Gidi thiéu vé chuyén hoa 8.1 Sychuyén hod cia sinh vat lam chuyén d6i Vat chat va ning long tuan theo céc dinh luat nhigt dong hoc 82 Sybign 4éi ning lugng ty do cia phan ting cho ta bit ligu phan ting c6 xay ra mét céch typphat hay khong 83 ATPcung cp ning ltgng cho hoat déng té bao hd lién két cic phan ting toa nhiét voi phan {ing thu nhiét 84 Enzyme ting téc céc phan tng chuyén hod nho ha thép hang rao nang lung 8S Sudiéuchinh hoat tinh cia enzyme gidp diéu {8€t qué trinh chuyén hod Nang luong cila su s6éng bao song 18 mot nha may hod chit thu nhd, & d6 ra hang nghin phan img ben trong mot khong hién vi, Dutmg c6 thé bign thinh amino acid ‘ma khi cn thiét ching két hgp v6i nhau tao protein va protein bi phan gidi think amino acid lai c6 thé bien d6i thanh dudng khi thifc an bi ti¢u hod. Cée phiin tir nh dduge lap rép thanh polymer ma vé sau c6 thé bi thu phan khi yeu cfu cia 16 bio thay déi. Trong céc sinh vit da bao, nhiéu t€ bao xust ra ngoai ce sin phim hod hoc duge ding trong céc bd phiin khéc cia co thé. Qué trinh ‘duge biét nhu 13 ho hip t€ bao thie day vige digu tiet va quan Ig hoat dong chuyén hod cita t€ bao nhi chiét rit ning lugng dy tri trong dumg va cdc nhién ligu khdc. TE bao ding nang lugng nay dé thuc hien céc loai cong khéc nhau nhy dan truyén eéc chat tan qua mang sinh chat ma chéing ta di thio ludn trong Chuong 7. Trong mot vf du Ky Ig hon, t€ bao ndim trong Hinh 8.1 bign rang Ivong de tri trong céc phan tit hitu co thanh nh sdng - qué trinh, 29H & sy phdt quang sinh hoe (su phat séng c6 thé hip din con tring gidp fch cho nim phat tén bio tit). Sy phat ‘quang sinh hoe va tit ci céc hoat dong chuyén hod khée 142 A Hinh 8.1 8164 gl gay ra hign tugng phat quang sinh hoc ‘anim nay? do t€ bao tign hank duge diéu ph6i va diéu tigt mot eéch chinh xée. Xét vé do phife tap, tinh higu qua, su hod hop i iia bin than t€ bao vGi cdc bién 4 doc nhlt vO ni nhur mot nha my hod chat. Céc khdi nigm vé qué trinh chuyén hod ma ban he trong chuong nay sé gitip ban hiéu dong vat chat va nang lwgng Iu thong nhu thé nio va dong lwu thong &6 duge diéu chinh ra sao trong cfc qui trinh séng. 3.1 Su chuyén hoa cua sinh vat lam chuyén déi vat chat va nang luong, tuan theo cac dinh luat nhiét d6ng hoc ‘Toin b9 céc phan ting hod hoc cita co thé goi la sy chuyén hoa (metabolism theo tiéng Hy Lap metabole Ia thay d6i hay bién d6i). Sy chuyén hod Ia dic tinh néi troi cia su song duge bit nguén ti cdc tuong tic gita cdc phan ti ben trong moi trutmg c6 trat tu cia té bio. Hoa hoc ctia su sng dugc t6 chic thanh cac con dung chuyén hoa ‘Ching ta c6 thé minh hoa qué trinh chuyén hod cia t€ bao nhu mot ban dé giao thong phic tap gém hang nghin phan tmg hod hoc xiy ra trong té bao, duge sip xp nhu cae con during chuyén hod giao nhau. Con dudmg chuyén hoa (metabolic pathway) bit diu vi mot phan tir riéng ma vé sau bi bién déi trong mot loat phin ic inh, din dén mét sin phdm nhat dinh. Méi bude cia con dung duge xiic tic bai mot enzyme dic hidu: (aie) erase (eames) Fart El vos Ml es phim Phan io stn nol dau Burge quét bang CamScannerGidng nhut den tin higu dd, vang va xanh diéu tiét ddng. xe ¢O Ii thong trén durtmg, ef co ché diéu chinh bei emzyme Tim cin bing cung va cfu chuyén hod, ngin chan su thigu hut hotc sy dur thita ede phan tir quan trong cia t€ bao, Qué trinh chuyén hod n6i chung digu hanh nguén vat chit va nang lugng eta 16 bo, Mot s6 con dumg chuyén hod gidi phéng nang tumg nhiy phan gidi cée phan tit phic tap thanh cc chat don giin hom, Day Id ede qué ‘tinh phan gidi mang tén ede con durimg di hod hay con dung phan gidi, Con durdng di hod chi yeu 10 ho hap t€ bio, trong dé dung glucose va cfc nhign ligu hitu co khge bj phan giii khi'c6 oxygen thanh carbon dioxide va nutée. (Ce con dung c6 thé ¢6 nhigu hon mot phan tirkhdi dau vA hole sin pam). Nang lugng duge dy tr trong cfc phan tir hw co trés nen sin sing dé sinh cong cho t bao nhur sir dap cia Tong hoje vin chuyén qua ming. Neuge lai, cée con dutmg déng hod Iai tigu thu ning lugng dé xAy dung cae phin tir phitc tap tir phan tir don gin hon va doi khi ching duge goi 14 céc con ‘Tién inh cba phan Gag —————> (a) Phan ting to nhigt: nang luvgng duge gidi phéng ‘Tién wink ea phn dng ——————> (&)Phan ung thunhigt: dihBinanglugng A Hinh 8.6. Bin adi nang lvgng tydo (AG) trong phin {ing tod nhigt va thu nhigt, CHUONGTAM —Gidithiguvéchuyénhos 147 Burge quét bang CamScannerDE mdi mole (180g) glucose duge ho hap phan gidi dui digu kign goi 1A “tieu chudin” (1M cha moi mot chat phan tmg va sin phim, 25°C, pl17), t€ bao thu durge 686 ‘kcal (2,870 kJ) nang long dé sinh cOng. Do nang Inong phai duge bio toan, cfc sin phim hot hoe cba ho hip dy tr 686 keal nang lume ty do trén mole nhd hom chat phan img. Theo mot ¥ nghia nao d6, san pha 14 44n thu ofa qué trinh chiet nit nang Inong ty do dy tri trong cic phan wi during. Phan img thu nhiét 18 phin img hap thu nang lugng ty do ti moi tnamg (Hinh 8.6b). Do loai phan tmg nay vé co ban 1A dy tri nang Iugng ty do trong phan tir (G tang Ién), nén AG 1a dong. C&e phan tmg nay 1a khong turphat va do 16n cia AG 18 lugng nang Iuong ein dé this dy phan ing. Néu qué trinh hod hoc Ia toa nhigt (xuding 6c), gidi phOng nang Inong theo mot chiéu, thi qué trinh nguge phai 1a thu nhi¢t (lén déc) ding nang Iugng. Mot qué tfinh thuan nghich khong thé xuing déc trong ¢4 hai chigu, Néu AG = 686kcal/mol cho ho hap bién dutmg va oxygen thanh carbon dioxide va nuéc th) qué trinh ngugc - bign carbon dioxide va nuéc thanh duvng va oxygen - phai la qué trinh thu nhiet manh mé, v6i AG = +686 kcal/mol. Mot phan tng nhu vay sé khong bao gids tu xay ra. ‘Vay thi thuc vat tao dutmg nhw thé nao dé ding lim nang lugng? Ching thu nang luong céin thiét 686kcal dé 1g0 mot mole du’mg tir moi tru’mg nhd hap thy énh sing vva bién nang lung dé thinh hod nang. Tiép theo, trong ‘mot chudi dai g6m cdc buéc tod nhiet, chting sir dung din ‘dn hod nang d6 dé lip rp céc phan tit dutmg. Trang thai can bang va qua trinh chuyén hoa Phan ting trong