CHUONG 1 (Cau ha en quan len inh Minh 1.3 VE nhing AN tinh de chr rtm Boh my. by cae cic da Hh Wat du ew sh ry nang hg. Hi 1.8 Céch sip ‘pesca npn tay vb npn cp cheng Kh. et oy {Ae mng Uy 09 tng dy thin Linh we pv tap eho pa ay nen cl nh ha the Kha ke Min 9.13 Chit Been foots sath te lv we Ks ng Ton Chit D Kh di tar nh 9.27 Ts Ie rin nn tan mio nt By thn cng a 5 Ae rin ym han tao tn eng mo Kh (he i can se thn Lhang) Minh 1.2818 of cho mts mt atin qual £1 a ‘thom that Ket qu TA, md sh min Aue: bem tir tin that tdi en ces thé hang nan die oxygen & 8 8 mbt ma ds Bom np mang ein cuyen 1m tra Khai ifm 1.1 YeCie wd: MO phn ech fr ae manne em Kt thaw, MA Rio quan of sp 6p eke phan i he aE Che 0 ‘in hae vk quang fay cia ke do quon das: go apt, BO de ‘i fant mtr sin 1 Ro Bp na. Sn td do pi tp, tw hoe ve mot og quan nr iv Qui the ni Sink wr cig Ta. Quin x gm nid gun thé cinch lod he nha ng mt ving ad inh He sinh thi go mot qutin x sin hoe cn {et chc han sinh quan trong WH sng ht King Kh, Sern Sinh gy de cu tno Ht che Ne sinh hte Tei Da. 3: (a) Cin tr vi he ming txme quan wna.) TE Bo I dom vi ‘sti cothé satin em tc ca eng dren hing tn di tyén ‘wont DNA. (c) Che sinh vi tome ts wma trang ia ching, 40 {35 sat chat v8 ning lao. 3. Mot 8 tr ie: Ti ho: Ce ‘thu vat éu 66 lap thé cho thay chiing 14 con chau tir mot t6 tién chung. Cie disc tinh ndi trdi: Tim nguyen ven méi c6 kha nang bom mau; kha tang ny Khong c6 dace hit loi m ay tf bo rine mo ci tum. Trao déi vat chat va ning hugme voi mdi trudmg: Con chudt an thie ‘an, sau dé sit dung chit dinh date dé sinh trate va sin sinh nang Tome cho oat dong: mt 6 vat chit thde dn de th nade 1x60 va phn va mot 36 ning lung ti lai moi ting dudi dang nie. (Cu icv cheng: Conc rng bo, sh cba ch 6 thc hep tat can n¢ con mi TEs: Si hos thie An c6 hE duge the ien ‘bang hod chai (chi yéu IA cdc enzyme) do céc 1€ bao cia Gng titu hod too ra DNA: Mi mit np do 18 bap cc pene cin me guy dh Diéu hod meugc: Khi da day ban cing, né truyén tin hi¢u cho nao ban 4 tar pi them in. igen tra Khai nite 1.2 “LDia chi xéc inh chinh xi vi tf thong qua me tit pham vi rng dén ‘nep~ nue, thn ph. mi ving dime ph va s6 nha. Diu d6 tong ty ‘ha vite nhdm theo ic ef tric cia pin loai hoe sinh he. Chon foc tw mien bat du wi nhng bign dd trayén ty nhiemc6 trong quén ‘thé sau 66 “si 66i" qui th vi e&c c& the €6 nhing tinh tang di ‘wuyén thich nghi 16t hon v6i moi time SE s6ng s6tva sinh sin than cong hon céc ch the Khe. 2 hye vit Sen vit ote tye Bute fe ong vit Ad Phyluca idm tea Khai nig 1.3 eLogic quy nap nit ra nhng Kis qust chung tree time hep iéng: apie suy didn ttn din ket qui sing ir gid thuyét chung. 2. So vo fra thuyet, how thuyét Khoa fe Kis quit om va dine ching minh fing nin chimg ei her nhigu, Chon foc ti nhien ba ¥ time dace dp dung cho mot lat sinh vt va dune: mot amg ee ng chime thude ‘nhiéu inh st ge ahau dng ho. 3. Dua ten ket qua te Hin 1.27, ban (G6 thé ign dein ring. ein nha tan 6 nhudm miu thuimg xuyén bi tin cong hem rin nu, dom giin v1 ching eé bj nhan ra, Tien dein may ip hiet ring. khu vue é Virginia, no ban Fim vige, €6 vit xin mdi tin Cong rin nhime Iai khéng e6 rin doc e6 maw giding nb rin ohan to ‘nhc mau, Ty kiém tra Aub 2d 3.0 4c Sc 6c Te Bd 9b Ic 11s Hinh v8 cla ban pha cho thy: (1) Doi vi sinh quyén. Tdi Dat voi indi ttn di ra tr dai dong niet dd: (2) dai v6 he sinh thi, Khosing ‘cich ea ran san ho; (3) di vi quan x3, tap hop cde dong vat va tio cta tan vi san hd, mOts6 rong bién, va bat kj sinh vt no ban nghi a: (4) 46: vi quan thé, mot nhdm cf cing Todi: (5) 46 veh sinh vat, moe con ef tir qu thé cia ban; (6) 46i v6 co quan, da diy €4. va AOI vt Ih sinh thai, toan b9 dutmg teu hod (xem Chuong 41); (7) d6i v6i mo, inhém cfc t€ bio giding nhau ti da diy: (8) d6i v6i bao, chi ra nhin cia n6 va mot vii blo quan: (9) d6 vi bdo quan. nhan, noi chia hu Inet DNA ciiat€ bao, vA (10) di vdi phan ti. chubi xodin kép DNA. Ble ‘8 ela ban 6 thé rit n twang HUONG 2 ‘Cau hdi lién quan dén hinh Hinh 2.2 Diém khic bigt quan trong nhit vé ket quia, ai miu cay CCedrela ben trong mei vim pha th hign cing huong mo Ii Kho vi chat {bc dug titra tt eay Duroia én ti cc mbu cy 6 equa khong Ki hoc dit va khong bi ngin bai rdo cin cOn tring. Céc mu edy Cedrela ‘uéng ben ngoai vutm khong bi thuong t6n tri khi 6 cée ey Duroia bben canh, Ngodi ra, c6 bat ky con kign ndo 6 tren cée miu cy Cedrela hong duge bio vé ben trong vubm th c6 I, cing khong quan sit dug vei tim nao vao li Ay. Tuy nhign, acid formic vin duge im thfy trong tuygn eta kign nhur au ht ec Toa kin. Hinh 2.9 56 nguyen i= 12: 12 proton, 12 electron; ba lop electron: 2 electron & lop hod tr. Hinh 2.16 Minh 2.19 Cay ngdp wong nue (H,0), tong J €6 CO, hod tan. Nang lug mat rb dupes dung & to dvbna chit de ti thy trong ey ‘eb thé Iam thie an cho chin ey d8, cing nu cho dng vat an ety 48. Oxygen 6 trong cdc bong bing iém tra khai nig 2.1 1. Muoi an dae ctu to ti nat va chlorine. Ching t 66 thé an bop iat, cho thiy n6 e6 ng tinh chit Kc vat kim loa va chit ‘ge. 2.6, vi sinh vat eda ede nguyen 16 vi lugmg, cho dh ehi mot a Dugc quét bang CamScanner. Neut thir sit 6 thé bidu hign higu tng luong oxygen thip tron a i ga ree mg sche ho hg ee he Remora idm tra Khai nigen 2.2 4.7. 2 'SN_ 3.9 electron: hai ep electron; 1s, 25, 2p (ba quy do: cin mot electron Tim dy lp hos tr. 4. Che nguyen 16 trong mot inne 66 cing $6 lop electron. Trong mot cot, ce nguyen 166 cng 6 ett 1p electron ost idm tra kha nigm 2.3, Je M&i nguyen tt carbon chi 6 ba i pan ia ee fon teh dig tr tg nn Tin kt fon. 3. Nand gig cl c6 thé t6ng hp due ef phan i bt chur hinh dang tht Ino thé du tr dagen dong gah Khong tng hem doe hong finn itt vy idm tra kha nig 2.4 2.6 dim can bing, efe pin mg thutn nghich din ra vo ed ning thao, 3.C,l1,0, + 6 0, -> 6 CO, +6 1,0 + Nang luong. Glucose vd oxygen 3 tas carbon donde: nude va nang luge Ching ta hitonygen ‘ov ching tach n6 cho phn dng ny din ra; va ching ta thisearbon {ode raving 1 sin pdm phu cba phn tng my. Bai vy, phn dog ‘ay duge goi Tsu ho hp t€ blo, va ban s8 duge bit nhiéu hon vé ho hip e bio ¢ Chuong 9. Tyhiém tra Ua 2b 3b ae Sb Ga 7b Bb x. i ~ : 4. Ba TW~ chu tréc my tng ob nga Vip hi a carbon thg hotel carbon cb th ao 4 en chs trie nby 05 natant ch che a \jphba tr au hob cir vt ch BEECH tend eb cb ing elctron eo HL, /CHa tric mby thing cb rghin Hho E26, [electron abp chung rn nb enngthé hin ohne ln KE vit 2 mayen ot