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    Carbon Va Su Da Dang Phan Tu Cua Su Song

    Uploaded by

    Tuan Kiet

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    SINH HOC IY Mae ae Le Ce a CAMPBELL: REECE URRY » CAIN + WASSERMAN MINORSKY- JACKSON t bang CamScanner Carbon va sur da dang phan tu < cua sur song —— 41 Hod hoc hdu co la mén nghién ciu céc hgp chat cia carbon 42 Cécnguyén tit carbon cé thé tao ra nhiéu loal phan tirbing céch lién két véi bon nguyén tit khée 43. Sélugng itcécnhom chiic a chia khod cho sy oat dong chiic nang ciia céc phan titsinh hoc Carbon: Xuong séng cua su séng 4c dirnuse fd moi tru’mg cia sy sOing trén Trai bo ba thuy trén Hinh 4.1, lai duge cau tao tir cde chat hoa hoe dya chi yéu vao nguyén 16 carbon Carbon vao sinh quyén thong qua hoat dong ctia thyc vat, chiing sir dung nang lugng mat trdi dé chuyén hoa CO, cia khi quyérrthanh cc phan tr cia sy s6ng, Cée phan tirdé duge truyén t6i dong vat an thuc vat. So vi moi nguyén t6 hod hoc, carbon li nguyen t6 khong gi so snh duge vé khd nang tao ra céc phan tilén, phiic tap va da dang, va chinh sy da dang phan tir d6 lam cho tfnh da dang ciia sinh vat duoc tien hod trén Trai Dat td nén c6 thé. Protein, DNA, carbohydrate va cic phan tir khéc gidp phan biét vat chat sng véi vat chat v6 tri gic déu duge céiu tao tir cdc nguyen tir carbon ket hop ‘v6i nhau hoae véi cde nguyén ti cla cc nguyén 16 khée. Hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), liu huynh (S) va phosphorus (P) 1a nhimg thanh phéin phé bien khdc ciia cdc hgp chat 46, nhumg nguyén t6 carbon (C) Ia nguyen nhan cita tinh da dang to Ién cia cdc phan tir sinh hoc. Protein va céc phan tir rit 16n khéc 1a tam diém cia ‘Chuong 5. G day, ching ta cing tim hiéu tinh chat cla cic phan tirnhd hom, Ching ta sé sir dung cic phan ti d6 46 minh hoa cho céc khdi nigm vé kign tric phan i, diéu sé gidp giai thich tai sao carbon lai quan trong nh vay 446i v6i sy sng, déng thoi nhiin manh chii dé rng, nhing, ‘inh chat méi xudt hign bat nguén tir sy 16 chite vat chat trong cdc co thé s6ng. 58 + Bai thanh phn cd A. Hinh 4.1 NhGng tinh chat ndo cia carbon nhén manh vaitrd cia n6 ld co s& phan tic sy sng? 4.1 Hoa hoc hiu co la mén nghién cuu cdc hop chat cla carbon Vif do lich sired hap chat eta carbon duge goi lit hop chat hi cg, va nginh hod hoc chuyén nghien ettu cae hop chat carbon duge goi 1a hod hoc hinu eg. Céc hop chat hitu co bao gém céc phan tit don gin nhu methane (CH,) cho dén céc phan tit d6 sO nhu protein véi hing nghin nguyen tit, Ngodi cic nguyen tit carbon, hu hét ce hop chat hu co chia ce nguyen tit hydrogen, ‘Ty le chung cita cfc nguyen t6 chinh ciia su song - C, H,O,N,S va P- kha déng nhat tir sinh vat nay dén sink vat khéc, Tuy nhien, vi tinh Linh hoat cia carbon nén véi 36 Iwgng cdc eau kien nguyén tir han che duoc lay theo cclng mot Ie, vain c6 the sir dung dé xay nén s6 luong vo tan ede hap chat hitu co. Céc Todi sinh vat Khic nhaw, va cede ¢é thé khdc nhau trong mot loai, phan biet véi hau Tir budi binh minh ctia lich sit foal nguési, con neu i