB
hv Avgv‡`i fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ hvwš¿K flvq DËi: (N)
iƒcvšÍi K‡i| Gb‡KvWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †h †Kvb e¨vL¨v:
AvjdvwbD‡gwiK eY©‡K wewmwW †KvW, AvmwK, BbDwb‡KvW Y=AB+AB
=AB [ †gŠwjK Dccv`¨ X+X=X]
BZ¨vw` †Kv‡W cwiYZ Kiv hvq| †mBRb¨ BbcyU e¨e¯’vi e‡Y©i
106. DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwUi AvDUcyU Y=1 †c‡Z n‡j A I
Gb‡KvwWs Kivi Rb¨ Kx-‡ev‡W©i m‡½ Gb‡KvWvi hy³ _v‡K|
B Gi KZ BbcyU w`‡Z n‡e? [Xv. †ev: 2019]
Gb‡KvWv‡i 2n msL¨K BbcyU †_‡K n msL¨K AvDUcyU (K) A=0 I B=0 (L) A=0 I B=1
cvIqv hvq †hgbÑ2n ev 16wU BbcyU †_‡K 4 wU AvDUcyU (M) A=1 I B=0 (N) A=1 I B=1
cvIqv hvq| DËi: (N)
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| e¨vL¨v:
103. DcvË I Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi mv‡_ RwoZÑ [Kz. †ev: 17] Y=AB hv GKwU AND gate
i. wd¬cÑd¬c ii. A¨vWvi iii. †iwR÷vi A B Y
0 0 0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
0 1 0
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii 1 0 0
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii 1 1 1
DËi: (L)  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
e¨vL¨v:
wd¬c-d¬c I †iwR÷vi DcvË I ZË¡ msiÿ‡Yi mv‡_ RwoZ|
A¨vWvi GKwU mgevq mvwK©U hv †hv‡Mi KvR K‡i, Z_¨
msiÿY K‡i bv| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|

104. F  AB.BC Gi mijxK…Z gvb †KvbwU?

[Xv. †ev: 2017]
(K) AB. BC (L) ABC 107. DÏxc‡Ki F Gi mgZzj¨ jwRK †MBU †KvbwU?
(M) AB+AC (N) ABC [iv. †ev: 19]
DËi: (L) (K) OR (L) XOR
e¨vL¨v: (M) NAND (N) XNOR
Page- 81
DËi: (L) e¨vL¨v: GwU XNOR Gate
e¨vL¨v: BbcyU AvDUcyU
DÏxc‡Ki jwRK mvwK©U n‡Z cvB, A B C ABC X
G  F  A B  AB 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
 A B.AB 0 1 0 1 0
 
 AB.AB  0 1 1 0 1
 AA  AB  BA  BB 1 0 0 0 1
 0  AB  AB  0 1 0 1 1 1
 AB  AB 1 1 0 0 1
 G GKwU XOR Gate. 1 1 1 1 0
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| wPÎ: wZbwU Bbcy ‡Ui Rb¨ G·-bq †MB‡Ui mZ¨K mviwY
108. DÏxc‡Ki G †_‡K cÖvß jwRK †MBU e¨eüZ n‡Z 110. x Gi mgxKiY †KvbwU? [Kz. †ev: 2019]
cv‡iÑ
(K) PQR  PQR  PQR  PQR
[iv. †ev: 2019]
i. `ywU we‡Ui Ae¯’v Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ (L) P QR  PQR  PQR  PQR
ii. nvd G¨vWvi ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î (M) PQR
iii. KvD›Uvi ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (N) P  Q  R
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii DËi: (N)
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii wZb input wewkó XNOR gate Gi output Gi mgxKiY,
DËi: (N)
e¨vL¨v: X= P  Q  R |
* nvd G¨vWv‡ii †ÿ‡Î output=S=XY Aciw`‡K wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
`ywU nvd G¨vWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ GKwU dzj G¨vWvi MwVZ|
myZivs, nvd G¨v‡W‡i †ÿ‡Î I `ywU we‡Ui Ae¯’v Zzjbv
Kivi Rb¨ XOR gate e¨envi Kiv nq|
* KvD›Uvi ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î XOR gate e¨envi Kiv nq|