Chee nby nc akin mi 98 do sa Lip toa cia ope tbe hob coh oun chad ao tient Ah Heb beacon chung nbn kong UM teen de a Neogen Gung 90. Ng eto a8 a0 2d Vee de sgombe nile deh hd ci ph cba va 4 CHUONG 3 (tien quan de hin oe er ih3.6 New khong hinh thinh itn ket hydrogen, nude SE hogt dong, Tea a aa nse Teng Bing s chim x0ng dy, va vi n6 Khong cn td dung edch nhigt ‘én ton bo nude o6 thE déng ang. Su dng bing 6 th éo di vi Narn ve I bid (ign Nam Cyc) eh khong phi BS hay ao, nhung shit ‘4 trang Binh @ Nam Cye Tt 50°C, v the, ui cdngn6 eng dng bang ‘nt, Lodi tom bién my Khong thé sng s6t dupe. Hinh 3.7 Dun néng dung dich fam cho mutt: Bae ho han hem so wi diet bo phn. mot idm ht dinh, s€ khong of di phn tr mae di hod tan ede 6, Ci ting tn bp mute ho di ding mv ging nr ng m6 ban dfn, Kink 3.11 Ca vi CO,* phil tuemg tfc t30 CaCO, rn ban 6 thé phin don ring (Ca? eine phi c6 higu tne di vk {e dd os viva et qui my du thy tong mot nghign eis gn dy. ‘Trang difu kin ty nhien ci bién, [Ca] day tA tang didn dinh nén {C0166 te dng ni hem dnt do v0, Kiém tra khdi nigm 3.1 41, 99 fim dign 1 49 hit electron cia mae nguyén tit trong mot lien Ethos ti. Vi oxygen 66 46 Am dién Kn hom hydrogen nén nguyen tit ‘oxygen trong H1,0 hut efe electron vé pha minh, t90 nén sy tch dign ‘mt pin tn nguyen tr oxygen va tich dign dacrg mgt phn tren ‘fe nguydn tit hydrogen. Ce dutch di¢n ida cha phan tt nude hip «in nhau, 90 gn két hydrogen. 2. Ce nguyen ts hydrogen eda phan tir ty, dotfeh dien duong mot phdn, 8 dfy cée nguyen ti hydrogen cia phn tt lin ke. 3. Ce phn ti nude khong phan eve, va ching khong {go ign két hydrogen voi nhau, Kim tra khai nigm 3.2 1, Cie ltn ket hydrogen két gi cle phan vit muse lidn ké v6i nau. Sut linh my gp ede phan tc chéng lai trong Wye. Sy bir dinh gia ce phan ti nade va thinh céc tf bio din nude cing ching lai trong lye. Ki nude thost ht tr I, chudi ee phan tir nude trong cée t€ bao din rude hp din nhau, to lgn két hydrogen. 2. Bd &m eao nga cin sw [am lanh do ngén cin sy bay hoi céa m6 hoi. 3. Khi nude dong bing. ‘n6 nd ravi cc phn ti nue dich xa nhau hm 8 a0 tinh thé bang. Khi ‘6 nude trong KE nt ca ting ds, sy nd do dng bang c6 thé lim vod 4. Kh6i lug phan tt cia NaCI I $8,5 dalton. Mot mol pha 6 kh6i Ing 58.5 g,nén ban phi ly 0,5 mol hay 29.3 p NaCl vathém nude ir tirvio, va ic cho dén khi ho tan bét. Ban e6 thé them nude 4 duce I '5.(6 I, cht ky nude dy nude, gidp cho ede ngén chan nhén khong ‘bj nude bao boc v2 tytxudag dui mat nude. NEw chin nhé duge bao ‘ng cht wa nud th nue € nln chim n6, Lim cho con nben mde Kh 6 thé di dupe tren mat nude. Kim tra khai nig 3.3, 1. 10° hoe 100.000. "2. [H+] = 0.01 M = 10 M, nén pit = 2. 3, CH,COOH = CH,COO + H". CH,COOH Ia acid (chat cho H) vi ‘CHSCOO a base (chit han H"), 4, pH cia nude thay d6i tr xu, 2; pl céa dung dich acid acetic chi im gm mot lugmg nh vi phn ng ‘cho chu hii 3 sé theo huting sang tri véi CH, COO: nbn ding Ha tro tinh ede phan tis CH,COOH. Ty kiém tra ee : <) * 8) ites ‘Cau hai lién quan dén hinh inh 4.2 Vinéng dee chit phi mg inh hung Aga scan bing (ahr due thio ludn 8 Chuong 2), nén spi e6 nhieu HCN hon CH.O, vt ‘ng dba eh Kh thar ga pin ing a cao hon dng d9 chi eda nitrogen Hinh 44, Nos Taleicéceauhdl AD Dugc quét bang CamScannerttohaz weden Wy I "\ ‘a ta conn ° 4 Hinh 4.10 Phan witb, v1 bong chi 06 hai oxygen ich ditn Am cba sihim carbouyl mh cén mot oxygen nda & carbon tip sau (carbony). ‘TH cd ede nguyen ta oxygen may de grip Tim cho len Ket pita O vd {Wii nh -O1T phn eve hom, do.6 Thm cho s phan Ty ia TT iy rahe. im tra Khai nig 4.1 1.Cic amino ac thing ph quan trong cho fe ex thé sng. Sy ‘ag hop dae cdc amino acid cde chit Ah 9 Kh quyén nguyen thay ten Tai cho thy, ee phan rca ay sng, ban db de ‘Gag hop ttcée phan King sing. 2. Tia a cungcApnang hang ctn {hit cho ce chlt 8c rag Uh yn phn tg 0 in (Ban sae tng mh hom nag hv cep ga hoe Cha im tra Khai nig 4 CA cs why 2.65 (0) Ie dng phan ested cba Cy (6) ce ding phan tricia huten, 3.3 hai dey cha nh cai ydocarbon. 4 KNOng. ong. ia 8 nguyen NS Khong tf i ch gpa tric w ches met efchds hacarbon gén ket v nha (Ihco mach thing). Khong oefelitn ke di nen Ming th cb dng pin Minh hoc, Mol carbon 8 ft mht hai hydrogen gn wn én phn 1 ag hong thé eS ef ding phn 5 inh, iém tra Khai nig 4.3, Y.N6 e6 ed sion amin (NHL) hm cho 6 thin a carboxyl (-COOH) fam cho né'hanh acid carboxylic. ‘nhdm phosphate, thin ADP. 3 Gg _ Nim chic ob thé hoot dong nh mot base va hom 2. ATP mai is Uithay bling bm thd os dng ah mot Neu dig% acids lim tng ede inh chit aid cha phan JTL, Bic cain ceo ay Ai, tm thay ai ee pn im nd woe WO OH asi im hay Twkiém tra 1b 2d 3.0 &b 5b 6a 7d ‘i c6 bén electron hos ti, giéng nh carbon. Vi vy silicon (06 kh nang tg0 chudi di, phan nhinh dé c6 thE hoat dong ‘urbe Khung cia céc phan tir hou co. Diu nay thy 18 ng ‘hon so vi neon (Rhéng 6 eletron hos tr) hay nhom (v6 ba clecton hod). civoncs (Cau hi ien quan én hin inh 54 ergs Dang dag inh heh a fi H-6-on 'B6n carbon nim trong véng fructose v2 hong. (Hai carbon khong rnkm tong vong két ni v6 carbon 2 va nim teng von) Dang eft Inc niy Khde voi glucose; glucose e6 nim carbon trong Vong ¥h mt G ngodi. (Lim § rang, sy dinh vj cia phan tir Fructose nay d6i I4p voi fructose wen Ih 3:50) AB Phylyea Hinh 5.18 Hinh 5.25 Xoin miu xanh 1 xodn a. Kim tra khai nig 5.1 41.Protein, carbohydrate, lipid v2 ackd nucleic. 2. Chin. Cn mot phan tirmure dé thay pha mot e4pmonome. 3.Cic protein ¢ dau xanh daye pl phong ra trong cde phan tng thuy phan va két hop v30 eée protein Ke bing phn dmg khit nut. Kien tra khai nig 5.2 1.CH,0,.2.C,,H,0,, 3 Thigu céc sinh v3t han ser 69 cn tr bs Infp thi nding ugg ts the an, €6 thd dn én gdm can va e6 thé che, KKigm tra khdi ni¢m 5.3 41.Ci hai ddu e6 mot phan tr glycerol gin vi ce acid béo. Glycerol cia m@ gin ke v6i ba acid béo, rong kh glycerol ci phospholipid gin ‘Gi hai acid béo va mot nhém phosphate. 