sitdung ede sinh vat khic dé lay ese vat phim quy- ti thie an, thude chia bénh cho dén vai véc. Hos hoc hit co bit nguén tirnhimg c6 ging Lim tinh Khigt va nang cao san Iugng ca cdc sin phm nhu vay. Vao dau nhimg nam 1800, ee nha hos hoc di biét cach tg0 ra nhimg hop chat don gin trong phing thi nghigm bing cach ket hop cde nguyén (6 trong nhimg digu kien hop ly. Tuy nhién, vige t6ng hgp nhan tyo cde phan tit phi tap duce tich chigt tr vat chat song duémg nhu 1a khong thé duge. Déng thai, nha hod hoe Thuy Dién Jons Jacob Berzelius i chi ra si phan bigt git hop chat hau co, cic chat ma nguti ta cho ring chi xust hign trong céc co thé song. véi cic hop chat vO 0, céc chat chi tim thay trong thé gigi khong sOng, Thuyeét site song, tin tudmg ring nguén lc su sng, nim ngoai quyén luc cia ede quy lust vat IY va hod hoc, di cung ctip nén tang cho nginh khoa hoc méi fi hod hee hau co. Cc nha hod hoc bit dau pha bd nén ting cia thuyét sic song khi, cudi cing, ho biét cach téng hop cic hop chat hdu ea trong phdng thf nghigm. Nam 1828, Fredrich Burge quét bang CamScanner Wohler, nha hot hoc Bite, ngudi dz nghien ecu cing Berzelius, df thit tao mudi “Vo co” ammonium cyanate bing céch trQn efe dung dich ion ammonium (NI,*) va jon cyanate (CHO). Wohler di ngac nhien thiy ring, thay vio d6, Ong di (go ra urea, hgp chat hitu co 6 trong runic tidu dong vat, Wahler di théch dé nhimg ngudi theo thuyét se sOng khi Ong viet “Toi phii ndi véi cée ngdi ring, 104 ¢6 thé Lam ra tirea mA khOng cfin qu than hhode dong vat, di TA cita ngurdi hay ché” Tuy nhien, mot trong ¢&c thinh phén ding trong qué trinh téng hap, chat cyanate, Iai duige tach chigt tir mau dong vat nén nhimg naif theo thuyét site sing khong bi anh hug gl boi phat minh eiia Wohler, Tuy nhign, vai nam sau, Hermann Koble, hoc trd ctia Wahler, d& 190 ra hgp chat hitu co acid acetic ti ce chat vo ea 6 thé dage diéu che trac tigp tit cdc nguyen 16 tinh khiei, ‘Thuyét site song da bj b& gay hod to kj do téng hgp duge trong phdng tht nghigm hi ca phite tap din, Nam 1953, Stanley Miller, nghign cit sinh ciia Harold Ureay tai Thrkmg Dai hgc Téng hep Chicago, di dura qué trinh téng hop vo sinh cde hgp chat hu ca vio pham tra tigh hod bing th nghigm kinh dign duge mo ti trén Hinh 4.2. Thi nghi¢m ciia Miller dé kiém tra, cfc phan tir hw co e6 thé xusit hign ngdu nhién trong, nhing digu kién ma ngudi ta cho ring ching t6n tai tren ‘Trai Dat thud s0 khai khong, di kfch thich su quan tam vinhimg nghign cit tigp theo vé nguén g6c cae hgp chat hitu co. Mot s6 nha khoa hoe da dat cau hdi, nhing chat, kh{ ma Miller sir dung c6 thyc sy ¢6 trong bau khé quyén, nguyén thuy khong. Cong trinh gén day tng hd cho mot danh sich cdc chat hoi khic trong diéu kién Trai Dat thug so khais khi duge sit dung trong thi nghiém, né cting cho tnhimg hop chat ma Miller tim durge. Mac di phan quyét con chu ¢6, nhung nhimg thf nghiem dé cing ing ho cho § tuémg ring, qua trinh téng hgp v6 sinh cdc chat hit co da xay ra 6 giai doan du cia phat sinh su s6ng. Nhiing ngui tien phong cia hos hoc hitu co da giip chuyén dong suy nghi