mt hé c6 lap cui cing dat trang thai ‘can bing va r6i c6 thé khong sinh cong chit nao nhu minh hoa & hé thuy dign cd lap trong Hinh 8.7a. Céc phan tig hod hoc cita qua trinh chuyén hod vat chat Ia thugn nghich va ching ciing sé dat trang théi can bang néu chting xy ra trong mot 6ng nghiém céch ly. Do he thong & trang thai can bang 18 c6 G cyc tiéu va khong thé sinh cOng nén té bao ma dat trang théi cin bang chuyén hod thi chét. N6i chung qué trinh chuyén hod vat chat Khong bao gids trang thai can bang la mot trong nhimg nét dic tring xéc dinh cia su song. ig nhu phdn Idn céc he thong, t€ bao song khong 6 trang thdi can bang. Dong vat cht thudng xuyén vao va ra ngoai t€ bao duy tni cc con dudmg chuyén hos trénh khdi trang th4i can bang va t€ bao tip tuc sinh cOng trong suot ddi song. Nguyen If nay duge minh hoa bing hé thuy dign hd (va hien thyc hon) trong Hinh 8.7b. Song Khdc vi he mot buée don giin nay, con dudmg dj hos trong t€ bao gidi phong nang lung ty do trong mot day ‘nhiéu phan tng. Mot vf du Ia ho hap té bao duge minh hog bing so d6 twong ty trong Hinh 8.7c, Mgt s6 cdc phan img thuan nghich cia ho hip thutmg bj "kéo” theo mot chiéu, nghia 1a chéng loai tri trang thai cin bing. Digu mau chot dé duy tr sy bat can bang nay 1a ché sin phim cia phan ting khOng duge tfch lu, ma chiing bién thanh chat phan ting trong bude tip theo va cu6i cing ‘eéc sin phém thia bi truc xuat khdi tbo. Toan bo chudi phin img duge duy tr tip tuc nhiy hieu nang lugng ty do 148 PHAN2 Tébio (a) Hg thuy ign 8 14p. Nudc chay xudng lam quay tuabin Cong hod hoc, thic diy céc phan ting thu nhigt ma chiing khong thé xdy ra mot céch ty phat, vi du nwt qué trinh téng hgp céc polymer tir monomer (cong, hod hoc sé duge trinh bay tip tuc 4 day va sé dé cap 1d lai trong cc Chuong 9 va 10). > Cong vin chuyén, su bom céc chat qua mang nguge ‘v6i huéng ciia van dong ty phét (xem Chuong 7), > Cong co hoc, vi dy nhu sy dap cita long va roi (xem ‘Cuong 6), st.co cia céc té bao ca va suvan dong cia ‘cée nhiém sdc thé trong qué trinh sinh sin t€ bao. Nét dic trumg chi: yéu theo céch té bao diéu khién nguén nang Iugng dé sinh cOng nay 1 su két n6i nang Iugng - viéc dng qué trinh toa nbigt dé thie ddy qué trinh thu niet. ATP c6 vai trd trung gian cho phan Ién k€t n6i nang lugng trong t bao va trong phin Ion trutmg hop ATP hoat dong nhw nguén nang lung tryc tiép dé cung cp nang lugng cho hoat dong té bio. (Céu tric va sy thuy phan ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphate) duge trinh bay trong CChuong 4 khi ching ta thio luan nhém phosphate nhu ‘mot nhém chiic ning. ATP chita duimg ribose, véi base nitrogen adenine va mot chudi gém ba nhém phosphate lign ket v6i nhaw (Hinh 8.8). Ngoai vai trd cia n6 trong, Ket n6i nang lung, ATP cing a mot trong cfc nucleoside triphosphates duge ding dé téng hgp RNA (xem Hinh 5.21). Lien két gitta céc nhiém phosphate cia ATP cé thé phan gidi nh qué trinh thuy phan, Khi lien két phosphate ccu6i bi phn gidi, phan tit phosphate vo co (HOPO,*, viét tét ®, trong sust quyén sch nay) rdi khoi ATP vA bin thanh adenosine diphosphate hay ADP (Hinh 8.9). Phin ting tod nhigt va giai phéng 7,3 kcal nang lugng tren mole ATP bj thuy phan: ATP +H,0 + ADP+®, AG = ~7,3 kcal/mol (-30,5 ki/mol). Day 1A st bién d6i nang luong ty do do duge dudi cic diéu kign tieu chuiin. Trong t€ bao céc diéu kien khong phi hgp véi céc diéu kign ti¢u chutin, chit yéu do néng 40 chat phan img va sin phim khiéc v6i 1M. Vi du, khi su thuy phan ATP xay ra trong diéu kign t€ bao, AG thuc a khodng - 13kcal/mol, 78% In hon nang lugng duge gidi phéng do thuy phan ATP trong digu kign tiéu chun. Do su thu phan ATP gidi phéng nang lung, nén doi hi céc lien két phosphate ciia ATP duge dm chi nhu la céc lien ket phosphate cao nang, nhung thuat ngit dang bi hiéu sai. Céc lien két phosphate cia ATP khong phii 18 eee. f Nhém phosphate H Ribose OH OH A Hinh 8.8 CSu triic cia adenosine triphosphate (ATP). rong té bio, phan Ién nhém hydroxyl cda phosphate bi ion hos (-07. ‘Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) oe Phosphate vo co Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ‘A Hinh 8.9 Sy thuy phan cia ATP. Phan Ung cia ATP vdi nude to phosphate v6 ca(B) v8 ADP v gi phéng ning lugng. CHUONGTAM Giéithiguvéchuyénhos 149 Dugc quét bang CamScannerccc litn ket rt manh nhure6 thé him ¥ 1d "cao nang”, hon thé ban than cfc chat phan img (ATP va nude) 6 nang lung cao so v6i ning lung ciia eéc sin phim (ADP va ®). Su gidi phong nang luqmg trong qué trinh thay phan ATP xudit phat tir sy bién di hos hoc thanh trang thai c6 nding Iuemg tu do thip hon, chtt khong phai do ban than che litn ket phosphate, ATP cé Igi cho té bdo bai Vi nang lrg n6 gidi phéng hi mat mot nhém phosphate & mOt mife ndo dé 1A 1én hom nang Iuyng ma phan én c&e phan tit khéc 6 thé ccung ctip. Nhimg tai sao sur thu phan nay lai gidi phong nnhigu nang lume dn vay? Neu ching xem xét lai phan ir ATP trong Hinh 8.8, ching ta c6 thé thay ring tt cd ‘ba nhém phosphate déu tich di¢n 4m. Ba nhém phosphate gidng nhu cdc dign tich duge quan tu véi nhau va lye day Jin nhau cia chiing 1am cho ving chita ba nhém nay cia phan tir ATP khong 6n dinh. Nang Iugng hos hoc trong dudi triphosphate cla ATP tuong ty nhur nang lugng cla mot Id xo bi nén. ATP thyc hin céng nhu thé nao Khi ATP bj thuy phan trong 6ng nghigm, nang lugng ty do gifi ph6ng chi lam néng nuéc xung quanh. Sy sinh abiét kigu nay trong mot sinh vat doi khi c6 thé c6 Igi. ‘Vi du, qué trinh run vi Ianh ding thuy phan ATP trong qui trinh co ca dé sinh mhigt va lam im co thé. Song, phn lon trang hgp trong té bao, vige ding nguén ning lugng c6 gid tri chi voi muc dich sinh nhiet dom thudn sé 1A vige lam khOng higu qua (va 6 thé nguy hiém). Thay vi thé, céc protein cia té bio loi dung ning Iugng dugc gidi phéng trong qué trinh thuy phin ATP theo mot sO ch thie dé thyc hién ba loai cong t& bio - hod hoc, van chuyén va co hoc. Vi du, véi su hd trg ca céc enzyme dac higu té bao 6 thé ding nang lugng