111. DÏxcK eZ©bxi AvDUcy‡Ui mviYxKiY gvb †Kvb

wPÎwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cª‡kœi DËi `vI: †MB‡Ui mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©? [h. †ev: 2019]
(K) NAND (L) NOR
(M) XOR (N) XNOR
DËi: (M)
109. x Gi gvb 1 n‡e hLbÑ [Kz. †ev: 2019] e¨vL¨v:
i. P=1, Q=1, R=0
ii. P=0, Q=1, R=1
iii. P=1, Q=1, R=1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi: (K)
Page- 82
 e¨vL¨v:
F  AB  A B
DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î OR Gate Gi cwie‡Z© AND gate
 
 AB .A B 
e¨envi Ki‡j, F  A  B.A  B
 A  B .A  B  AB.AB [w` giMvb]
 A.A  AB  BA  BB  AAB B
 0  AB  AB  0 =0
 Output GKwU XOR Gate. AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
112. DÏxcK eZ©bxi AvDUcyU k~b¨ †c‡Z n‡j †Kvb `yBwU
†MU wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡e? [h. †ev: 2019]
(K) 1 I 3 (L) 1 I 4 (M) 1 I 5 (N) 2 I 3
Note: cÖkœwU Am¤ú~Y©|
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: 115. P Gi gvb †KvbwU? [wm. †ev: 2019]
(K) A+B (L) A  B
(M) A  B (N) A  B
DËi: (L)
e¨vL¨v:

113. wP‡Îi AvDUcyU F Gi gvb KZ? [P. †ev: 2019]

(K) AB  AB (L) A B  AB P  A B B

 B A [wefvRb Dccv`¨ M  MN  M  N]
(M) AB  AB (N) AB  A B
DËi: (K)  A  B AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
e¨vL¨v: 116. DÏxc‡Ki P=0 hLbÑ [wm. †ev: 2019]
(K) A=0, B=0 (L) A=0, B=1
(M) A=1, B=0 (N) A=1, B=1
DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v:
A=1, B=0 n‡j P  A  B  B
 1 0  0  0
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
A B X
F  A  B A  B 0 0 1
 AB  AB [w`¨ giMvb] 0 1 0
114. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î OR †MB‡Ui cwie‡Z© AND †MBU 1 0 0
e¨envi Ki‡j F Gi gvb KZ n‡e? [P. †ev: 2019]
1 1 0
117. mZ¨K mviYxi jwRK †MBU †KvbwU? [w`. †ev: 2019]
(K) A (L) B (K) AND (L) OR
(M) 0 (N) 1 (M) NOR (N) NAND
DËi: (M) DËi: (M)

Page- 83
e¨vL¨v: e¨vL¨v:
NOR Gate G input G Kgc‡ÿ GKwU 1 _vK‡jB DÏxc‡Ki OR †MB‡Ui cwie‡Z© X-OR †MBU e¨envi
output k~b¨ nq| Ki‡j Q=1 cvIqv hv‡e|
118. X Kjv‡g '0' ¯’‡j '1' Ges '1' Gi ¯’‡j '0' emv‡j cÖvß
†MBUwU n‡eÑ [w`. †ev: 2019]
X  OR ( M.MN , MN)
 M  MN  MN

 M MNMN  M MNMN  MMNMN  MMNMN

 M(M  N) N  M( M  N)( M  N)  MN(M  N)  0

 MMN  MN  M( M  MN  MN  NN)  MN( M  N)

 0  MN  M  MN  MN  MNN  MMN  MN

 MN  M  M ( N  N)  0  0  MN
DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v:
 MN  M  M  MN