chinh théng cha tu duy sinh hoc tir thuyét stic s6ng sang thuyéi co gidi- v6i quan diém ring, ccc quy luat vat If va hoa hoc digu khién tat ed ede ign ‘wong ty nhien, ké cd cc qui trinh song. Hod hoc hitu eo ‘duge x4e dinh lai 1a mon khoa hoc nghién citu céc hop chat hitu co, bat ké nguén g6c. Sinh vat sinh ra hau hét céc hop chat hiu co c6 trong ty nhien, va c&e phan tir d6 dai dign cho tinh da dang va pham vi phic tap ma céc hagp chit v6 co khong thé so sinh dugc. Tuy nhién, cfc nguyén téc hoa hgc van dp dung cho moi phan tit, Nén ting ciia hod hoc hi co khong phdi Ia lyc sng mo hd no d6 ma chinh I& tinh Tinh hoat hos hoc doe nht v6 ni cia nguyen t6 carbon. 4.1 1. Stanley Miller rit ra ket lugn g) khi tim duge: amino acid 5 cdc sin phém trong tht nghigm cba ong? . Khi Miller thir fam thf nghi¢m tren Hinh 4.2 ma khong ngét dong dign thi Khong tim thy hgp chat hitu co nao, Diéu gi c6 thé gifi thich cho két qua d6? (Cau ri c6 trong Phy cA. sau vai thap C&c phan tu hau co'cé hinh thanh trong nhiing diéu kién gidng nhu thud Trai Dat sokhai? J SRHINGHIEM Wim 1953, taney Miter dy dung mothe théng kin tl tgo nhong diéukién ma dng cho ring né ing nh ning diéu Kién 48 t6n tal thud Trl St so hal, Mot inh thuy tinh dung nuéc gl6ng nhu nude bién inguyén thuj. Nuéc dugc dun sao cho mot s6 nude duge bay ho sang binh thithal cao han c6 chia "kht quyén- én hgp cdc cht kh Tia Ida dién dugc bat tS trong Kh quyén téng hop bat chudc tia chdp. *Khi quyén® chia hén hhgp kh hydrogen tH © cictia a cign Pere vommonia dupe biti tng (NH) va hot nude, shutia chop. Orsnhop nude Sin nude “bién” Gtuge dun rengche utc divso binh “khi quyén". asc @kivat cht quay Obinh ngung am ong qua chiée may lanh khi quyén, nude may, Millerthu miu dinh maya bit ky phan W748 phan tch, tdindo hod tan vio binh nude bién. Miller 43 x6 dinh duoc nhigu phan this ‘cacé mat phé bign 6 cic sinh vat. Nhimng phan ti'd6 bao ‘96m céchop chit don gin nhu formaldehyde (CHO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) va céc phan typhi tap hon nhu cc amin acid va cic chub dai gém carbon va hydrogen luge ois hydrocarbon. 4. (UIKETLOANIN céc phan ti hau co, giai doan dau cia nguén {6c sustng, 6 thé d& duoc téng hap theo céch v6 sinh tren Trdi B&t thud so Khai, (Ching ta sé khai théc gia thuyét nay chitiét hon & Chuong 25). JIRINGUGHINNT miter, production of amino acids under possible primitive Earth conditions Science 117:528-529 (1953). Néu Miller ting néng d6 NH, trong thi ‘aghiém eta 6ng thi gng cic sin phim HCN va CH,O tang tng 6 thé kha nhurthé no? CHUONGBON Carbon v8 sydadang phintiicdasyséng 59) Burge quét bang CamScanner fens? Cac nguyén tur carbon cé thé tao ra nhiéu loai phan tur bang cach lién két voi bén nguyén tir khac Chia khos ma ra cée dae tinh ho# hoe ciia nguyen tit iu hinh electron cia n6. Cau hinh nay xée dinh loai Va SG lung lign ket mA nguyen tir dé sf t90 ra véi che nguyén tir hae, Su hinh thanh lién két véi carbon Carbon c6 6 electron, 2 electron & Kip electron tht nha ¥A4 lop thithai, C6 4 electron hos tri & lop ven git duge 8 clectron, carbon 06 thé