2. Hormone sinh diye neu [a steroid, mot foi hap chat ky nude. 3. Ming hat dv duge ef to ‘mot kp phospholipid cha Khong phi lp kép visu sip xép dé dui ky ruse cia ede phospholipid ming tiép xc v6i ving hydrocarbon cia ce phn tr du sé bén ving hon KKigm tra khai nigm 5.4 1. Chie nang cia protein 18 hé qui cia hinh dang d3e tng cia né, inh dang d6 mati khi protein bi bign tinh. 2.Ciu tric bac ha e6 ay tham gi cia cd ita ket hydrogen gia cic nguyen tt cia bo khung eta chusi polypepti. Cu trie bac ba c6 su tham gi ca ede en ket pita nm cia ed iu dom vi amino acid. 3. Ca tric be met, hay tinh ty cde amino acd, téc dong dén cs tc bc hai ef td Bae ha Se dgng dén cfu tre bac ba efu tric bie ba ai te dng dén cfu tc Bae bn. N6i ng gon, trinh ty amino acid téc dong dén hinh dang protein, Vi chie nang cia protein phy thude vio hinh dang cia né nén su thay {6 eu trie Bae mot c6 thé ph hu chit nang cia protein. Kiém tra Khai nigm 5.5, 1 ius’ Dugc quét bang CamScanner5G aoa SLT A(A\G CC T=3' a-ATICIC GG A-5! Oy S-ATTCGGA-5' qu kiém tra J 2c 3a 4b Sa 6d 7 Nauyén phi hay Navn ph chchep prin” \nay phan edn hon] _toetlenbét “nis | Moroencorrte | yaccrte | brid acon pa] feaeio Thaciayeors | tn cate Frotem | Amino acid Tolypeptde Ldn dt peptide Ted | Noceotae | Pobmuceotde | Lindt nee phoophodeste ° a 3 e Mach abe Mach bd sung CHUONG 6 ‘Cau hoi lign quan én hin inh 6.7 Phospholipid [a lipid, duge cu tao tr mot phn ti glycerol et hop véi hai acid bgo va mot nhém phosphate, Glycerol va phosphate iia phospholipid tao tanh "du" va nude; cdc chubi hydrocarbon tren ‘ic acid béo tgo thank “duei ky nude. Sy c6 mat cia ci ving ua nue ‘Ay tren mot phn ti Ham cho m6 tr tanh edu kignxAy dung 1 ting 8 ta0 nén ming. Hinh 6.22: Mot irung tr 69 3 vi ng nén ton bo trung thé 6 54 vi Ging. Mii vi 6g age cs tao tt mgt day xodn cdc dimer tubulin. MBi ttung tr duge edu t20 ti e&e dime tubulin xép theo dutng xodn (ahr teen Bing 6.1) Hinh 6.29 Cae vi Ging s& dinh hung Iai, va da trén ede Ket qua tha ‘dupe tht nghigm trade th, protein cellulose synthase cing €6 thé thay 146i duimg di cia ching, dinh hung doc theo eéc vi Sng duge dinh vj Iai (The t6, 46 1a didu quan sét thy due). Kim tra khdi nigm 6.4 1. Thude nhudm ding eho kinh hign vi quang hoe Id efe phan tire mu lien két wi ede thinh phfn etiaté do, tie dng dé Anh sang di qu trong hi thade num dng cho kinh hidn vi dign tr e6 kim foai nang, th dong dén chim electron di qua. 2.(a) Kinh hin vi quang hoe. (b) inh hién vi dig tr quet,(€)kinh hidn vi diem ir truyén qua, Kim tea khai nig 6.2 F O———————— ‘ce “Te hao nay €6 cing thé tich nhu cfc 16 bho fet 2 va 3 nhumg c6 dita {ich bé mat im hom cfc hao d cot 2 va nhd hem cic hao reo 3. Do 146,43 le dign tich bé mat so vith tich phi Km hom 1,2 nhumg nbd bom 6, BE tinh dign ich bé mat, ban phi cOng dign tch si mat (dinh diy. hai phia vi hal du): 125 + 125 + 1254 125 +1 + 1 =$02.Ty ledientich bf mat so vi thé ich bing 502 chia cho thé ich a 125 bing 4.0. idm tra khai nigm 6.3 41.Cle ribosome trong tf bo chét dich thong tn di trayén hu te trong DNA nhan do mRNA mang dé thinh chudi polypeptide. 2-Nhin con ‘duge cf tao ti DNA va RNA ribosome (FRNA) daget90ratheo chi din ‘cia n6, vA protein duce ify vio tir té bio chat. RNA va protein tap hop thinh céc tu don vi im va nbd eta ribosome. (Ching duce xuat ra qua 1 mang nhan dé tbo chat, no ching tham gia va0 qua tinh ting hop ‘chub polypeptide). 3. Thong tin trong gene (ren nim sSe thé trong han bao) duge si dung dé tng hap MRNA, sau d6 mRNA duce vin chuyén qua 18 ming nhan dé tbo chit. 6 46, n6 duce dich ma thin protein r6iduge van chuyén tc Iai qua 18 mang niin vio nin, noi 6 hop vi ede protein kc va DNA dé to nén cht nhiém sic. iém tra khai nigm 6.4 1. Khe bigt tude het gia ER tom va xa. x 1 sy 6 mit cia fe ribosome li kt én lui ndi chit hat. Tong khi ci hai logi ER cing tao ra phospholipid, th ton b protein ming v® protein tet dior 120 12d ribosome cia lad noi chit hat, ER trom e®n hoat dong chic nang trong qué tinh kit de, tra0 46 cht carbohydrat vA dy rion calcium. 2. Cic ti van chuyén dua ming va cde cht no bao boe di chuyén gia cic thanh phi cia he théag mang tong. 3.mRNA duge tog bop trong nan tf bao r6i sau 46 di qua 18 mang nhan dé duce dich ma 6 ribosome gén ket voi lu noi chit hat. Protein dave téng op & xoang ciia ER, v6 Ie cing dugebign dé 66. Tui van chuyén mang prot 46 nb dy Goi. Sau khi ign dither rong bo may Golgi vn chuyén Khic mang n6 tli ER, noi n6 thyehign che ning. Kim tra khai nigm 6.5 1.Ci hai bao quan du tham gia bign d6i nang luomg. ty thé trong qu trinh ho hp t€ bao value lap trong qua wink quang hop. Ci hai déu 6 nhidu mang tich biet phn ben trong thinh cic khoang. 6 ci hai bio quan, mang trong cing — luge, hay cic nép gp mang trong city thé va ‘ming thylakoid & lye lap ~ du c6 den tich bf mat lin wh ede enzyme sin két dé thyc hin ning ehite nang ehinh eda ching. 2.Ty thé, lve lap vathé peroxisome khong c6 nguén g6e ti ER, khong lida ket vé mat ‘at eding nh théng qua cfc ti vn chuyén vice Bio quan cia be {hing ming trong. Ty thé va Tue ap rit khic vé atric v6 cde tc gud g6e tir ER duge bao boe bei ming dm. Kiém tra kai nigm 6.6 1.2 hai he thing van dong du 66 fe so di, eno di chuyéa cing ci kia nhs ee protein dg co kep chat, thi ra, vai kep chit polymer liga k&. 2. Cfe cénh tay dynein duge ATP cung cp ning lnm. dich chuydn edc bo doi vi éing theo ahau. Vi ching gin chat trong Hong bo quan va inh hung Tin ahs nen ede bg di w6a cong thay vi tr qua nau. 3. Nhimg ngudi abu vay bi khuyel wat van dong dy tea vi Ong iia ong roi va Tong nhung. Nhu vay. inh ting khong thé chuyén dong Fong roi hoat dng kémy ede dng khi bi tn thug va ce skid truyén in hu rong qu tinh pt ign poi hong dia a chin xe do cde Long nhung kém hoat dong che nang. Taleiciceauhei Ad Dugc quét bang CamScannerKid tra Khai nig 6.7 end big 6 nt 1 st ket nt ho chat ip pita che to tht (cb sinh hat va eva (ee Sag et dy 1 dlote noch ph tip m6 gia ce wo Tid KE 2. TE Khong the Int dgng elite ning Tn fk, A, 6H si By cht 9 th 1 Ihoge cht nn get bho phi hei Bi cho pep esa tra ci wat chat sit 4 bho wok mov true nga Che phn i tha gin vo qu tein Sin sinh mtg firme vid 16 fo air dung. cing nbut che phan tr eune ‘ap thdng tin vé mm tg cia hi, phi vio de 16. Che phan hk nh ee sin phn tho tng hap xt vce i phen po rin 0 Tp ho, phd dit, Tu kiérn tra Le Bb 3d Ad Sb Be Ke . Nem Minh 69 CHUONG 7 ‘Cau hai tién quan dn hinh Minh 7.6 Ban khng thé nit ra nguyen the vn ddng eta protein trong ming t€ bio cia cing mot Todi. Ban eo thé bign Tad rng. lipid vd ‘roein ming tir mt lodi Khong c kha ming tron Ln ve pid va protein tay mot Toa Khe do tinh Khong tuemg hop no a6. Hink 7,9 Protein ‘xuyen ming, ping nhur dimer integrin &(D 6 thé thay di hinh dang ci 16 Khi gan Ket vo mot ph tr eat nén ngoai bio ew thé. Hinh ‘dang mdi c6 thé Tam cho phan bn trong cia protein gn ket dutge voi {Protein thit ha, loai protein t€ bdo chat c6 thé truyén