do thu phan ATP gidi phong mot céch truc tiép dé thiic dy cdc phan img hod hoc thu niet. Néu AG cia phan ting thu nhiet bé hon luong nang Iugng do thuy phan ATP gidi phéng thi hai phan img c6 thé két cap sao cho vé ton cuc céc phin img ket cap 1a tod nhiet (Hinh 8.10). Qué trinh nay thung kéo theo su chuyén nh6m phosphate tir ATP dén mot s6 phan tit khéc vi dy nhu chat phan img. Chat nhan nhém phosphate duge coi 4 bi phosphoryl hod. Diém mau chot dé ket cap cc phan ting tod nhiét va thu nhiet 18 sur hinh thanh sin phdm trung gian bi phosphoryl hod nay c6 hoat tinh phin tng manh hon (it 6n dinh hon) so véi phan tir khong bi phosphoryl hod ban dau. ‘Cong van chuyén va cOng co hoc trong t€ bio du’mg nhu Iuon duoc thye hign bang nang luong do thuy phan ATP. Trong c4c trutmg hop nay, sy thuy phan ATP din En su bign d6i vé hinh dang cia protein tao kha nang khi nang lién ket v6i phan tir khdc. Doi khi qua trinh nay xy ra thong qua mot chit trung gian bi phosphoryl hod, nhu d6i v6i protein van chuyén trong Hinh 8.11a. Trong phan lon vi du vé cong co hoc kéo theo eéc protein motor “di bo” doc theo céc yéu t6 khung t€ bao (Hinh8.11b), mot chu trinh xdy ra trong d6 ATP lien két khong cong hod {rj du tien v6i protein motor (protein dng co). Tiép theo, ATP bj thuy phan, gidi phéng ADP va ®,; phan tir ATP Khée 6 thé tigp tuc lien két, G méi giai doan, protein motor bién di cau hinh cita n6 va c6 kha nang lién ket 150 PHAN2 Tébio = +3,4 kcal/mol Zou, * C ay ‘Acid Ammonia Glutamine lutamic (8) Phan dng thu nhigt. Sy bién di ca amino actd la thu inhigt (AG duang), né khong ty pht. 0 fy, +H LO + omy VY ca" b) Duge dl kim vét thuy phan ATP, mat phan ding tod ahldt. Su tng hop glutamine xy ra trong te bio theo hai buée, c8p d0l vol nhau nha chat trung gian phosphoryl hod. @ ATP phosphoryl hod acid glutamic a0 amino acid it 6n dinh hon @ Ammonia thay thé ‘nhém phosphate tao glutamine. Glu + NH ATP ——+ ADP+®, —— Gu—nH, {€) Sybign d6i nang lvgng ty do toan phén. Cong AG (trong diéu kign tiéu chun) trong bién ‘di AG trong thuy phan ATP sé thanh surbién di nang lugng ty do cia phan tng t6ng thé. Do ton bé qua tinh 1a tod nit (AG 4m), nén né xy ra mot céch ty phat. ‘A Hinh 8.10 ATP thyc hign cong hod hoc nhu'thé nao: Bang su’két néi nang lugng trong thuy phan ATP. Trong vi dy nay, qué trinh toa nhigt trong thuy phan ATP dude ding 4 thiic dy qua trinh thu nhigt -syt6ng hop amino acid glutamine cia té bao tt acid glutamic va ammonia. vGi khung t€ bao, din dén su van dong cita protein doc theo khung té bao, ‘Sy tai sinh ATP Sinh vat ltic hoat dong thi ding ATP mét cach lién tuc, nhung ATP IA nguén cé thé déi méi qua viéc tdi sinh nh b6 sung phosphate cho ADP (Hinh 8.12), Nang ong t¢ do cin dé photphoryl hot ADP bit nguén tir cdc phan tj phan gidi tod nhiét (su di ho) trong té bao. Su chuyén déi qua lai cla phosphate vo co vA nang lugng duge goi 1a chu trinh ATP va chu trinh két n6i cde qué trinh tao nang, lugng cia té bao (toa nhiét) véi qué trinh tiéu thy nang lugng (thu nhigt). Chu trinh ATP van dong & mot van t6e dang ngac nhién, Vi dy, mot t€ bdo co dang hoat dong tdi tgo toan bo von ATP trong thdi gian chua dén mot phiit. Sy Iuan chuyén nay c6 dén 10 trigu phan tit ATP duge tiéu thy va tdi sinh trén mot giay trong té bao. Néu ATP khong thé duge t4i sinh nhd phosphoryl hod ADP thi con ngudi sé ding gan hét Iugng ATP bang trong lugng co thé méi ngay. ra Duge quét bang CamScannere191. TOSH Protein ming : tan Chit duge vin chuyén * Gong vin chuyén: ATP photphory| hos caeprotenvinehayen ee i Bungay bo Kung bo 6 Protein ong co Protein di chyén {(b) Cong earhoe: ATP lién két khong cong hod tri vél protein dong co, sau d6 bj thuy phin A. Hinh 8.11 ATP tao cong van chuyén va céng co hoc nhu thérndo. Sy thuy phan cia ATP gay ra céc bign d6i vé hinh dang va ai luc ign két cia protein. Qué trinh ndy c6 thé xdy rahodc la) trvctigp nhd sy phosphoryl hod céc protein mang tham gia trong van chuyén chi dng céc chit tan hosc,(b) gidn tip thong qua lign két khéng cng hos tr cia ATP va cc sin phim thuy phan cia né nhu trong vidu protein dng co” di chuyén tdi (va cdc bo quan) doc theo céc “duéng ray" cia hung té bao trong té bao. Sut6ng hap ATP tis Suthuy phan ATP thanh ADP +®,cén ning lueng ADP +@,ta0 ning lvong Nica ing tous Ning lueng cho dios csc qué host ding tbo teh oo ie ol ‘ADP +@: (qua tinh thu nhige, peSening liens). tu phi nang lugng). 4. Hinh 8.12 Chu trinh ATP. Nang Iugng dugc gidi phéng ‘nhé phan ting phan gidi (di hoa) trong té bao dugc diing dé phosphoryl hod ADP, tdi sinh ATP. Thé nang hod hoc dy tri: ‘trong ATP thuc hién phn ldn céng té bao. Do cd hai hutng cia qué trinh thuan nghich khong thé xudng déc, nén su t4i sinh ciia ATP tr ADP va ®, tat -yéu 18 thu nhiet: ADP +@®,— ATP +H,0 AG = +7,3 kcal/mol (+30,5k3/mol) (diéu kign tieu chun), Do sy hinh thanh ATP ti ADP va ®, fa khong ty pht, nén phai tidu thy nang lugng ty do dé phan ting xy ra, Con dung dj hod (to nhiet), dac bigt ho hap t€ bao, bs sung nang lugng cho qué trinh thu nhi¢t téng hgp ATP. ‘Thye vat cfing ding nang lugng énh sing dé tao ATP Do d6, chu trinh ATP 14 cita quay ma thong qua 6 ning lugng vugt qua trong qué trinh truyén tircon dudng dj hod dén déng hod. Thye té, th nang hod hoc dy tit tam thai trong ATP thuc hién phan Ién cong té bio. 33 1, Trong phn 16n truémg hop, ATP truyén nang Jurgng tir phn ting tod nhiet dén phan tig thu nhigt trong té bao nhu thé no? L Poeucincur Ra hop ndo sau day c6 nang lung ty do nhiéu hon: acid glutamic + ammonia + ATP hoac glutamine + ADP + ®) ? Gidi thi cfu tri Idi ctia ban. | Cu td 161 66 trong Phu luc A. Enzyme tang téc cac phan tmg chuyén hoa nhé ha thdp hang rao nang luong Cac dinh luat nhigt dong hoc néi cho ching ta digu gi sé xiy ra va sé khong xiy ra dudi céc diéu kién nao d6, nhumg khong néi gi vé van t6c cia céc qué trink nay. Phan timg hod hoc tw phat xay ra khong cén ning lung ben ngoai, nhumg n6 c6 thé xy ra cham dén mic khong thé cim thay. Vi du, ngay ci sur thuy phan dutmg mia thinh