cho hoe nhin 4 electron dé hholin chinh I6p hod tr eda né va tres thanh ion. Thay vao 446, carbon thutmg hodn chinh Kip hos tri bing céch gop chung bon electron cia né véi ede nguyen tir khée trong cfc litn kei cong hod tr dé 06 8 electron. Ci lien ket d6 6 thé 18 Hign két dom hoae doi, Nhit vay, mdi nguyén tir carbon hoat dong nhurdiém giao eft dé tir &6 phan tit e6 thé phan nhénh theo nhiéu nhat 18 bén hudmg. Tinh hod rj bon nay cia carbon 1A mot trong nhimg Khia canh ciia {inh Tinh hoat cia carbon dé tao ra ec phan tit 1én, phite tap c6 thé c6. Khi nguyen tir carbon hinh thinh bon lign két cong hod tri don thi su sip xép cia b6n qu dao lai Lam cho cc lign két tg0 thanh g6c hung t6i cde géc cia hinh we di¢n ugg tugng (xem Hinh 2.17b). Géc cia cdc lien két ctia methane (CH,) 1a 109,5° (Hinh 4.3a) va gidng nhau & bat ky nhém nguyén tir no khi carbon tgo bin litn két dom. ‘Vi du, ethane (C,H,) ¢6 hinh dang ging nhu hai hinh ti | Céngthite | | phanty (a) Methane. Khi nguyén ti ‘carbon cé bén lién két dan véi ccéc nguyén tit khac thi phan tia hinh twin. H I cH, H—c I 4 {b) Ethane. Phin tic thé cb | hon mét cu hinh ti dién cha H de nguyen tien kétdon. i (Ethane g6m hai nhom céu hinh nhuvay) {c) Ethene (ethylene). Khi hal inguyén ticarbon lién két Hi ‘bing mot lién két d6i thi cde S, nguyen ti gin két voi cdc ‘nguyen ti carbon d6 nd trén ‘cing mot mat phing: hin ti lahinh phdng. A. Hinh 4.3 Hinh dang cia ba phén td hau codon glén nhét, 60 PHANT Hos hoc syséng Céng thiic cfutzo GH cad dlign chdng ten nhau (Hinh 4.36). Trong céc phan tir ¢6 nhiéu carbon hon, mdi nhém lien ket ciia carbon gén vg, béin nguyen tit khdc déu cé hinh dign. Nhumg khi haj nguyen tt carbon lign két bing lign két doi thi c&e lign két vdi cde nguy¢n tit carbon dé déu nim trén cing mat phing. Vé du, ethene (C,H,) 14 mot phan tie phing: cée nguyen tit cia n6 déu nim tren cing mat phing (Hinh 3c). Sé thudn ti¢n néu cdc cong thife cau tao, dang phing, nhumg phai lun nhé ring, ede phan tit c6 hinh dang ba chiéu va hinh dang cla phan tit thu’mg xdc dink chite nang cia n6. Cu hin electron cia carbon cho n6 ¢6 tinh tuong hap hod tri v6i nhigu nguyen (6 khdc. Hinh 4.4 cho thay cée hod trj eta carbon va cée doi tic thudmg xuyén nha cia né Id oxygen, hydrogen va nitrogen. Chiing Ii bén thinh, phan nguyen tirchfnh cita céc phan tirhiu ce. Nhitng hog {rj d6 18 ca si cho ce nguyen te lién két cong hod tr trong hod hgc hitu co - mat ma xay dug dé kién triic cdc phan tirhau ea. ; Hay xem cde nguyen tac lien két cong hod tri 4p dung cho carbon véi ce nguyen tit khéc ngodi hydrogen nhu théndo, Chiing ta sé xét hai vi dy, phan tircarbon dioxide dom gin va urea. G carbon dioxide (CO,), mot nguyén tit carbon lign két v6i hai nguyén tir oxygen bing hai lién két doi. Cong thc eau to ela CO, la: 0=C=0 ‘M6i nét gach trong cng thie cdu tao bigu dién mot cap electron g6p chung. Hai lien két doi tuong ting véi bon lien két cOng hod tri don. Su sip xép d6 da hoan chinh 16p hod tri cia moi nguyén tir trong phan tit. Vi CO, la phan tit rat dom giin va khong c6 hydrogen nén né Méhinh béng