X Kjv‡g Ô0Õ ¯’‡j Ô1Õ Ges Ô1Õ Gi ¯’‡j Ô 0Õ emv‡j cÖvß  MN  N   M

†MBUwU n‡e OR gate. wPÎ n‡eÑ118  M M

 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU n‡Z cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: =1
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
DÏxcKwU co Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
Kw¤úDUvi wkÿK Rbve mwdK m¨vi †ev‡W© GKwU (77)8
msL¨v wjL‡jb|
121. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ msL¨vwUi `kwgK msL¨v n‡jvÑ
[h.†ev:17]
119. DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwUi Q-Gi gvb KZ? [iv. †ev: 2017] (K) 56 (L) 63
(K) 0 (L) 1 (M) 64 (N) 77
(M) M (N) M+N DËi: (L)
DËi: (L) e¨vL¨v: DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ msL¨vwU n‡jv (77)8
e¨vL¨v: 77   7  81  7  80
8

Q  M  MN  MN  56  7
 6310
 M  M.N  N 
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
 M  M.I
122. DÏxc‡Ki msL¨vwUi cieZx© msL¨v †KvbU?
 MM [h. †ev: 2017]
(K) (78)8 (L) (1001)8
=1
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
(M) (200)8 (N) (777)8
120. DÏxc‡Ki OR †MUwUi cwie‡Z© †Kvb †MU e¨envi
DËi: mwVK DËi †bB|
Ki‡j Q=1 n‡e? [iv. †ev: 2017]
e¨vL¨v:
(K) AND (L) NOR
(77)8 Gi cieZx© msL¨v=77+1
(M) XOR (N) XNOR =(100)8
DËi: (M) we:`ª: †evW© cÖ‡kœ mwVK DËi †`qv †bB|
Page- 84
 DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU jÿ Ki cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: e¨vL¨v:
eZ©bxi AvDUcyU, Y=A+B
i. A=0, B=1 n‡j Y=1
ii. A=0, B=0 n‡j Y=0
iii. A=1, B=0 n‡j Y=1
123. DÏxc‡K hy³ eZ©bxwU †Kvb †MBU wb‡`©k K‡i? AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
[h. †ev: 17] wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
(K) AND (L) OR
(M) NOT (N) NOR
DËi: (K)
e¨vL¨v:
DÏxc‡Ki hy³ eZ©bxwU AND †MBU wb‡`©k K‡i|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
124. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi †MB‡Ui mv‡_ Not Gate hy³ Ki‡j 127. AvDUcyU F Gi gvb †KvbwU? [e. †ev: 16]
†Kvb †MBU cvIqv hvq? [h. †ev: 17] (K) A  B  C (L) ABC
(K) AND (L) NAND
(M) A+B+C (N) ABC
(M) X-OR (N) X-NOR
DËi: (L) DËi: (K)
e¨vL¨v: e¨vL¨v:
wP‡Îi AND †MB‡Ui mv‡_ Not †MBU hy³ Ki‡j NAND AND {NOR(A,), NOR (B,B), NOR (C,C)}
†MBU cvIqv hv‡e|  AN A, B, C   A B C  A  B  C
NAND †MU=AND †MU+Not †MU| AZGe, cÖkœwUi AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
mwVK DËi (L)|
128. wP‡Î 'X' wPwýZ †MBU cwieZ©b K‡i †Kvb †MBU emv‡j
wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`‡L cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
AvDUcyU ABC n‡e? [e. †ev. 16]
(K) NAND (L) NOR
(M) XOR (N) XNOR
125. Dc‡ii wPÎwU †Kvb †M‡Ui mgZzj¨? [w`. †ev: 17] DËi: (L)
(K) NOT (L) AND e¨vL¨v:
(M) OR (N) NOR
G‡ÿ‡Î BbcyU¸‡jv h_vµ‡g A, B, C Ges Kvw•LZ
DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v: AvDUcyU ABC G‡ÿ‡Î NOR †MU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Kvw•LZ
AvDUcyU cvIqv hv‡e|
wP‡Îi jwRK eZ©bxi AvDUcyU, Y  A  B  A  B
 AB  
NOR A, B, A  A  B  C  A B C  ABC
 AB AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
hv OR †M‡Ui AvDUcy‡Ui mgvb| d‡j wP‡Îi eZ©bxwU OR wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU Abymv‡i cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