glucose va fructose [a phin img tod ni¢t, xay ra mot céch ty phat déng thoi giai phong ning Inong tu do (AG=-7keal/mol), nhung mot dung dich dubmg duoc hod tan trong nudc vo tring thuimg vin duy tri trong mot sé nam 6 nhigt dQ phOng ma khong c6 bat ky su thuy phan ding ké mio. Song, néu ching ta cho them mot Iugng nhé enzyme sucrase vio dung dich thi tat ¢& sucrose c6 thé bi ‘thuy phan trong vai phiit (Hinh 8.13). Enzyme tac dong Jen phin ting nay nur thé nao? HOH cH,0H 4 4 Ho cHOH Ho On siesta HoH cH.04 io + ~@.. Hl einai anid frictacieanioy A Hinh 8.13 Vidu vé phan itng c6 enzyme xtc téc: Sucrase xtic téc phan tng thuy phan sucrose. CHYONGTAM Gidtthiguvéchuyénhod ISL Burge quét bang CamScannerEnzyme 14 mot dai phan tir hoat dong nhu mot chat xtie tc, mOt téc nhan hod hoc lm tang t6e dO phan img nhumg khong bj phan tmg tieu thy. Trong churemg nay, ching ta dang tap trung vio enzyme 1a protein. (Céc enzyme RNA, cing goi ribozyme da duge trinh bay trong Chuimg 17 va 25). Khi thitu enzyme diéu khién tht ccc phan ting hos hgc trong cfc con dumg chuyén hod s8 1rd nen bj dinh tre nghiém trong do nhiéu phin tmg hos hoe sé t6n rit nhiéu thoi gian, Trong hai phdn tigp theo, ching ta sé thay digu gi cin tris mot phan img ty phat ‘khdi xy ra nhanh hon va enzyme bién di tinh trang nay nhu thé nao, Hang rao nang lung hoat hoa MBi phan img hos he gitta c&c phan ti ko theo cd vige phd vi lign ket va hinh thinh Tien két hod hoc méi. Vi dy, su thuy phan sucrose kéo theo sit phé vo lien ket gitta glucose va fructore va mot trong ed lign ket eiia phan tit née vé sau hinh thanh hai lign ket mdi nhu trong Hinh 8.13. Su bien d6i mot phan tir may think phan tir khéc thug kéo theo sir lim van xodin phan tir khdi du din AC+BD Nang luong hod hay hoat hod céc chat phin img dugc biéu didn bang ph4n len déc cia 46 thi, trong d6 ham Jugng nang luong tw do cia phan tit chat phan img tang en. O dinh 46 thi, chat phan img 6 trong trang thai khong 6n dinh goi Ia trang thai chuyén tiép. Ching dugc hoat hod va céc lien két hod hoc cla ching c6 thé bj phé va. Pha ti€p theo hinh thanh céc lin két cia phin tng tuong ‘ing v6i ph4n xung d6c cita dé thj thé hien céc phan tir bj mat nang lugng tu do. Nang lugng hoat hod thudmg duge cung ctip dui dang nhigt nhd phan tit chat phin tng hap thy ti moi trugmg. Céc lien két hod hoc cia chat phan tg chi bj phd vo khi phan tir hp thy dit nang luong dé tr nén khong 6n dinh = di vao trang thai chuyén tiép. Sy hp thy nhi¢t nang lim 152 PHAN2 Tébto Sau khi lién két bi phy ‘Céc chit phan ting AB va CD phi vi, cic lién két moi hip thu di ning lugng tismdi trang duge hinh thanh gi {48 dat trang that khéng én dinh, tai phong ning lugng 146 cc lién két bi phd vo. ‘Yao mol trong ‘Tién inh phin ing —> A. Hinh 8.14 S046 nang Iugng cia mét phan ting tod inhigt Céc “phan ti la gi thigt vol A,B, Cva D bigu thi cB 'b6 phan cia phan tut. Vé mat nhigt dng hoc, dé la mot phin {ung tod nhiét véi AG 8m va phan tng xdy ra mot céch ty phat. Song, ning lugng hoat hod (E,) quy dinh hing rdo néng lugng xc Ginh vn t6c phan tng. IELSAIEI ve 6 thi vé tin trinh cia phan ung thu nit trong a6 EF va GH tao cdc sn phdim EG va FH, gid dinh rang cdc chat phd {ing phai tréi qua mét trang thai chuyén tgp. tang van t6c cita phan tir chat phn img, do dé ching va cham nhiéu hon binh thu’mg va manh mé hon, Hon nia, surkich dong nhiet cila céc nguyen tir bén trong phan ti cing lam cho céc lién két dé bi phd va hon. Khi nguyén tirdugc dua vao céc kiéu sip xép méi c6 lién két én dinh hon, nang lugng duoc gidi phéng vao moi trudng. Néu phan tmg 1a tod nhigt, E, sé hoan tri véi gi nhudn, khi sut hinh thanh céc lién két méi, gidi phong nhiéu nang Iugng hon so v6i nang lugng da dau tu trong viée pha vo cfc lign két ci. Phan tg nhw trong Hinh 8.14 1d tod nhiét va xay ra mot céch ty phét. Tuy nhién, nang lung hoat hod quy dinh hang rao nang Iuong ma hing rio nay lai xée dinh van t6c phan img. Cac chat phan ting phi hap thy dit nang lgng dé dat dén dinh cita hang rio nang lugng hoat hod trade khi phn tmg c6 thé xiy ra. Doi véi mot sO phan img E, chi & mic via phai nen ngay & nhiet dO phong ciing’c6 di nhiét nang cho nhigu chat phan ing, dé dat trang thai chuyén tiép trong mot thdi gian ngén. ‘Song, trong phin Ién trudng hgp, E, cao dén miic trang, thai chuyén tiép higm khi dat duge nén phin tmg hau nh khong xay ra. Trong cac trutmg hop d6, phan ting sé xy ra 6 mOt van (6c dé nhan thay chi néu cdc chat phn tmg, duge dét néng. Vi du, phan img cila gasoline va oxygen 1a tod nhigt va sé xdy ra mot céch tir phét, nhung cin nang lugng dé phan tit dat trang thai chuyén tiép va phin ting xy ra. Chi khi bugi danh lita trong dong co 6 t6 thi nang luong mdi cé thé duge gidi phéng mot cach manh ligt day piston. Khong c6 tia lta thi hén hgp ciia gasoline Burge quét bang CamScannerTién tinh phan img —> A. Hinh 8.15 Anh huding cia enzyme lén ning lugng hoat ‘hod. Khdng c6 téc dng lam thay d4i nang lugng ty do (AG) ‘cho mot phan ting, enzyme lam tang téc phan Ung nho lam. ‘iim ning Iuong hoat hos (,) hydrocarbon va oxygen sé khong phan tng do hing ro E, qui cao. Enzyme lam gidm hang rao E, nhu thé nao Protein, DNA va cic phan tit phifc tap khic ciia t€ bao Ia gidu vé ning lung ty do va 6 tiém nang dé phan gidi ‘mot céch ty phat, nghia Ia cde dinh lugt cia nhigt dong hhgc Iam thuan Igi cho sit phan gidi cia ching, Cac phan tirnay vin t6n tai chi vi & nhiet do din hinh cho té bao, chi mot s6 ft phan tire6 thé vugt qua hang rio ning lvong hoat hod. Song, hing rio d6i véi céc phan img chon loc hat dinh thinh thoang phii duge vugt qua dé té bao thye hign céc qué trinh cin cho su s6ng. Nhiet c6 tic dung ting t6c phin img nh’ d6 céc chit phin tng dat duge trang thi chuyén tip d& dng hon, nhumg gai phip my Tht nhat, nhiet 69 cao lam bin tinh protein va giét té bio. Thi hai, nhiet sé Iam ting t6c 1df ed cae phan img khong loai tri phan img nao 1a cén thiét. Do 46, sinh vt lua chon giai phdp thay the: sur xe the. Enzyme xtc téc phin dng nh ha thip