vaque Méhinh khéng gian { { | | | Burge quét bang CamScanner Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon (hostd=1) (host (hos tei=3) (hosti=4) ©@ 66 ‘A Hinh 44 Hod tr] cia bén nguyen t6 chinh cia céchgp ch&t hitu co. Hod tr la s6 lidn két cng hos tr} ma mot nguyen tircé thé hinh thanh dugc. Ndi chung, n6 thudng bing 6 electron cn thigt 48 hodn chinh lop hod tr (xem Hinh 29). TSt ch cic electron déu duge biéu din cho mdi nguyen tu bing so {46 phan b6 electron (hinh trén). Chi nhing electron & lop hos tri méi dugc biéu din bing cfu tric dau chém Lewis EINAU Tham khdo Hinh 2.9 va vé cu tric Lewis cho nati phosphorus va chlorine, thuimg duge coi 1A chit vo ea cho di né e6 chia carbon. ‘Tuy nhién, di chting ta goi CO, 1a chat vO co hay hitu 9, n6 rd ring Ia rit quan trong d6i v6i thé gidi song, 46 1a nguén carbon cho tat cd cde phan tir hit eo trong moi sinh vat. Urea, CO(NH,), Ia hop cheit iw co duoc tim thiy trong nuéc tiéu ma ° Wohler da téng hop duge vio diu yy nhimg nim 1800. Cong thie cfu ta0 cia urea Shinh ben phii. Lai mot lin) nia chiing ta thay, mdi nguyén tirddi—H hdi mot sé lién két hydrogen. Trong Urea trrdng hop nay, mot nguyen tircarbon tham gia vao cf lien két don va d ‘Urea va carbon dioxide Ia nhimg phan tit c6 mot nguyén tir carbon, Nhung, nhu trén Hinh 4.3, nguyén tir carbon ciing c6 thé sir dung mot hay nhiéu electron hod tri dé tao lien két cOng hod tri véi cdc nguyén tir carbon khac, két n6i cdc nguyén tir thinh cdc chudi véi do da dang dudng nhu kh6ng gidi han. rg wee Dan Propane HoH How ethane (a) 8 dai. 8 khung xuaNg carbon c6 d6 dai khéc nhau # 4 HH HOH atl aw H 4 “f HAA OH ahah Butene 2.Methylpropane (thuting gold sobutane) (b) Phan nhénh, B6 khung xuong c6 thé phan nhénh hodc khong. Tinh da dang phan tir bat nguén tir cdc bién dang bd khung xuong carbon ‘Céc chudi carbon hinh thanh nén b khung xuong cia hu hét cdc phan tir ht co (Hinh 4.4), Nhing bo khung xuong d6 6 do dai khdée nhau va 6 thé thing, phan nhénh hod sip xép thanh vong khép kin. Mot s0 bo khung xuong carbon c6 eae lien Ket doi véi s6 lung va vi tri khac nhau, Nhiing bién dang bo khung xuong carbon nhu vay 1a nguén quan trong tao nén tinh phic tap va da dang, dic trimg cho vat chat song. Ngoai ra, cc nguyén tir cla céc nguyen t6 khdc c6 thé lién két voi bo khung. xutong & nhiing vj tri e6 thé. Hydrocarbon Tit c& cée phan ti tren Hinh 4.3 va 4.5 déu 1a hydrocarbon, nhimg phan tit hiu co chi duge cau tg0 tir carbon va Hydrogen. Cac nguyen tit hydrogen gan vio bo Khung carbon & bat ky dau ma cdc electron c6 thé lien ket cong hod tri. Hydrocarbon 1a thanh phn chfnh cita dfu md, cn duge goi Ia nhién ligu hod thach vi n6 duge cu tao tir tin dur da bj phan hiiy mot phén cita cdc sinh vat sOng cach day hing nhiéu trigu nam. ‘Mac dit hydrocarbon khong phai Ia chat chiém wu thé trong céc co thé s6ng, nhung nhiéu phan tis hitu co cilia té bio 6 nhimg phin chi dugc cau tao tit carbon va hydrogen. Vi du, cdc phan tis duge goi la chat béo 6 dudi hydrocarbon dai gin véi thinh phan khong phai fa hydrocarbon (Hinh 4.6, trang sau). Ci dau mo