tip thong tin vao then trong te tho, nh trén hin Cc), Minh 7.12 Chat tan miu da cam s& ugg phn bd du trong dung dich ca hai phia cba mang. Mue d0 dung ‘dich Khang bj téc Ang vi chat tan mau da cam o6 thé Khuéeh tn qua ‘ming va cin Wing néng &9 cia nd, Nhut vay, Khong. c6 sy thm tha b6 sng nue theo cd hai hung. Kiém tra khai nigm 7.1 41.Ching nim & phi trong cia ming cia cfc ti van chuyén, 2. Thue vat thich nehi wt mdi trang Tanh chic s& c6 nhigu acid béo khong no ‘rome mang hon vi ching duy t trang thai Wing 6 niet d9 thdp. Thue Vat thich nghi wi moi truimg néng chic s¥ e6 nhiéu acid béo no hom, ching cho phép c&e acid béo “xp” chat hon, fim cho ming kém long ‘Sainho a6 ching duce nguyen ven G nhigt 49 cao. Kim tra khai nigm 7.2 1..Ci O, va CO, déu IA nhimg phan tir nhd, khong phan eye, 6 thé Ai ding’ qua foi ky nude cia ming. 2. Nude 1d phan tr pin eye fen n6 Khong thé anh chéng di qua ving ky nude & gia lap hep Phospholipid 3:1on hydrnium ich din, cdn glycerol khdng. CO st Ten dign ia quan trong han kichthude phan td Tam eo i cho oat ‘bo 66 bai kénh aquaporin. Kiém tra khai ni¢m 7.3 41.CO, Ia pt tnd, Khdog phan eye 66 thé dE dang khuéch tn qua tring i bho. Khi n6 Khuéch in dh nding 9 ben ngodi te bao dug Guy ti mie thip va. n6 8 Le te ra kh bdo ing cach ny. (Dies aay nguce lai veh rung bgp O,d5 duge mo ti G mac nay). 2.Nuoe huge trang d6i 61 bao thye vt nén te bo thye vat Hy nude vao va {ae bho rau qui duyt trang thai cing cog chi khong bi co nguyen ‘Sh Rau gui (abu rau dip hoge rau bina) gi uge uci va khng bi ho. 3. Hout dng cla khong ba0 co bsp cia Paramecium se gitm di Khong bio bom nue du tha chiy v801€ Bio ra ngodl; dong chiy nay hi ay ra 6 mdi tng nh trun. im tra Khai nigen 7.4 1. Bor ny sit dung ATP. Dé tht lap ditn fp, céc ion phi duge bom anguge chiéu gradient ndng d0 cia ching nén cin nang lugng, 2. Moi Fan duge van chuyén ching li gradient ditn hos cia nd. Neu ion no huyén dich xubi theo gradient dignhoS cba n6 th nd. duge co la chat SSéng vin chuyén. 3. Trim cht n€u bom proton vin ding ATP va van ‘hoyén proton thi gradient proton khong duge thit lap, Digu d6 8 ety thaw gud nghiem trong 06 v0 io, vi ce qué tinh nb ay dng van cchuyén sucrose (eting nhu s4 t6ng hyp ATP) pu thude vao sy thigt lp fradient proton, Kien tra khdi nig 7.5 1. Xust io. Khi ti van chuyén ket hap v6i mang t€ bo th mang wi tri think mot phdn cba mang t€ bio. 2. The bao nhs thy thé, Trong AS PhylycA cn phi duge Iy vio ding ‘ewig hop ny, mot loa phan td hong dm ha iy vee chat theo ech khong dd hig Tu kim tra Lb de Ba 4d Sb ae 7 1 tron “eo Tb. sucrose Mv 091 Majucose Mi 0,01 M fructose b, Dung dich bén ngoai IA have trim. Né of ft sucrose I hit tn sy Kg qua ming. €. Kem ft eho phn (a. 4. Tendo nhan 90 88 tr nén cag hom ‘© Cui cng ht hai dang dich x8 c6 cing ndg 9 chit tan, Tham cht sucrose Khong thé vn dong qua mang th ding nude (thie th) cing 48 din dn trang thi ding rame, CHUONG 8 ‘Cau hai lien quan dén hinh ph vog eerie wm eo ere eoptne Teeenbes Hinh 8.21 Do Ai Ive eta caspase d6i v6i chit de ché 18 rt thip (ahr ‘quan nem vé enzyme de ché dj lp thé), nen chat e ché 66 thé khuéch tin, Do Khong e6 nguén chit cc che hién hiu (néng d9 chat de ché rit tap) nén chat de ché khong thé lien két tr lai wi enzyme mbi hi ito ket cong hod tr bj ph v@. Do di, hoat tinh binh thudng cia enzyme rt 166 thé King bi tae dong. (Cée nha nghién edu da thye hign thi nehiém ‘ny, va hoat tinh enzyme duge xée dink Ia binh thumg khi git phon chit de che), iém tra kai nig 8.1 41. Dinh luge thi hai 1a khuynh uring hung d&a su hn don. Néng. 60 bing nhau ea mot chit dd ha pha cia mang phan bs hn dn hon 50 ‘i Khi nding d@ Khong bing nha. Sy Khuéch tin cia mot cht én ving Iie du co ndng d9 it dm dic bom lam tang entropy. theo din lat tht hai gi thich, 2. Qui t4o 6 thé nang & vi treo ten edy, cdn dine ‘ice chit dinh dutmg khdc né chia thi c6 hos ming. Qua tio 6 dong hing ki né ro ti ety xusing dit. Cus cing. khi qua to duve tigu ho ‘ede phan treba nd bi phn gi, mat s6 hod nang duge dng dé sinh ong vt phin con Iai bj mtd dui dang ahit nang. 3. Cc tinh thé ‘ung td nen ttt thon (entropy tang én) Khi ching ho tan vaphan to ng ahi trong ruse. Theo thoi gian, nade bay hor, va tin th hin than tr lai do th tich nue Khong di dé git ching trong dung dich "Trong khi ti aut ign ce inh thé dug do c6 sy gia ting “wr pst état ty (eid entropy), a6 duce cAn bg nb gid WE trate (ab ting vé entropy cia ede phan ti nude ma ning phn tt ndy chuyén {4 rw sip xp tang di chat trong nude Ing thinh dang pha tn hi hon vv tt ty hom trong hoi nue im tra khai nig 8.2 1.1 hp bao 18 mee qs ti typ va tod mht. Nang tag due sili phong te elacose duge ding sinh cong trong te bao hoe bi mat 4d dang obit Dugc quét bang CamScanner2.Ce ion hydrogen 6 thé sinh cOng chi khi nding 49 cia ehing ten ambi hia cia ming Khe nhaw. Khi dng do H’ Tahu nhau, he thong {rang thi cn bing vA Khong thé sinh cong. 3. hin tng 1 sinh nh dion gif phng ning Iuomg trong trang hp nly & dang én sine «bay hot en dng hot hoe ca pit quae nh he a We on inh iém tea khai nig 8.3 1.ATP truyén ning lqmg eho cfc qué trnh thu abit nhiy phosphoryl el tupencd etn spacial amie ease rit ahi phosphoryl hot ADP di 14 sinh ATP). 2. Mot diy ee phi Ie Ket e496 thé bieh 466 hop th na thd 4 hop hi ha Vn ‘hung dé [A mgt qua tf ht nigh, AG Ek Am vA nh th mit ph ‘Sinang lng ty do ahiGu hm (xem inh 8.10) Kidm tea khai nigm 8.4 1. Phin tng ty ph phn mg pst niet, Song nd 6 e6 mang lume oat ho ea0 ma hig Khi dat due, ted cia phn mg 6 th 1 th. JT kh mot eo cht de biet Lp Khep hod todn vo vt hou Jone Zia enzyme, phin cla enzyme thus ign st xe te, 3. Lm ting nn ‘cia carchat inh thug (succinate) va hay xem xétligu vn toe phn ang fn hay Hhdng Nc ing leat mt cha che anh anh. Kiém tra khai ni¢m 8.5 1, Chit hoat hod lin két thé nao ma né én dinh dang hoat dong cia ‘enzyme, trong khi chat tc ché e6 te dong én dinh dang khong hoat ‘dong. 2. Ban 66 thé Iya chon dé sang Ige ede chit hs hoe ma lien ket di Lip thé vai enzyme, do céc vj trf diéu hoa di lap thé it c6 khi nang dé ‘Sng 26p hu nau gia ede enzyme kde nau Ty kiém tra, Lb Be Bb Aa Se Be Ke Tim hiéu khoa hoc ic phan seach dang xm ohap vo » 4 ‘So. nen i iy chu ora sia im % C6 dit co chat, nhu vay phin img dang. fin hi 16¢ dd exe at hi co chit dace a dn. 16 89 fim 205g Bo thi nim ngang do khong cdn co cht ‘mdi nto va dod khong c8 sin phim coat hier oon poORe CHUONG 9 Cau st lin quan