hang rao E, (Hinh 8.15) cho phép céc phan tirchat phan img hp thy dit nang Iuong dé dat trang thai chuyén tip tham chi & niet 49 via phai. Enzyme khong thé bign 46i AG cho mot phan img. N6 khong thé lam cho phin dng thu rota) xe dinh loai qué trinh hod hoc nao sé tign han trong t€ bao d bat ky thai diém nao. Tinh dac higu co chdt cla enzyme Chit phin img ma enzyme tée dong dén goi la co chat ciia enzyme. Enzyme lien két véi co chat (hodc cfc ca chat khi c6 hai hay nhiéu chat phn tmg) tao nén mot phife he enzyme - ea chat. Trong khi enzyme vi co chat ket hop, hoat dong xtc téc cia enzyme bién corchat thank sin phim (hode céc sin phém) cia phan img. Qué trinh {6ng quit 6 thé t6m tét nh sau: Enzyme + Phe he Enzyme + Cochit =< enzyme — Sin phim —co chat Vi dy, enzyme sucrase (phan Ién ten enzyme két thiic v6i - ase) xtic téc phan tg thuy phan duémg di sucrose think hai duémg don 1a glucose va fructose (xem hinh 8.13). Sucrase + Phite he Sucrase + Sucrose +— Sucrose- == Glucose + HO ‘Sucrose-H,O Fructose Phan tng duoc enzyme xtic tac li rit dc higu, mdi enzyme 6 thé nhitn bigt co chat dc hieu ciia n6 tham chi trong s6 cdc hgp chat c6 lién quan mat thigt nhu chat déng phan. Vi du, sucrase sé chi tic dong trén sucrose va sé khong lien két véi céc dutmg doi khdc nhur maltose. Diéu gh gia thich cho sy nhan biét phan tir may? Lau § ring, phiin 16m enzyme [a protein va protein 1d cic cao phan tir véi cau hinh ba chiéu dic trmg. Tinh dic higu ciia mot enzyme bat nguén tired inh cia n6 ma cau hin lai 18-hé qua cia ‘tinh ty amino acid trong protein enzym: ‘Chi mot ving han ché cia phan tit enzyme lien két thyc su véi co chat, Ving nay duge goi li vi tri hoat dong (ving hoat dong), dign hinh [a edi tdi hay ho 16m tren bé mat cia protein trong dé xy ra su xtic téc cia enzyme (Hinh 8.16a). Thong thudng, vi trf hoat dong niet thanh tod nbigt. Enzyme chi €6 thé day nhanh céc phan ting ma ‘cu6i ciing di sao vin xy ra, nhung chic nang nay c6 thé lam cho 16 bio c6 mot qué trinh chuyén hod nang dong, dinh hudng hod chit ‘mot céch thong suét thong qua céc con dug chuyén hos cia té bio. Va do enzyme rit dic higu d6i vai phan tng ma ching xic téc, ching Coa (a) Trong m6 hinh theo so d6 may tinh ny, vitr hogt dng cia enzyme (hexokinase c6 mau xanh trong $0.46) tao,inh lom tén bé mst enzyme. Co chit cba né Ib glucose (mau 46). (8) Khi co chat thm nhdp vao vi trihoat dong, né gy ra bién dd vé hinh dang cia protein, Sybién déi nay cho phép hhinh thanh ec lién két yéu han, khién cho vi trihoat dng bao ldy co chat va gidind tai cho, A. Hinh 8.16 Syphis hgp cim ding gia enzyme va co chat cia né. CHUONGTAM Gidithiguvéchuyén hos 153, Dugc quét bang CamScanneruge hinh thanh chi nh’y mot s6 amino acid cia enzyme, edn phin cdn Iai cia phan ti protein quy dinh khung dé xdic dinh cfiu hinh cia vj trf hoat dong. Tinh dic hi¢u cia mot enzyme dutye cho 1a do sy phd hop gitta hinh dang cia vj tri hogt dong v6i hinh dang cia ea cht, Song, vi trf hhoat dong khong phai 1A mot chd chiia cimg née doi véi ca chtt, Khi ea cht xtm nhdp vio vj trf hoat dng, cc tuong the gida efe nhém hod hge cha né véi ede nhém R (chudi ben) ca amino acid ta0 ra vj trf hogt dng ciia ‘enzyme lam cho enzyme bign ddi hinh dang mot céch tinh 1Edén ndi vj tri hoat dong khop khit déu hon bao quanh cor chti (Hinh 8.16b), Sy phit hop cm ig nay gidng nhur hai ban tay khép v6i nhaw Khi bit tay. Su phd hgp c&m img dua cfc nhém hod hoc ciia vi trf hoat dong vao vj trf lam tang cutmg kh nang xilc te phan img hod hoc. ‘Su mic tac trong vi tri hoat déng ctia enzyme ‘rong phn 1én cdc phan img enzyme, co chat duge git trong vi tri hoat dong nhiy cdi goi ld cdc tuong tc yéu nhue ign ket hydrogen va lign két ion. Nhém R cika mot s6 amino acid cau tao nén vi tri hoat dong, xiic téc Lam bién 46i co chit thanh sin phim va sin phdm rdi khéi vi tri hhoat dong. Sau d6 enzyme duge tu do lay phan tir co chit hdc vio vj tri hoat dong. Toan bd chu trinh xtic téc xy a nhanh dén ndi mdi phan wr enzyme thudmg téc dong, trén khoing hang nghin phan tirco chat mot giy. Mot s6 enzyme con xtic tac nhanh hon. Giéng nhu cdc chit xtc tac khdc, sau phan img enzyme tré lai trang th4i ban du cia n6. Do dé mot lugng rit nhd cia enzyme cé thé 6 mot téc dong chuyén hod rit lon nhis hoat dong lap di lap Jai nhiéu Idn trong ec chu trinh xc téc. Hinb 8.17 trinh bay chu trinh xtc téc theo hai co chat va hai sin phdm, Phan Ién cé¢ phan tmg chuyén hod 1a thudn nghich va enzyme c6 thé xtic tac phan img thuan hoac phan img nghich phu thudc hudng c6 AG am. Diéu nay Iai phy thuge chi: yéu vio néng do tuong d6i cita céc chat phan ting va cdc sin phim. Hi¢u qua thuc Iuon luon huéng dén trang thai can bang. Enzyme sit dung nhiéu co ché lm gidm nang lung hoat hod va tang t6c phan tng (xem hinh 8.17 bude ©). Diu tign, trong phin img c6 hai hoac nhiéu chat phin ting, vj tri hoat dong cung cp khu6n trén dé cdc co chat €6 thé tip xdc véi nhau theo huéng hop Iy dé phan img gitta chting c6 thé xdy ra. The hai, khi vi tri hoat dong cita enzyme lien két duge v6i cdc co chat, enzyme c6 thé kéo cang phan tir eo chat hudng dén dang c6 trang thdi chuyén tigp, kéo cng va bé cong cdc lién két hod hoc cén phai bi phan gidi trong qué trinh phin tmg. Do E, ty Ig ‘Gi dd kh6 cia viec phd va cdc lien ket, nén viee van méo co chit gidp né tiép cn trang thai chuyén tiép va do 46 1am giim Iugng nang lwgng tir do eén phai hap thu dé dat duoc trang thai d6. > tinh siz vj OCochitxdm nhép vio vit hoat déng tihost dong Enzyme bién déi inh dang dén ndivier Vachatten ee host déng cia né ém ay co chit Sy pha ec cua a hearers a chit duge git li trong taceta enzyme. vit hoat ding nha céc Enzyme cé thé ‘twong tac yéu nhulién két Bien abimethoke hydrogen va lien kétion. phan dng thanh mathode nhigy phan t sin pm. © vit hoat d6ng c6 thé lim Enomeihehien idm E, va ting tc phn Ung big di hal he. phan tirco chit Phuc he * hoat dong nh met cai than ha phan ei y Enzyme -ca chit Khuda cho su dinh huéng ‘san phdm. ‘cua co chat. + gy thc dng