va chat bbéo déu khong tan trong nude: ca hai déu Fa cic hop chit ky nue vi phan lén ede lién két cia chting déu Ia céc lien két carbon-hydrogen tuong d6i khong phan cuc. Mot ic tinh khac cia hydrocarbon Ia chiing c6 thé phan img dé gidi phéng mot lugng tuong d6i I6n nang emg. Xang im nhien ligu cho ot0 dugc edu tao tir hydrocarbon, vA ui hydrocarbon cia céc phan tir chat béo li nhien Tiga dy tri cho ca thé dong vat. 2-Butene B86 Khung xuong c6 thé 6 cc lién KEtd018 cécv tr khc nhau. HH SH. H, 4 i ‘4 4 4 a. 4 4 4 HoH 4 4 4 ydlohexane Benzene (4) Vong. Mot sé bd khung xuang carbon duge s8p xép. ‘thanh vong. Trong céng thi cfu trdc nit gon cho mai hhgp chit (bén phail, mdi dinh bigu din mét nguyén tt, carbon va cdc nguyén ti hydrogen lién két voi n6. [A Hinh 4.5 Cée bign dang cia bg khung xuang carbon. Hydrocarbon, céc phan tit hit ca chi duge c&u tao titcarbon va hydrogen - minh hoa cho tinh da dang cia bd khung xuong carbon cha céc phan thu co. CHUONGBON Carbon vasyidadang phantirciasyséng 61 Burge quét bang CamScanner Gigt mo (nhudm mau a6) la) TEbdo mB Agng vat cS vi —_(b) Phan tilch&t béo ‘A Hinh 4.6 Vaitrd cha hydrocarbon trong chat béo, (a) TE bao ma dong vit du tri céc phan tirchat béo lam nguén dy tra nhign ligu. Mai té bao ma trén anh nay cha mot hat m8 lén g6m mot s6 lugng Ion céc phan ti chét béo. (b) Phan ‘trchSt béo duge cfu tao tiv mot thanh phén nha khéng pha hydrocarbon gin véi ba dudi hydrocarbon Ién. Cac dudi a6 c6 thé bj phd v6 48 cung cp nang lueng. Chiing cing la nguyén inhi cia tinh ky nude cda chit béo, (Mau den = carbon;xém = hydrogen; 48 = oxygen) (Cac chat déng phan hing bign dang trong kin tne cfc phan tir hitu co c6 thé thay & cde chat déng phan, nhing hgp chit c6 ching s6 nguyen tir cia cing cée nguyen t6 nhumg cé efiu tric khée nhau nén chiing ¢6 nhimg tinh chat khéc nhau. du, hay so sénh hai hgp chit nam carbon trén Hinh 4.7a. Ci hai chat déu c6 cong thie cau 10 C,H, nhumg ching Khéc nhau & su sip xép hod tri cia ‘bo khung xuong carbon, BO khung xuong thing & mot hgp chat va phan hdnh & hop chat kia, Chiing ta sé xem xét ba loai déng phan: déng phan cau tric, déng phan hinh hoc va déng phan d6i hinh. ‘Déng phan edu tric khdc nhau & su sip xép hos tri ciia cdc nguyen tit. S6 lugng cac déng phan co thé ¢6 tang Jen rat Ion Khi bo khung carbon tang vé kich thudc. Chi 6 ba dang CH, (2 dang trén Hinh 4.7a), nhumg lai c6 En 18 bién dang cia C,H, va 366.319 déng phan cau nic 6 thé c6 ciia C,H, Cac déng phan cau tnic con c6 thé khac nhau vé vj tr cc lien ket doi. ‘Déng phan hinh hoc 6 cc doi téc hos tri gidng nhau nhumg khdc nhau ¢ cach sp xép khong gian cia chiing. Su khac biét d6 bit nguén tir inh khong linh hoat cia céc ign két doi. Céc lién két don cho phép cc nguyen tir ma 16 lién két quay tr do quanh truc cia lién két mi khong Iam bién d6i hop chat. Neuoc lai, c4c lien két doi khong cho phép quay nhu vay nén c6 thé tao ra cic déng phan hhinh hgc. Néu lién két doi n6i hai nguyen tit carbon va méi C con c6 hai nguyen tir (hoge nhém céc nguyén ti) hdc gin vao n6 thi c6 thé tao ra hai déng phan hinh