†M‡Ui mgZzj¨| AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| A I B `ywU eZ©bxi cÖ_gwU `ywU msL¨v Kw¤úDUv‡i
126. Y Gi gvb 1 n‡e hw`Ñ [w`. †ev: 2017] †evaMg¨fv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i Ges AciwU msL¨v `yw Ui ¸Ydj
i. A=0, B=1 ii. A=0, B=0 †ei Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
129. B eZ©bxwU n‡jvÑ [e. †ev: 2017]
iii. A=1, B=0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii (K) A¨vWvi (L) Gb‡KvWvi
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii (M) †iwR÷vi (N) KvD›Uvi
DËi: (L) DËi: (K)
Page- 85
e¨vL¨v: wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ K‡i cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
B eZ©bxwU `ywU msL¨vi ¸Ydj †ei Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi
hveZxq MvwYZxK KvR evBbvix †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ K‡i|
A¨vWvi Øviv †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM me KvR Kiv nq| B
eZ©bxwU A¨vWvi| 133. F Gi gvb KZ? [Xv. †ev. 16]
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
(K) B(C+A) (L) A(B+C)
130. A eZ©bxwU †Kv_vq hy³ _v‡K? [e. †ev: 2017] (M) C(A+B) (N) AC+B
(K) gwbU‡i (L) Kx-†ev‡W© DËi: (K)
(M) wcÖ›Uv‡i (N) ¯úxKv‡i e¨vL¨v:
DËi: (L) OR {AND (A,B), AND(B,C)}
e¨vL¨v: =OR {AB, BC}=AB+BC=B(C+A)
A eZ©bxwU msL¨v‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †evaMg¨fv‡e Dc¯’vcb AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
K‡i| 134. 2 I 3 bs †MB‡Ui wKiƒc cwieZ©b Ki‡j F Gi gvb
A_©vr A eZ©bxwU Gb‡KvWvi| BbcyU wWfvB‡m †hgb: Kx k~b¨ n‡e? [Xv. †ev: 2016]
†ev‡W© wewfbœ e‡Y©i Gb‡KvwWs Kivi Rb¨ G eZ©bx hy³ _v‡K| (K) 2-†K NAND Ges 3-†K NOR Ki‡j
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)| (L) 2-†K NOR Ges 3-†K AND Ki‡j
(M) 2-†K OR Ges 3-†K NAND Ki‡j
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
(N) 2-†K NAND Ges 3-†K AND Ki‡j
DËi: (L)
e¨vL¨v:
131. Y Gi gvb †KvbwU? [Kz. †ev: 16] 2 †K NOR=3 †K AND w`‡q cwieZ©b Ki‡j cvB,
(K) A  B (L) AB
(M) A  B (N) AB
DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v:
NAND A.B  AB  A  B  A  B G‡ÿ‡Î cvB AND {AND (A,B)< NOR (B,C)}
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|  
 AND AB , B  C 
132. Y=1 †c‡Z n‡j A Ges B Gi gvb n‡eÑ  AB B  C   AB.B C
[Kz. †ev: 16] 0
i. A=0, B=0 ii. A=0, B=1 AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
iii. A=1, B=0 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v: 135. DÏxc‡Ki AvDUcyU F Gi mijxK…Z gvb †KvbwU?
Y  A  B =1 n‡Z n‡j [P.†ev: 16]
nq, A=0, B=0 n‡Z n‡e (K) A  B  C (L) A  B  C (M) ABC (N)
A_ev A=1, B=0 n‡Z n‡e A BC
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)| DËi: M I N DfqB DËi|
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e¨vL¨v: wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
F  NOR A, B, C   A  B  C  A B C  ABC
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M) I (N)|
136. DÏxc‡K †MBU emv‡j
F Gi mijxK…Z gvb wb‡Pi †Kvb †MBU‡K mg_©b K‡i?
[w` †ev: 16]
(K) OR (L) AND 139. GLv‡b, P=? [w`. †ev: 16]
(M) ABC (N) NOR (K) X+YZ (L) (X+Z)Y
DËi: (K) (M) XY+XZ (N) XYZ
e¨vL¨v: DËi: (M)