ung sust en cochitvalim én dinh 1 | trang thai chuyén tgp. ov + cung edp mot vi mél tung heat ng . |" thichhgp var hose ning G2 Jo tham gta tre tgp trong coal phan Ung xuc te. chét md emyme Py ums sin phim Oe { Ocochit bibién dithanh sin sy * : Sin phém 154 PHAN2 Tébto Dugc quét bang CamScanner‘Thit ba, vi trf hoat dong cing 6 thé bé sung mot vi moi trutmg c6 Igi hon cho mot loai phan ting rieng so v6i khi dung dich khong c6 mat enzyme. Vi dy, néu vi tr hoat dong c6 céc amino acid véi nhém R acid, thi vi trf hoat dng c6 thé 14 mot edi tii e6 pH thalp trong mot t€ bao c6 moi tramg trung tinh. Trong trudmg hgp d6, amino acid c6 thé day nhanh sy truyén Ht dén co chat nihur mgt bitéc chit yeu trong vige xtic téc phin tng. Co ché thet tur cba sit xtie tfc 1A sy tham gia true tip cia vj trf hoat dong trong phan ting hos hoc. Doi khi qué {tinh nay tham chf kéo theo su li¢n két cOng hod tri tam. thdi gia co chat vA nhém R cia mot amino acid cia enzyme. Cc bu6c tip theo cia phan img 1A khoi phuc céc nhém R cho giai doan dau tien dé vi trf hoat dong sau phin tg xiic te tr lai nhur vi trf trade phn tng ‘Van tc ma mot lugng enzyme riéng bigt bién co chat ‘thanh sin phim mot phn 18 ham s6 ctia néng do ban du cia co chat: Cang ¢6 nhiéu phan tir eo chat, thi ching cang thuémg xuyén hon duge tigp can véi céc vi tri hoat dong cia céc phan tir enzyme. Tuy nhién, voi mot luong enzyme nhait dinh, viec b6 sung them ca chat chi fam gia tang t6c do phan img dén mot giéi han nhat dinh. O mot $6 thi diém, néng do cita co chat dit cao t6i mite tt c& céc phan tir enzyme c6 vi tri hoat dong déu duge lign ket, véi co chat. Neay sau khi sin phim ra khdi vi tré hoat dong, phan tit co chat khic lign x4m nhap vao. O néng do cg chit nay thi enzyme duge coi la da bao hoa, va van 16c cia phan tmg duge xéc dinh bing téc d0 vi tri hoat dong bién co chat thanh sin phim. Khi mOt quéin thé enzyme da bao hod, thi cach duy nhat dé fam tang te 40 hinh thanh san phém 1a bé sung thém enzyme, Doi khi t€ bao tang van t6c phin tng bing cach tgo ra nhiéu phan tirenzyme hon. Anh huéng cla cac diéu kién cyc bé lén hoat tinh clia enzyme Hoat tinh cia enzyme - enzyme hoat dong higu qua nhu thé nao - chiu téc dong béi cdc nhan t6 moi truimg thudng thy nhu nhiet do va pH. Hoat tinh cia enzyme cling c6 thé chju tc dong do céc hod chat c6 téc dng dac higu len enzyme d6. Trén thc té, cfc nh nghien ctu da biét nhiéu vé hoat dong enzyme nhis khao sit cfc hod chit d6, Anh hudng cia nhiét d6 va pH Lum § tir Chuong 5 ring cfu tric ba chiéu cia protein man cim v6i moi truimg cila ching, Két qua Ia, mbi ‘enzyme hoat dng 16t hon trong mdt 36 diéu kign, do cfc diéu kién 161 wu nay tao diéu kien thudin loi cho phan tir enzyme c6 cfu hinh & dang hoat dong t6t nhat. ‘Nhigt do va pH 1a cde nbn 16 moi trudng quan trong trong hoat dong ciia enzyme. Trong mot khoang nhiét do nhit dinh, van t6c ciia phan tmg enzyme ting len cing v6i su gia tang nhigt 40, mot phén do co chat va cham thudng xuyén hon véi vi trf hoat dng khi phan tir van dong mot céch nhanh chéng. Song vugt tren niet d0 cao nat cia khong d6, van t6c cia phan tmg enzyme giim xuding r6 ret. Su'dao dong. nhigt cia phan tirenzyme lam dit gay cc lien két hydrogen, lien két ion va cdc twong tic yeu khéc v6n Fam én dinh dang hoat dong cia enzyme ‘va cui cing phan tit protein bién tinh. Mdi enzyme c6 mt nhiet dQ t6i uu ma & 6 van t6c phan ting 1a 16n nba. Khong lam bién tinh enzyme, nhigt do t6i i cho phép 6-va cham phan tit 16n nhit va sy bién d6i cée chat phan {mg thanh phan tit sin phdm nhanh nhdt, Phin én céc enzyme ciia ngudi c6 nhigt 46 161 wu khosing 30 - 40°C (edn véi than nhigt cita con ngudi). Céc vi khudn wa nhigt sOng trong céc su6i nuéc néng chia enzyme v6i nhiét d0 {61 wu khoang 70°C hodc cao hon (Hinh 8.18a), iing I& méi enzyme c6 mot nhiet do t6i un. Enzyme ciing c6 mot pH ma & d6 n6 hoat dong manh nhdt. Gid H t6i mu cho phan Ién enzyme nim trong pham vi khoing pH 6 - 8, nhung c6 céc ngoai Ie. Vi du, pepsin ‘mot enzyme tieu hod trong da day ngudi hoat dong t6t hat & pH 2. Mot moi truémg acid nhur vay lam bién tinh phin lin céc enzyme, nhumg pepsin lai thich nghi dé duy tri cfu tric ba chiéu o6 chic nang trong moi tru’ng acid cilia da day. Nguoc lai, trypsin mot enzyme tiéu hod dinh vi trong moi trvimg kiém cila rugt ngudi c6 pH t6i thich 1a 8 va sé bi bin tinh trong da day (Hinh 8.186), INhigt@6 ti uu cho enzyme _ Nhigt 46 t6i uu cho ign hinh &nguet ‘enzyme vi khudn 6c a9 phin ng —e Oa e020 6 80100 NNhigtd9 (9) —> A (a) Nhigt 46 tdi uu cho hai enzyme pi téiuu cho pepsin (enzyme de diy) ‘T6cd phin ding —> pH—> (b) pH tél uu cho hal enzyme A Hinh 8.18 Cécnhan t8 mol trudng anh hung lén hoat {inh cia enzyme. Méi enzyme cé (a) mot nhigt ti uu va (b) HS trg cho dang cé hoat tinh cao nhst cia phan ty protein, [IMATE sia sic met ysosome édeng hogt déng <6 ph bén trong khoding 4, 5 hay vé 66th theo (b) biéu thi ban dutdodn iéu gicho mt enzyme cia lysosome, ghichd pH téiuu cia nd. CHUONGTAM —Gioithiguvé chuyénhos 155 Burge quét bang CamScannerCofactor Nhigu enzyme cfin eée nhan t6 hd tre khong phai protein cho hoat dong xiic téc. Phin phu trg nay goi IA cofactor, 6 thé Tien Ket chit véi enzyme nhir mot bo phan c6 dinh, hate chiing c6 thé litn ket ling Iéo va thuin nghich cng Gi cat chit. Cofactor ciia mot s6 enzyme IA chat vO eo inhi ee nguyen tit kim logi kém, sit va déng didi dang. ion, Nou cofactor 1A mot phin tir hint ca, ngudi ta go! mot cich dic biet 1 coenzyme. Phin lim vitamin 1d quan trong trong dinh during do ching hoat dong nhur Ta coenzyme hode nhur 1a cée nguyen ligu ban dau ma tir 46 coenzyme duige téng hop. Cofactor hoat dong theo Khée nhau, nhumg trong moi tnrimg hgp durge sit dung, chiing thue hign chife nang quan trong trong xiic tic. Ban sé gap ce vi dy vé cofactor trong phin sau cia ido trinh nay. Céc chat uc ché enzyme Mot s6 hod chit tie ché chon loc doi voi hoat dong ciia cc enzyme dic hieu va ching ta di nghien exw nhiéu vé hhoat dong enzyme nhi nghien cttu téc