dén hinh Hh 7. me ng. gy ig a ‘ing ong ben nga, pin ng ph a pln dng pi hie ct pl thn hr fms ning fag ao on sin pn, Hin 3.9. Teta co he nelng Gaong phan ods ra fim dng phn che al inh vy 32 Khon huong dy tan ts cn Bing 0 Dude ny hag Sang tl. Nu lyeralchyde -3-poepate duce fora (hoe Khong ue 0 13) bu 6s chm yi Hoge Khong the aay). Minh 9.15 Quay theo Fang meu farina nan 8 tS dong tay pin mt 36 ATP SRSA ace cee phe ug matings an etd ta ican aptneneen ti eteton oem eana ter kata ici manattdaoentapac sk tt ioral tien atnwe deatinn rh eta ean rate soa seahorse Rte acane ‘Bing chimg cla hign tugng nay duge biéuth trong biéu dé: Cac lin quay Sey cehhaiati teed rn ‘mde khong quay (thanh miu xém) ching 19 ring ¢6 thé o6 mgt s6 cic Feces ern tk SSE Schnee ata thé duge tao ra, bi i sy chuyén electron cf thé tigp tye cho dn tan hit he IH vA mt gradient H° nh 66 thé dune tang len. Song. ngay sat Rng i electron eth dh chuyén cho pe he I be 96 hong thé bj tsi oxy hos do chuyén electron cand cho plutc he 1V. Kiém tra Khai ni¢m 9.4 1.Ci hai quid trinh ebm dung pn, chu win acid citi va phosphoryt hot oxy hos. Trong ho hip higu Kh, chat shan electron cust cong oxygen phan ti (0), one Khi di irene bo hap hy Kh, cht hn electron cut cing 1a mbt chit Khde.. 2.C,H,0, 8 bi oxy hod vi NAD Sebi kh, Kim tra khaf nigm 9.2 1.NAD* hoat dong nur ltée nhan oxy hos trong bude 6, nha electron tglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate do d6 hogt dong nhu tse nin Kh. 2.0 tolin bo qué tinh dung phan din dén 120 ATP, diéu d6 sé ¢6 nghia qui trinh dung phan s€ chm lai khi mac ATP di tang len ding ké. Do d8, ching ta ky vong ATP bi phosphofructokinase de che kidu di lap thé Kiém tra kha nigm 9.3, 1. NADH vi FADH,: ching #8 chuyén electron cho chubi chuyén electron. 2. C0, duce’ gidi png khot pyrorate duge t0 ra trong qu tnnh dudng ph, vi CO, cing dupe eit pling trong chu tinh acid citric, 3. Tong ci hai ving hop. phan we tign chit mt met phn {C, vai chuyén elecuon cho chi mang electron trong bude ony ho Nis vay, sin pm due hoat hod do duge gn nhém CoA. Kiém tra khai nig 9.4 41. Phosphor! hod oxy hod sé ding Iai hodn ton, qué tinh nly Khong. tgo ra ATP Khong €6 oxygen dé "kéo" electron xu0t theo chubschuyen clectron, H* khong duge bom vio khoting gian mang cia ty thé va hos tim khong xay ra. 2. Vige Fim gim pHa su thm H’. N6 sé x4 lap ‘mgt gradient proton thim cht khong c6 st hoat dang cia chubi chuyén {leetron va ching ta ky vong ATP synthase hoat dng va tng hop ATP. (Tngera, day 1h che thi nghiem gi6ng thi nghiem ma cung cap bing chimg cho thuyét hos thm nhu mgt co ché lien Ket nang hums) Kim tra khai nigm 9.5 1. Mot chat din xual ela pyruvate nhu acetaldehyde trong qué rink én rch rug hode bin than pyruvate trong lén men acid lactic; oxygen. 2. Teo cin ti thy glucose 6 mot s6t6c d9 khong 19 lin fe d9 tieu thu trong moi trang hieu khi (2 ATP duve pt sinh nb Ten men so véi 38 ATP nha ho hip té bao) Kim tra khai nigm 9.6 1. Chat béo bi kh nhigu hon, n6 6 nhiéu dom vi - CH, va trong d6 tt cd cdc lgn ket nay th ede electron g6p chung bing hau. Dign tt 6 trong phn tr carbohydrate 43 bi oxy hod mot it (6p chung Khong ‘bing nhau trong cic ign ket) ding nhw 18 mot vai electron lien két vot ‘oxygen. 2. Khi ching ta teu thy nhigu thie an hon cho ec qus rink ‘chuyén hod vat chit, co thé cia ching ta téng hap chat béo nur mot ich dy tr ning lueng cho vige sir dung vé sau. 3. AMP 38 tich lu, ich thich phosphofructokinase lam ting t6e do dung phan. Do oxygen, kong 6 nen t€ bao sé bigh pyruvate thinh lactate trong lén men acid lactic tao them nguéa ATP, Ty kiém tra tb 24 3, 6a 2d Bb Od CHUONG 10 Cau hoi lign quan dén hinh ey Hinh 10.9 D8, nhung khong xanh tim, bude séng di qua bd loc, nh he wth Khong pnt a dn sng san in gua, Bo 8, ‘dinh™ phia trii cia vi ‘sé khong xuat hign, nhumg cao dinh ben phil dv hignra.do bate sng dd qua bp ge s& daze st dung cho quang fhgp, Hin 10.11 Trong i, phn ton electron cba chlorophyll bi kich thich nhis hp thy proton va duge sir dung dé cung cip nang lung cho «se phn tng eda quang bop. Taleicdeetuhdi AG Dugc quét bang CamScannertan 028 - oe ” few ‘Ba nguyen itcarbon thm nhap yo cu inh in img phn tt mde «hs dang ce tn i+CO, ing vd qua ba vg cae rin 8199 ‘amt phtn tba carbon (GAP) Kigm tra kha nigm 10.1 1.CO, xm nhap vio If qua 18 Kh, cd mute xtm nap qua v8 va dive mang tn nbd gn if, 2.Ding "0, mot déing vinang ea oxygen dati dlang mnt ch din di, van Niet c6 th chi ra rang oxygen due 120 trong qui tinh quang hop bét ngudn trong nue, Khong phi trong catbon dioxide. 3.Ce phin hg sing khong thé tgp tue tao NADPH YA ATP nga khong 66 NADP”, ADP, vA} do chu trinh Calvin tg ra, Hal chu tah nly phy thoge In nha. Kiém tra khai ni¢m 10.2 1M uc, do 6h sng Iye pn om dug tray qua va phn xa King duge hip thy bai cdc she tw quang epee se Jap, cdc electron due én sang hich hich bj it gi bo cht fin electron so ep Khign ching Khéng roi tla trang thsi én, Tiong chlorophyll ich ri th ‘Khong c6 chit nhan electron nén cfc electron duge dnh sing kich thich ‘roi ngay tré Jai thinh trang thdi nén nén phat énh sing va toa nhi¢t. 3. ‘Nate (H,0) la cht cho electron du tien, NADP” tn electron & da FOES] trom, om Bes | Ear eer CHUONG 12 quan dén hinh ‘Khounh trdn vio mgt nhiém sic td, Nhi&m sic thé nay ¢6 bén edn. Hinh 12.6 1 Phign trang by dm oe, “arch thé 600 inh 12.8 Ving dén do s8 di chuyén vé eye pn um, Cig di cia dian ede vi Ging ph quang nim gia eye €bR0 wh ving oh da sé "ely mo lim, rong th 0 chiga i cia doa wi ng nm gi se thd doan dn fa vin Wong thay 61, Minh 12.13 Trng cl bat {nving hyp, nn & gla Goan G, vin trang thi G, cho ttn Ki binh thutmg bue vao giai doan Sir ce xofn nhim she thé va inks {thin thot phan bio cho ttn khi ede piat doan 8 a G, de hon ta, Hinh 12.15 Te bio sé phan chia tong didw kien khong thie hp dé no [hin chia. Néw cfe 16 bio con va cic hau dug cia ehiing cing pln I «dim kiém sot thi smn hin thin kh a thurmgefe Who. (Kida ‘hin chia t€ bio Khong binh thuimg nay e6 thé gp phn phat tridn Lung thu). Minh 12.16 Gis sir i thf nghiém di ching cho thy protein kinase cde2 1 ngudn boat tinh chit yé tia kinase nh bit un trom {thé nghigm my, th gn nhur khong es hoat tinh kinase. Ty 18 % ede 1 ‘nto dang phan chia la bing khong vi ce té bio khong thé phan chia nguyen phan ma khong e6 cae? kinase. Minh 12.18 Cae 1 hio trong. ng €6 PDGF khéng c6 kha nang dip img wh cde tin higu yéu 6 sinh {rime va bi vay khong phan ehia, Ce t bio mui ely cling vin ging ‘Gi ed t bho mudi cy khong. cho them PDGE. Kier tra kai nigen 12.1 1. 