F  NAND A, B, C  e¨vL¨v:
P=OR{AND(X,Z), AND(X,Y)}
 A B C  ABC  ABC
=OR(XZ,XY)
hv OR †MU‡K mg_©b K‡i| =XY+XZ. AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)| 140. X=0, Y=1, Z=1 n‡j P=? Ges P'=?
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: [w`. †ev: 16]
(K) P=1, P'=1 (L) P=1, P'=0
(M) P=0, P'=1 (N) P=0, P'=0
DËi: (N)
e¨vL¨v:

137. GLv‡b, Y=? [gv. †ev: 2016]

P=XY+XZ

(K) AB (L) A+B (M) AB (N) A  B

P'=XY+XZ+ Z  X(Y  Z)  Z
 X=0, Y=1, Z=1 n‡j P=0 Ges P'=0
DËi: (N)
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
e¨vL¨v:
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
Y=NAND {OR(A,B),OR(A,B)}
= NAND {(A+B),(A+B)}
 A  B . A  B  A  B
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)|
138. DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxi AvDUcyU Y=1 n‡j A I B Gi
gvb KZ n‡e? [gv. †ev: 16]
(K) A=0 I B=0
(L) A=0 I B=1 141. wP‡Î Z Gi mgxKiY †KvbwU? [iv. †ev: 16]
(M) A=1 I B=0
(K) XY  XY (L) XY
(N) A=1 I B=1
(M) XY  XY (N) XY  XY
DËi: (K)
DËi: (K)
e¨vL¨v:
e¨vL¨v: Z  OR ( XY, XY)  XY  XY
Y  A  B  1 n‡Z n‡j A=0, B=0 n‡Z n‡e,
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (K)|

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142. DÏxcKwU‡Z OR †MBUwUi ¯’‡j NOR †MBU emv‡j S  MN  MN  M  N.
djvdjwU †Kvb †MBUwUi mgvb? [iv. †ev: 16] AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (L)|
(K) NOR (L) OR 144. ÒLÓ wP‡Îi AvDUcyU K¨vwi C0=0 †c‡Z n‡j BbcyU
(M) X OR (N) X-NOR M, N I Cin Gi gvb n‡Z n‡e?
DËi: (N) [wm. †ev: 16]
e¨vL¨v: i. M=0, N=1, Cin=1
NOR AN X, Y , AND X, Y  ii. M=0, N=1, Cin=0

 
 NOR XY, XY  XY  XY
iii. M=1, N=0, Cin=0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
hv X-NOR †MB‡Ui AvDUcyU| (K) i, ii (L) i, iii
AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (N)| (M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZx© `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: DËi: (M)
e¨vL¨v:
L wP‡Î dzj A¨vWv‡ii †ÿ‡Î K¨vwii mgxKiYÑ
C 0  MNC in  MNC in  MN Cin  MNC in

143. ÒKÓ wP‡Îi AvDUcyUcy‡Ui †hvMdj S Gi mgxKiY

 MNC in  MNCin  MNC in  MNCin  MNCin  MNCin

n‡eÑ [wm. †ev: 2016]

 MN  MC in  NC in

(K) S=M+N (L) S=MN mgxKiY †_‡K eySv hvq †h, †h‡Kvb `ywU BbcyU k~b¨ ( 0)
(M) S  M  N (N) S  M  N A_ev wZbwU BbcyUB k~b ¨ (0) n‡j AvDUcyU k~b¨ (0) n‡e|
DËi: (L) AZGe, cÖkœwUi mwVK DËi (M)
e¨vL¨v:

K wP‡Î H/A Gi †ÿ‡Î †hvMdj S Gi mgxKiY n‡eÑ

Page- 88