dong cia cdc phan, tir nay. Néu chat ie ché gin vio enzyme bing lien két ‘cOng hod trj thi su tie ché thudmg 1a khong thudin nghich. ~ Song, nhiéu chit tie ché enzyme lien két v6i enzyme bing cfc tuomg tc yéu va trong trudmg hop d6 thi sie ché 1a thuan nghich. Mot sO chat ve ché thuan nghich ging véi phan tit co chit binh thudng va canh tranh dé Igt vao vi tri hoat dong (Hinh 8.19ava b) Chit bit chuée nay goi chit ire ché canh tranh fim gidm hi¢u nang cia ‘enzyme do phong toa cic co chat khong cho di vao vi tri hhoat dong. C6 thé vugt qua loai tic ché nay nha Tam tang néng 46 co chat khiémr cho vi tri hoat dong trésnén c6 san, phan tir co chat nhiéu hon phan tir chait fe ché vay quanh, danh 161 vio vj tri hoat dong. Neugc lai, cdc chat tre ché khong canh tranh khong canh tranh truc tip v6i co chat dé lién két véi enzyme @ vj tri hoat dong (Hinh 8.19¢), ma chiing cin tri cac phan tng enzyme bing céch lién két v6i phéin khéc cia enzyme. Tuong tic nay lam phan tir enzyme bign déi hinh dang theo céch ma vi trf hogt dong trd len it higu qua hon lic xic téc cho sy bién ca chat thanh sin phdm. Doc 16 va cdc chat doc thutmg 14 chat tic ché khong thugn nghich cia enzyme. Mot vi dy Ia sarin, mot khi doc cho day than kinh Zam mot s6 ngudi bi tir vong va fam ton thuong nhiéu ngudi khdc khi nb duge ké khiing b6 phéng, thich trong dudng xe dién ngdm Tokyo nam 1995. Phan tirnhd nay lin két cong hod tri voi nhém R trén a acid serine trong vj trf hoat dong cia acetylcholinesterase = mOt enzyme quan trong trong he than kinh, Céc vi du Khéc bao g6m céc thudc diét stu hai DDT va parathion Ja céc chat de ché cia céc enzyme chi yéu trong hé thin kinh. Cu6i cing, nhiéu thud khéng sinh 1a chat tte che cia cée enzyme dac hi¢u trong vi khudn. Vi du, penicillin hong toa vj trf hoat dong cia enzyme ma nhiéu vi khudn ding dé xtc téc tao thanh 1é bao. Viec trich din céc chat te che cita enzyme la chat dde hai cia qué trinh chuyén hod vat chat trong t€ bio c6 thé tao cdm gidc ring sy de chéenzyme thudng la khong binh 156 PHAN2 Téb’o Cochitcd thétién ét binh thudng vat viteihoat dong eta enzyme. Chat te ché canh tranh bit chude co chit, canh tranh vi ‘teihoat dong. | © ‘Ch8t de ché ‘canh tranh (b) Sy sic ché canh tranh Cch8t we ché khong canh tranh lin két véi enzyme 6 vi tri | ‘céch xa vi trihoat ‘dong, lam bign déihinh dang cia enzyme, tham chi nu cochate6 thé ign két thi vitri oat ong hoat dong mot ich ithigu qua han, ‘ChSt de ché khéng canh tranh (e)Syiteché khong canhtranh A Hinh 8.19 Syuieché hoat dng cia enzyme thug va ¢6 hai. Thue t€, cdc phan tirc6 mat mot ciich wy nhién trong té bao thutmg digu hod hoat tinh enzyme nha hoat dong nhu céc chat ic ché. Su diéu hoa dé - su te chE 6 chon loc - 1a cin thiet cho sy-digu tigt qua trink chuyén hod té bao nh chiing ta thio luan tiép theo. 3.4 1, Nhigu phan ting ty phat xy ra rat chm. Tai sao tt cd ede phan tmg ty phit khong xdy ra ngay lap tic? 2, Tai sao cfc enzyme chi téé dong tren cic co chat rit dac higu, PCAN Malonate 14 mot chat tte ché cha enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Lim thé no ‘ban xée dinh duge malonate 1a chat ife ché canh tranh hay 1 chat te ché khong canh tran’ Cau tra Idi 06 trong Phy lye A. Burge quét bang CamScanner85 Su diéu chinh hoat tinh cua enzyme giup diéu tiét qua trinh chuyén hoa R6i Joan hos hoc sé 14 hau qua tat yeu neu tat cd ede con dung chuyén hos cia t€ bo hoat dong cing hic. Bin chai noi tai cia qué trinh song Ta kha nang cia t€’ba0 6 thé diéu hoa mot cach chat ché cdc con dutmg chuyén hod thong qua qué trinh diéu tit cdc enzyme khdc nhau hoat Sytdl sinh ATP Céc con dutme di hod thie day su t4i 03.1 sinh ATP tir ADP va phosphate. 8.1. Su chuyén hos cia sinh vat lam chuyén d6i vat chit ‘va nang lugng, tuan theo c4¢ dinh luat nhiét déng hoc 038.4 (tr. 142-145) Enzyme tang t6c cdc phan img chuyén hod nhé ha thép > Hod hoc cba syséng dugc t6 chic thanh cée con hang rao nang lugng (tr. 151-156) Gung chuyén hod Chuyén hod IA tap hop cée phin Li ‘hod hoc xay ra trong co thé sinh vat. Duge ede enzyme hi D> Hang rao nang lugng hoat hod Trong mot phan imp tra, su chuyén hod di theo c&c con during giao nhau, c6 thé hod hye, nang lung edn dé pha vo cdc lien két ciia chat AG hod (pian gid phan ti, gd pg nang hag) hoe phan dng Fa nang lugng hoat hos Ey. Enzyme lam glam hang rao E, nhu thé nao. > Che dang ning lugng Nang Iuomg 1d kha nang gay ra st bign dBi Mot s6 dang ning Img sinh cong nh van dong ‘at chit. Dong nang gain lign wi su van dong. ThE nang cb Tien quan we vi trf hod efi tic eta vat chat bao g6m cd hhod nang o6 trong phan tr do ediu tre cia n6. > Cécainh ug vé bién G61 nding hugng Dinh ott tht ‘ii, srbio toln ning Lugne King inh rang nang lagng ‘Khong thé tg0 ra hode bi pha hu, chi duge din truyén ‘habe bi bign di. Dinh tut th hai King dinh ede bign Surbign 46i nang lupng tu do cla phan tng cho ta biét eens lieu phan ung c6 xay ra mot céch ty phat hay khong D Tinh dic higu ca chit cia enzyme Méi loai enzyme (tr. 146-149) ‘e6 mot v rf hoat dong duy nhat dé ket hop dc higu voi > Sublén a6i ning luong tydo, AG Nang lung tu do cia co chit cia n6 ~ phn ti chat phan tng ma né téc dong. ‘hé thong sng I nang hoes 6 thé sinh cone duéi cde Enzyme bj bién déi hinh dang mot cdch tinh té khi no lién digu kign trong t€ bao. Sy bign d&i nang lugng ty do (AG) ket cochat (su phi hep cém tg). one mot qu tink sinh hoc olen quan trv itp v6ls¥ Sue td trong vi tri hoat dng cia enzyme Vit ‘ign d6i enthalpy (AH) va vei ign di vé entropy (AS): hhoat dong c6 thé fim ha thép hang rao E, nho dinh hung AG=AH-TAS. ding co chat, kéo cing cdc lgn két cia co chat, tg ra mot > Ning lugng ty do, tinh én inh va trang thal cin ‘imi trvimg thun loi va uh4m chi lign ket cong hod tt bling Sinh vat song nhs tien thy nang luong ty do, Tron ¥6i ca chat. > Anh huéng cia céc digu kign cuc b6 lén hoat tinh enzyme Méi enzyme c6 mot nhiét d0 va pH toi mu. Céc cht e ché lim gidm hoat tinh cia enzyme. Céc chit > Ning lugng tudo va suchuyén hod Trong