3216hi0 2.2 3, 395397 Kim tra khai ni¢m 12.2 1. 6; 12.2. Phan chat bo chit dln den tora ha thio con y et nau dd ee t€ Bo tue vit va fe tio dong wit nhung ev che phan chia tio cht thue vat a dong vat a Ke nhau. © ce bo Jone ‘thin chia toch xy rabhing phn et chi € Bo me than hat ths ving eo tht gdm ce satin. Oe thie vat, phi tbo dase ‘inh thinh & gida té bao va phat trién cho t6i khi mang té bao cita nd ‘hop hat vi ming mang sinh cht ca tbo me. Thanh bio moi dave sinh ing bn trong pis bao. 3- Ching kéo di té bi tone kj Sau. 4 Tr fi md MBikidu nhibm sic thé pbm mot phan te DNA gin ‘i de protcin. NEa Keo dn ra, cfc phn tr DNA sé i hon ep neu Hin chew it'd. Tong gus rin phn bo, ai bin so eta mr shim se th chi dong tic nha ra va méi bn so d mot bso «on, 5: Trong qu tinh phn bao ca cd bo nh hue tubulin tha gia vo inh thin thoi phn bao v di chuyén nim seth. wong HB Sol actin chit ng trong qu tinh phn chia tbo cht. Tome hn ‘chia té bao kiéu phan doi 6 vi khudn, thi tinh hinh lai nguoe lai: Cie phn rk tubulin dugecho la cb te dag ich ee bi cn, con ee Phin kid soi actin I dua cho Tf 6 che ning di cyén cic ns Se thé con vé ede cue 8 lp ea bio vi Khun, 6. Tircuti pha S trong k} tune giant cus ky ia tone nguyen phan, Kim tra khdinigm 12.3 1. hin pia ben phi c6 nga gS trong pha, cha shan doi ic hi seth. Nn @ pia en i 80 pha Sth eat Sie thé 6 dae han da 2- Lyng MPF ch a dd bo wun Sino G3 Pia i ng lg an chia ge ga Gy 4s Ciba ku th wo gnc tbo at Trg Khe inh tis 3 nguyen vt gv thie 6 the lst DS ang ph thse Cae teh ung he 5 Rh a inh ph i tg tng can vam tn amt ay hid coguan Khe. 5. Cae {Eo thé pan bo ham eh Ki ng 6 PGE, wong trang hep tay ching sng eng lt be mtb Binh ney ue py Xe io; cing ep in chia va eho Kp no en Kp ka Twkiémtra Tb 2a da he Sc Ge Za Bb 9.Xem Minh 12.6 mo ti cde su kin ch yeu. Phukyaita gata Ky Sou Tdloledceduhdi AB Dugc quét bang CamScanneryon Mang nin dang inh thank 5 et pinche Sere HUONG 13 Cau hai ign quan dén hinh Hin 13.4 Sé don bi, n'=3. Bp im se thé 1n0n 1 don boi, Hin 113.7 Dé cho dom gin chi mgt doan DNA ngin dye v2, tuy nhien mbi ‘hig sfe thé hoe nhigm sie tir chia mot phn ti DNA rit di cugn odin v8 etp ngp rit phi tap. inh 13.9 Bing. Mi ahi sh th wong ky cus mot ahiém sie {khong ti Sp v2 moe iw hp (ua0 Ji cho). Bo vy, tim bp nhidi si thé 6 thé c6 cho bio ben phi, Hinh 13.10 Cie nhim sfc thé inh doin tele nim se irkhOog duge dénh ducing gidng y het ede nhidm she th duoc din su. Bat vay, 66th ng ging y het shu 6 thi wen hin. * Kiém tra Khai nig 13.1 1.86 me tru cde gene cho di con; e6c gene Ip trinh fw bdo t90 sackc enzyme va cée protein va ching phi hgp v6i nha tyo nén nhing ‘Gse diém di truyén cba e4 thé, 2. Nhing sinh vit nhu vay sinh sin bing AD Phylycr nguyen phtn tg ra di con e6 efe he gene 1a nhimg bin sao y het voi he gene cia me (nu dt bign khong xiy ra), 3.CO ta ef nhtn dng. 16. Nha ping ng sinh sin hu tinh sf tao ra ec bign di khOng mong uci con, igen tra khai nigm 13.2 1.Mdi com efi e6 hai nhigm ade thé X: com duc 66 mot X vi mot Y, 2.Trong giim phan, ste thé pki tr utmg boi xu6ng cn dom ‘i. Sir ket hop cia ha giao te dem bo} trong qua trinh thy tinh 88 phe ‘ni tang thai lutmg boi, 3.86 com boi (n) 147; 6 hudng bo; ny 114 4, Sinh vit ndy c6 vong dt nhur tong Hin 13.6. Bai vay. sinh vat ny che ehdn phat 18 nim haae nguyen sinh vat (proist) 6 Fé 1 tio. Kim tra khai nigm 13.3 41.Che nhidmn she thé piding nhau deh, mdi nhigm se thé due ca ta tir hai nhidm she tz, vA mdi ahigm sfc tr dinh huimg gidog nhau tren iat phing xich djo, Ce ahiém se thé Khe nhau &chd, trong t& bio dang phn chia nguyen nhiém thi cfc nhidm ade tit eda mi nhiém sie thé ay het nhaw, cn tong 18 bao dang giim phan thi ede nhiém she tila kfc bit nhau vé di truyén v1 tra di chéo xiy ra 6 giim phan 1 2. Néu trao di chéo khong iy ra thl hai nhiém ste thé twemg dng ‘khong e6 din Ite} v6i nhau. Ket qu I sy phan b6 cba céc nhiém sic thé tiumg dng trong gidm phan I sé khong chinh xée din dén cic giao tir due tg thinh 88 66 s6 lugmg nhiém sic thé khong binh thutme. Kiém tra kh nigmn 13.4 41. dot ba trong mat gene ta0 ra cfc phien bin kid nhau (allele) cia gene dd, 2.NEu khong e6 tao di chéo this phin y doe ip tong idm phn I 6 if thuyétc6 thé tgo ra 2 loa gio ti dom boi, va su th tinned mien 6 thé tora 2 2" Aida hop tng bol. Vi 56 dom bi (acta chu chu 23 va ia ru qui 144, nén hai con chau cheb thé tao ra niu kidu gp thon 1a hai con rub qui. 3. NEu ce doan nhigm se ica b6 va me thar ga vio tao d6i cho ma y het aha ‘mat di tryén vba vay m6i gene e6 hai allele y het nhau th fe nim ‘le the ti top vé mat tye 8 twomg dom, vi ce nim beth ii b6 me. Tro di chéo chi tao ea bin di di truyén ki fe mht sic tn tuomg ding Khe 6 ef allele Khe nha Ty kiém tra : Lea 2d 3:b A.a 5. 6.c 7.d_B.TEbao my phi A dang giim pinin vee nim se thé tong dng dinh vi nha: tong nguyen phn thi ching khdog tp hop v6inhau. 9. Ky pita I 10. Nh oe teh em {ing mds) Pb a (Che nh abe ch thong chem (end mau) him se end (da man a Cap idm ofc thd tuong Aboa hay cap tuna dng GBe nhidm sc thé chng mau tao thant ra TETRIS GEG Tsar Chih a ang HUONG 14 (Cau hdi ign quan dén hin Hinh 14.3 Tat ci hau the déu c6 hoa tim. Cicely & thé hg Pd thusin ching Vthe ai cay hoa d3 giao phn cho nhau tr db con ging nh Ki ety ty thy phi: Tat ed di con déu c6 cang met die diém. Burge quét bang CamScannerinh 14.8 wu phil ly Be Ap: BE me “er Tinh, tring tir nrg Yykr wae) 2@) goa aie @| Yee | yer W2.vang- trom: 72 xanh- nhan $id ab TH 18 kidu inh Néu ph ly AB a BS me Wee yer Tinting iepacha 1A@) we@) WG) 1G) “e Yyee | ore] wyee | ayer WA vag trom : 4 ving nhain 14 xanh- tron : 4 xanh- nhain Ltd i teumed Tye kidu inh, ‘ing, phép lai ny cing cho phép Mendel dia fa ef titn dosn khéc nau cho hai gid thuyét va do vay cho phép Ong nhn biét duoc gid thuyEtnlo ding. Hinh 14.10 Ban edng lp cia ban edn phi chi ra ring thee F, ed kigu hinh trung gian gida ede kiéu hinh thudn ching cia 16 me. Bigu nly ting ho cho thuyét pha tn. Ban o6 thé dip fairing Ini ee thé Iai F, voi nhau 384i xusthign kigu inh tring hom Bi chi cB in bp miu héng nhu vay khong dng voi hoe thuyét di trayén pha tuén, Hinh 14.11 Ci ha allele * va P uti so vi allele (allele nty Long gip gin them dung). Allele va" 1adéng tri vi ching du bids hign ra kiéu inh nen ngudi dj hop tr 147 6 nhém mau AB. Kinh 14.13 Sel = The adi con iW 345 6 tae $6 allele da odin mau Dai da se ef th e6 kidu hi trang sian (mau da mie do trung ‘inh), et ngs da qu den hoe qu edn. (Bgn thé bit hj ndy bb; che ino tr B vib; i con ft ch dé Bb (long den). Phép lai thi hai: BO me Bb bb 1/2 giao tir B va 1/2b (than sinh di hop ti) aby di con 1/2 Bb va 12 bb. 6. PPLL » PLL, PPLI Ppl, hoe PPLI x ppl, ppl ppl. PLL ity kik gene nio wong 369 kigu gene hay PPI ppl. 4. Ppl Ppl, © Ppl x Ppl. 7.Chbog Hi vg Pi con i, Che kigu gene cia nhimg ngudi con KhSe 1 VIP MAMA E Asll— Phyler 8. a 3M = 27/64 Bt 20/64 = 37/68 Ix i I= Hob 4.1 = 164 © 63/64 9. 