hoc khéc nhau. Hay xét mot phan tit don giin v6i hai carbon lien két d0i, mdi carbon c6 mot H va X gin v6in6 (Hinh 4,7b). Su sip xép ci hai X vé cling mot pha cia lien ket 401 thi duge goi 14 déng phan cis, va sy sip xép cfc X vé hai pha 46i nhau thi duoc goi la déng phan trans. Su Khéc bitt tinh t€ vé hinh dang gidta cdc déng phan hinh hgc €6 thé tc dong dot ngot dén host tinh sinh hoc cia fe phan tir hu co, Vi du, ho sinh hoc vé thi lyc lien 62 PHAN Hodge syséng ? HH) Se | Movintettateatear soba ny han 1a f: pentane © Smite" * <6ng phan cis: ‘d6ng phan tons: halXcing Smgtphia. hal X hai phia déinhau, “{b) 6ng phan hinh hoc khdc nhau 4 céch sp xép quanh "lide két 401. Trén so-d6 ndy, X la nguyén tihoscnhém _nguyén tu gn voi carbon lién két doi. 4 ‘ €O,H €O;H ” = 4 7 h i Ca ah a fn ‘Déng phin L ‘84ng phinD- ‘a " (6) Béng phan adi hinh khac nhau & cach s4p xép khong ‘glan quanh carbon khong déi xing, tao nén cic phan ti Ia céchinh nh soi guong, gidng nhu tay phai va tay tr. Hai chit dng phan 6 dugc ky higu la dng phan LvaO ‘tifcdc chit Latin c6 nghia trai va phai (levo va dextro). Hai CO} duge cSu tao tir mot nguyen tif carbon két hhgp véi nguyén tt oxygen bing mot lien két 48 Ketone: khi nhém carbonyl indm bén trong bé khung xuong carbon Aldehyde: khi nhém carbonyl ind 8 cudi cing cia bd khung y Acetone, ketone dan gin nhst HH 1] a HC ales H Propanal, mét loai aldehyde © Ketone va aldehyde c6 thé la cdc Neubi ta 65 img cho ring, céc hp chit higu cg chi xuat hign trong céc co thé s6ng, nhung quan diém dé (thuyeét sie s6ng) khong doe cong nhan khi céc nha hos hos 6 thé s6ng hop duge cc hyp chat hiu ca trong phong thi anghigm. 4.2 Gc nguyén tis carbon c6 thé t20 ra nhiéu loal phan tir bang cach lién két véi b6n nguyén tir khac (tr. 60-63) > Suhinh thanh cécllén két voi carbon Carbon, véi hod tr] 4,c6 thé ign két v6i nhiéu nguyén tir khdc, bao gsm (0,1 vaN, Carbon cting €6 thé lien két v6i cde nguyen tir carbon khdc tao bd khung xuong carbon cho céc hyp chat hitu co, 66 PHANT Hos hocsyséng > Tinh da dang phan tit bét nguén tit cdc bién dang b6 khung xuong carbon Bo khung xuomg carbon c6 thé thay di do dhi, hinh dang va c6 ede vj tr cho ede nguyen tira cée nguyen t6 khic lién ket. Hydrocarbon chi duge ci to ti carbon va hydrogen. Cc chat déng phan Ia cfc hyp chat e6 cing cong thie phan tir nhung cé caiu tre v2 tinh chat khéc nha, Ba loai déng phan la déng phan ctu nic, déng phan hinh hoe va déng phan déi hinh. mE 4.3 ‘56 luong it céc nhom chiie 1a chia khoa cho su hoat dong cchife nang ciia cac phan tirsinh hoc (tr. 63-66) > Cécnhém chic quan trong nhat trong cac qua trinh s6ng Cc nhém chi gin vio bo khung xuong carbon cia ede phan ti hit eg tham gia va ede phin img hos hoe (cae nhdm chite) hoae déng g6p vio su hoat dong chite nang bing ech tée dong én hinh dang phan tit Burge quét bang CamScanner > ATP:Nguén ning lugng quan trong cho céc qué trinh sng cia tbo 7 Phin ag vt 40 000 aml ©,+ © aaa + Nir, xP Phosphate ADP Veco > Chenguyén t& hod hoc cia susng: Tém tét Vat chit

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