phin tng tte ch canh tran lien ket véi vi tr hoat dong, trong khi hod he 1 niet (tu phat) sin phim o6 nang Iueng ty do tht ch khong can ran en Kets wt Ke en ‘bé hon chai phan tng (- AG). Phin dng thu nhiet (khong parc ) di hai bé sung nang lung (+4G). Vie cho them ebyen eu knot day vi fate Sis phd cut cng nga I3.5 us chu} can ban; siete gol ih chaiyén bol dt pag th ce bl Su diéu chinh hoat tinh ca enzyme gidp diéu tiét qua trinh chuyén hod (tr. 157-159) EnES.3 > Sydiéu hoa dij thé cha er 1e Nhiéu er {ATP cung ep nang luong cho hoat déng t6 bao nha ign eee neie ch iinaricehot maser két cdc phan dng toa nhiét voi phan ung thu nhiét ‘hod hodc chat tte ché lién két vao vi tri diéu hoa dac hieu, (tr. 149-151) tic dong len Be den Agi nang. ete cay, Tong tinh hop tae, syle Ket eta mot pha tr co chat c6 U > Chutric va sy thu} phin cbs ATP. ATP Icon thoi ch sient hae hog tah ded wt hee ‘nang luong cia 1 bio. Sy thuy phan nh6m phosphate tan hdc, Trong ite ché nguge, sin phiim cudi cing eta con cing t20 ADP , phosphate va gidi phOng ning lug ty do. dug chuyén hod ite ché di lp thé enzyme 6 bude trude: > ATP thychign cong nhuthéndo Sy thuy phan ATP dé trong con durong chuyén hod, thi d4y céc phan éng thu nhiet nh’ qué trinh phosphoryl! —& Syainh vj dc higu cia enzyme bén trong té bao Mot hod, chuyén nhém phosphate dén cfc chit phan tng dc 6 enzyme duige hgp thin phic he, mot s6 Ket hop vio bit, lim cho chiing phin tng manh hon, Sy thuy phan ‘mang, Va mot s6 chia ben trong céc bio quan, im tang ATP (46i Khi v6i phosphory] hos protein) ctng gay ra céc hhigu qua cia efc qué trinh chuyén hod. 160 PHAN2 Tébbo Burge quét bang CamScannerCT TYKIEM TRA 1, Chon doi (cap) thugt nga dé hodn thign ding edu: Dj hos 80 V6 ding hod cing nhur $0 V6 a, tod nhigt; ty phét 4. Ong! nang hime b. toa nhigt; tha nhign ©. entropy; enthalpy 6. nang Ivong tu do; entropy 2, Phin lon teba0 khong thé li dng nhigt AS thye ‘cong bat vi nit khong phai 1A mot dang eda nang hyng. TE bho Khong co nhigo nha cing tg J At md . mit do thing Ta ddng déu trong cé tebao. I. nhiet khong bao gidie6 thé dng dé sinh cong. ‘mit phi git én dinh trong hoat déng. 3. Cic qué trinh chuyén hos no sau day 66 thé xay ra mad Khong 66 dng nang lung thye v8o tt mot s6 qué teinh Khgc? 2. ADP+®, + ATP+H,0 b. GH,,0, + 60, ~> 6CO, + 61,0 ©. 6C0, + 61,0 CH,,0, + 60, 4. céc amino acid > protein fe. glucose + fructose “> sucrose 4. Nu mot enzyme trong dung dich duge bio hoa véi ca chat, phuome thie hieu qua nha dé nan lugmg sin phim ‘hari hon Ii 2. cho them mhiéu enzyme hom. . dun néng dung dich lén 90°C. ¢. cho them nhiéu co cht hom, 4. cho them mot chat te che di lap thé. €. cho them chat te ché khong canh tranh. 5. Néu enzyme duge b6 sung vao dung dich c6 co chat va sin phim cia dung dich 6 trang thai can bing, diéu gi sé xiy ra? a. Sin phim cho them sé duge hin than '. Co chit cho them sé duge 120 ra. c. Phan ting sé bign d6i tr thu nhiet dén tod nhiet 4. Nang luomg ty do cia he thong se big d ce. Khong e6 gi: phan ting sé duy tn 6 trang thai ctn bang 6 Mot 6 vi khufin €6 hoat dong chuyén hos trong subi nude néng bai vi a. chiing o6 thé duy ti mot nhigt 46 ben trong tip hon bb nhigt d6 cao lam xtc tic khong cfn thiet. . céc enzyme cia chting c6 nhigt do t61 wa cao. 4. céc enzyme cia ching Ia hoan toin khong min cim v6i nbiet 40. ce. ching sit dung ec phan ti khéc ngodi protein hoge RNAs nu la ede chat xéc the chi yéu cia ching. Ding mot Joat ec mi ten, hy vé con dung van ung chuyén hod phan nhnh duge m6 ta theo bin. {udng trinh sau day va sau d6 trd Ibi cau hdi & phan cuci. Ding cfc moi tén 46 va kg hitu -d& chi sy de che, L.c6 thé tao hose M hode N. Mc6 thé ta0 0. (0c6 thé 130 hose Phoge R. P 6 thé t20Q. Red thé 1208. (Oe che phn img eta L dé 10 M. {Q te ch6 phn img cia O dé ta0 P. ‘Ste ché phin img ciia O dé tao R. Phin ting nao sé chiém in thé néu c& Q va S déu c6 mat trong t6 bdo v6i néng d6 cao? a L>M OP b. MO ROS LON (Cau trd tt te trde nghiém c6 trong Phu luc A LIEN HE VOI TIEN HOA 8. Sirphye h6i gén day lap ludn “thiét ké thong minh” chong Jai tign hos da cho rang céc con dutmg sinh hod 1a qua phic tap dé c6 thé tign hod do tt ca cc bude trung gian ‘mot con dug no d phii hién hitu dé tao sin phim cui cling. Hy phé phén Ip luan nay. Ban 6 thé ding tinh da dang cha cfc con dudng chuyén hod tg0ra cing loai sin phim hose sin phim tuong ti dé Lim ca s&cho inh hudng cia ban nh thé nd0? Tim HIEU KHOA HOC 9, BEEN Mot nha khoa hoc da phat trién phuomg php ‘han tich xét nghiem dé do hoat tinh cia mot enzyme ‘quan trong c6 mat trong t€ bao gan duge nubi efy trong pphdng thi nghigm. Ba cho thém co chat ciia enzyme v0 ‘mot dia t€ bao nudi edy, va vé sau do su xudt hin cia cde sin phiim phan img, K&i qua duge minh hoa bing 46 thi vi luong sin phim trén truc y twong tg vei thai gian ‘nen ruc x - Nha nghién citu lu ¥ bén phan cia d6 thi, ‘Trong mot thoi gian ngén, khong ¢6 sin phim no xust hign (phan A). Tigp (phan B) van t6e phan tg rit c20 (40 doc ca dutmg biéu dign Ri dé). Tip theo, phin tng gidm dn (phn C). CuGi cing, duémg dé thi tes nén bing phing (phn D). Hay vé va dinh da 6 thi va neu mo hinh d& siti thich cdc su kien phan tt xdy ra 6 mi giai doan cia 106th phn img nay. KHOA HOC, CONG NGHE Vs 191 10. EPA dang duge dénh gid dé xéc dinh 9 an toan cia thud trirstu phosphate hit eo duge sit dung phé bign nha (ce hhgp chat hu co chia nhém phosphate). Céc phosphate hnu eo dign hinh Fam nhiéu logn sig din truyén than kinh do ie ché cfc enzyme xc tc Lam phan ri cc phan tt chat din truyén khuéch tin tr mot té bo than kinh dé t& bio tip theo, Cc con ting dc hai hodn todn khong min cm v6i thud trir stu ny, trong Khi d& con ngudi vA ce ong vat c6 xuiong sng khiée ciing ¢6 thé bj tée dong. Do 486, vige sit dung thud tri s4u_phosphate hin co di tg0 ra ‘mt s6 ri ro cho siic kho8 con ngwti LA mot ngudi teu dng, mie ri ro ndo ban vui long chip nhan d di iy vige ¢6 nguén thy phim phong phi va dé ding? CHYONGTAM Gidithiguvéchuyénhos 161 Burge quét bang CamScanner