41256 bine ©1286 6A ©. IN to.a.1 32 clk ain Wie 12. Giao phi pita con méeo dot bign 26¢ voi con meo thus ching taj khdnig cong s& sinh rad con F, e6e4 tai cong lin khong cong néa gene tai cong Id toi, nhumg. dd con x8 c6 toan mo tai khong cong néu allele tai cong 1 lan, Ban 6 thé nin duge mot s6 c& thé doi con déng tir v6 allele tai cong tr php lai gita mo F, cia phép Iai me tai cong {0c x mbo khong cong bat lugn dae diém tai cong 1 ti hay Hin, Ban ict ring efe con m&o 1 thusn ching Khi lai méo tai cong voi méo ta cong cho ra tol méo tai cong. Vi thé allele quy dinh tai cong Ito, 13.1/16 14.25% 38 18 mit x€ch; ttc di com mat AECH 8 c6 may tring. 15. Allele ti It ché cc allele Pip, bi vay t7 Ie kidu gene «bi F 38 NSFP. (khong mau) :3 Epp (khong mau): 3i2P- (im): pp (46). "T9 le kia inh 1812 khong mau :3 tim : 1.46, 16. Lan. Th eb nhg nguti bi ben (Arlen, Tom, Wilma, va Carla) déu 1 déng hop ts {in aa. George Ia Aa ¥i mot 86 ngui con eia anh ta voi Arlen bi bénh. Sam, Ann, Daniel, vi Alan déu c6 kiéu gene Aa vi ho du 1 nhing ‘audi con khong bi bénh cia mot than sinh bi bénh. Micheal cing 1 ‘Aa vi anh ta c6 mot ng con (Carla) bi bénh véi neu vo new vod hop tc Ann, Sandra, Tina, va Christopher m6i ng e6 kiéu gene hoge AAhogc Aa. 17.1/2 18.116 19.98-A- (xim) :3 B-aa (den): 3 bbAa (tring): 1 baa (tring). Téng c@ng. 9 xém: 3 den: 4 tring. CHUONG 15 ‘Cau héi lién quan dén hinh inh 15.2 79 ¢ 8.1 tro-vang : 1 trom-xanh : 1 nhan-vang 1 ahin- xanh. inh 15.4 Khoing 3/4 doi F, ¢6 mit d6 va 1/4 66 mit tng. Khoi 1/2 ru6i c6 mit tring i con efi va met na 18 con de: khong ‘mot nga ru6i mit d3 1 edi. Hin 15.7 tt cd con tra dé bi md mia bn tit ci con géi a thé mang. Hinh'15.9 Hai lop kigu inh Kn abit vn sé 1a ku hinh ca b6'me, nhimg bay gi ching li 1a xim-cnhteo 8 than den-cinh binh thutng vi d6 Ia ed t6 hp allele debit & thé hg R_ Hinh 15.10 Hai ahi8m sée thé duoi day, bén ti 8 hai hig se thé dug con ei F, tha hug, mot edi ti b mot ti me. Ching at ‘duge con ei F, trayén nguyen ven cho di con va bai vay o6 thé go dS Tang nhiém sic thé "bé me". Hai nhigm se thé tit hop duge inh {nan do tao d6i chéo trong qué tinh iim phan dru6i ci F,. Viching 6 cfe t6 hop allele khong c6 trong ce nhiém sie thé cia Tu6i edi F, nn ching duoc goi li nhiém sic thé “tie hop. Bes aes a ee) ea ee) Céc nhiém sc thé tai t8 hop Céc nhiém sfc thé bd me Kim tra khai nigm 15.1 1, Dinh Iuat phn ly lien quan én su di truyén cia ede allele quy dinh ‘mot tinh trang. Binh luat phn ly doe Ip eva ed allele lign quan én sy di truyén cia cdc allele uy dinh hai tinh trang. 2.Cu si vat ly cia dint luge phan ly 18 sig phn ly cia ede nhigm sée thé tuong déng trong, Burge quét bang CamScanner1g sa. Co v1 cin in Tat phan Ty de tp 1h spp kde rin cba ede cp nhiém she thé tame ding 8 ky gia. 3. Dé bia hign {uu hinh 69 Bin, con dye chi cn c6 mot allele dot bign, Neu pene may fim ren ap shim ste thé thatmg th hai allele dt bign phat e6 deh th 6 higu inh Ot big, tinh using may fay ea, iém tra khai nig 15.2 4.1 gene quy dinh tinh trang mau mat ny 18 nim tren nhiém she the X nen tit ci che con efi Ad con 8 e6 mit dd vAc6 kigu gene di hay twUA"* YF: tA ed efe con de & Ai con sé tia hung nhiém she thé Y tr v8.66 matting (RY). 2.1/4; 1/21 xe ust JE nu con 38 thin hing nhi8m she th€ Y tr bg vA con tral 1/2 x4c sua dé anh a tha hing nhitm she thé x mang allele ben tir. Neu dita tré 1 con thi e6 4c sust bing 1/2 sj bgnh: néu con gi x khong bj ben {etme xic suit 1/288 thé mang). 3.Ce tho trong mat gdp nhan ‘ct ma phi duce sinh ra do ee t€ bdo phi som phan chia nhieu lin, Tau dut cia mot na nhimg t bdo ndy bidu hin allele quy doh Kha rang nan bigt mau Binh thing va. mOt nia bigu high allele mo ma {Cé mt nit $616 ho mat trang thd e6 gene binhthutme. dage iu ign ad 6 thi ei binh thudmg (khong bi mi mau). Kiém tra khai nigm 15.3 1. Trao di chéo trong gim phan I thin sinh dj hop tito ra mages {0 tr 6 Kiéu gene tl t6 hop cia hai gene. Hu the v6i kigu hinh i {Shop aut hign do sur thy tinh cia cfe pia tr ti t6 hap bing cdc giao ti dang hop Tin tr than sinh dt biéh-kép. 2. Trong mdi trémg hop ‘he allele do me d6ng g6p guy dinh kigu hinh cia dbi con vi con due hi déng g6p allele lan trong phép lai ny, 3. Khong. Trinh tb A-C-B hoe C-ArB. D8 xée dinh kha nang nao Id ding ban efnbigt hn $6 thi ‘Shop gita BYAC. Kiém tra khai nigm 15.4 41. Tai mot diém ndo 46 trong qué tinh phat tri, mat trong 6 che 6 ‘io eta phoi Khong phn chia sau Khi bo nhiém sfc thé duge an di, Céc chu yt bo bin thug sau dt acc bin sao cia wbO 15 bi. 2.Trong gidm phan, nhi8m sbe thé ket hop gida 14-21 host, dong nhurrmotnhidm se thé. Neu mot giao tir nn duge nhigm sic thé 14-21 va moe in sao Binh thuing cia nhiém sic thé 21th Khi giao ti my KE hop voi giao bi thu Kh thu tin 5 to ra hot pt, tién thn ngubi bj thé ba21. 3.Khng. Naud con c6 thé htc i hode I. Tinh tring IF duge tora dos khong phi ly aim sic th trong giim phan I ea bo, tong kh tring c6kidu gene i 6 thé dace hin thinh do 6 sy Khong pn ly cis cic nhiém sic thé trong gidm Phin Those giim phtn Il cha me. Kiém tra khai nigm 15.5 1.Bai host mot nhiém se thé X & con ei vin vt gene. Vie sv ‘it hoa nhiém sic thé X nén liu hum. gene hitu ui tren nhiém sc thé X Tay het nhau pda con dye va con edi. Do kt qu cia in vet he {ene nén chi c6 mot allele cia mot gene ht dinh Guge bio hign a {Gs ink, 2, Ce gene quy dinh mau I nim trong lap thé ben tong tf to chai. Binh thudng chi 6 gene cia me nlm trong lap Mé moi due truyén lai cho di con. Vi dt con o6 hin twang Khim chi dag 12014 hi cly me thude ching B, vl thé ching ta c6 thé ket utn ring ching B hae allele kia da Hn allele dot bia nén dito ra fe Ki khim., 3. Tinh inh cong tuong tw nh & Tuc lap. Mbit bo chia nhiga ty thé, va ‘ese cathe bj ben hu hEt cfc tf bo déu ca hin hop kh nhau eda ciety thé binh thug va 40 bia. Cac ty thé binh thug dim bio di, ‘hp ue bao cho su sng s6t cia ca thé. ‘Céc bai tap di truyén 1.0; 1/2, 1/16. 2..Lan; néu ben i tri th mht mt trong hai b6 me hii bj ben. enh di truyén lien ket voi gi tinh vic thay toin cont 1 beh, Dé cho con gli bj binh thi nguti con gi phii nhgn mot gene Hin tir, mot tre. Didu ndy rt him khi xy a vi din Ong mang mot allele an wen X chet som & 9 tui ln mui. 3.1 cho mi neu con ‘fi (nde suat 1/2 dda tré Ih con phi x xée sust 1/2 dé 6 kigu gene ‘5ng hgp Ign; 12 eho con tai du long. 4.17% 8.6%. Kidu da (4h hop tive canh va mt d&) x d6ng hap tu lan €6 cn teo, mat im. “ 3 33 3 oy bry > b 4 a) Toh ting _ Os== 4. 41.5% than x4m, enh eo 441'5% than den, cénh binh thuine 8.5% than x4m, cénhbinh tums 855% than den, enh t 7. Beni luon duge di tuyén time. 8. Do e6 sy bat hoat eda hai nhigm se thé X & ngudi phu nit XXX nén chi cin mot nhiém sée thé X hoat yng gidng nh 6 nguti phy nit e6 bo nhiém sb thé inh thuimg. Dati kink hign vi ching ta e6 the phthign thy ha thé Bar trong t€ Bio cia nut phy nd XXX. 9. D-A-B-C. 10.50% di con c6 kiéw inh gy tn do tro d6i chéo, Két qua nly cing ging véi ket qua cia phép lai hi Ava B khong lin ket v6i nhau. Ngod ra. ec phép Iai Hien quan dé ce gene khée nim tin cng nhidm sic thé my cng sip phithign ra fhém gene litn kt va Khodng cich gida cée gene. 11.Gita T va A Lh 1286; pita A vaS135% 12.GidaT va $a 18%; rinh tw gene BL T-AS 13, 450 cd thé ovan-xanh va trdn-tring (kiu hinh bé me) v8 50 ef thé tron-xanh vi ovan-tring (kidu i Shop) 14. Khoding 1/3 Khoing cich {irfoeus cin teo 16 locus mit niu 15. Vi chub [acy tam bois ede cap nhiém sic thé tuong dng khong thé xép hing trong giim phan. Bot avenge ao mi hing ao ny At hep vh ahan tao ra hop trtam bo bt vy =m og os 9 CHUONG 16 ‘Cau hoi Tién quan dén hinh Hinh 16.2 Cie te bo Ss6ng trong mau 6 th sin sinh ra niu i bio ‘Sm du nly chira ng tinh tang ca bao S la mot su thay die Uioh di tuyén va dinh chit Khong phi 1a do lop v0 cia t€ bho S di chet duge sit dung li. Minh 16.4. Hat tinh phong xa hic d6 3€ duzc {im thty trong can ly tam chia protein duge dnh ds (10 1) bo he 4 protein 43 x4m nhdp vao tf bio vi Khun va lap winh blo bing ede chi din di truyén cda n6. Git ay thi ta Khd €6 thé ting tame. Cuoe dligu niy, song DNA efing 66 thé pi vai tr eu tnic va gidp bom mot 6 protein vio trong & bio cdn bin thin né dix gid aio ngoai té bio (nbumg néu nhu vay th edn ly thm & 18 2 sé khong c6 hoat tinh phéng x3). Hinh 16.11 Ong nghiém tin sao chép thi nt sé khong thay Ai, nga 1 chi g6m mot bing @ gid tuome ime voi phn i at DNA "SN-HN, nhung Gng nghiem thi hai s khong c6 bing 6 phia tren tuong ting véi hai mach déu mang déng vi abe. Thay vio d3. 6 e6 mot bing 6 indy tuomg tm v6i hai mach déu mang déng v nang gidng abu bing duge dy dag xust hig sau mot chu ky sa0 chép trong mo hinh bio toin, Hinh 16.12 6 béng sao chép phia ttn (hin b), mai ten edn due ‘YE chi vé pati va pha ph tum iin vot hai chae sao chep. Hin 16.14 Nhin vio mbi mach DNA ching ta dfu thy mot iu dage go 13 «fu 5" eb du kia duge goi 8 diu 3°, Ching han, ne nhu ren mach DNAngodi cing ben tri, ching ta dich chuyén tr tiphia du S* v8 pha ‘iu 3° thi tr ty eta ee thinh phn sé 1: nm phosphate —> 5°C (cia diuing) —> 3°C—> phosphate > 5°C -> 3°C. Néu dich chuyén ti pia <4 3" ve pa du 5° tren cng mach, ede thinh phén sé xuthign theo tei iy ngue la: 3°C > $°C-> phosphate, Nhu vay, ¢6 thé phan biet dduge hai chiéu eta mach DNA; Wi vay, ta adi mat mach DNA 66 tinh ‘itn ce. (Xem lai Hinh 165 néu cin) Hinh 16.22 Cie tbo trong thé st bign nly 6616 6 cing sai héng trong giim phn ging véi train ‘hop due tim tht trong thé nghigm my, ching han nu condensin sé Khong tp tring 6 mot ving trong chan nhurbinh thutmg. O thé de bien ‘due m0 trong th nghiem, enzyme kinase bigu ign sai chi ning: 8 tng d9e bikin ma duge phat hig, enzyme kinase Khng phosphoryl hod, «king amino acid vi thie amino acid nay. Tleiebcedundi — AI2 Burge quét bang CamScannerKim tra Khai ni¢m 16.1 ‘Nguyen the Chargaff pt bigu ring: trong phin DNA ty KA Ang THAG hing C; 56 liu thu thap dvd ph hop va nguyen the mby (sat Asch nh nbifu KhA nang 1 do gi han ve RY hat phd heh). 25 Thong 0 hin cia Watson Crick, mai mo A tien ket hydrogen wh mot Tv vty, trong phtn tir DNA ac hep, #0 Img cia ching Ih mg dhe: ia tem tu efing viy ra gid G vi C. 3, Neu hin tng bién nap {hong wy ra tht cht dae tien win ay 48 ho SA etd an ‘dng VA who R odin sting af sng sé I Khang c@ Joa bho mo ed hE pie chet chor igen tra Khat nim 16.2 ‘Nguyen the Ket cap 18 sung ta che ase im thio che hai pha ti DNAcom Iain sno ci XA ch ph ti thin, Khia mach ea ‘hin ti DNA ttn thn tich nha ra, mi mach sf Bim thud A sip {rat ii ceed theo nguyen ie Ke tp ca fe base tt ds hin {inh ng ede mach DNAS sung Mt 2.Enryme DNA pol IT sung {Wen ket cong he tea ee mucleonide vho mach DNA mang tng ‘hap vad sit mdi nucleotide dy sung mio rhe cap cing silta ec base. 3. Vige tng hop mach din dtu dace Khia bhng mot ‘oan mi RNA ws 68 ch Toa bv thay the Bing doan DNA: itu nhy 6 hong vay fa nea DNA pol Thong bu hin che nang. © Winn 16.17. ai ge tri cin chae sao chp, enzyme DNA pol 1x2 thay ‘thee doan moi RNA ten mach din df (mtu A) bing efe nucleotide DNA miu xan. Kiém tra khai nig 16.3 {LMA nucleosome dix tao nt tr 8 tu phn proein histone, gdm 4 Jai tome a miki gd 2 ia pn, dg bao quanh bi DNA. DNA ‘nd Ta doan DNA & gia hai nucleosome. 2. Nauyén nhigm sh fa phn {ht nhigm she gi het dae trong KY trong ian, nh vty bO may bid Iign pene cia t€ bdo 6 thé tgp cn de. Neue Ia, nhi8m sc Tu6n day tame thsi Ket Ae trong soot KY trung gin va cia ch fe gene sma by miy biguhign gene cua t ho Khong tip cin doe. 3. Ging v6i hc histone, ede protein cia E.coli duge cho 18 cha niu amino acid ‘6 tin base (tch dign drm), nha Iysine vA arginine: vi vay cing Tinh thnk cde itn Ket yu v6 eSe nhém phosphate ih dign im ttn {hung dung-phosphate cia phn i DNA Ty kiém tra Lc 2d 3b 4c Sb Bd Ba Be 10. ac Mach vam Deans me Fer paps reten wan A iat mach aban cep CHUONG 17 Caiz hai lién quan én hinh Hiinh 17.2 Con dung chuyén hos dupe gi hit 6 tren s8 sai KEL qui ‘mdi s& tng bo cho con duvmg chuyén hod: tién chit > citrulline > ‘mithrine ~» arginine. Ket qua ny cing chi ra ring cde thé dot bin ‘hom Ibi sai ng & bude Ui hai, cn ede un dot bin nh TE sa bmg & buéc tht nhs. Hinh 17.8 Enzyme RNA polymerase sé dinh ket tye titp vao promoter thay vi phy thuge vio si dinh kt ie J6 cia he yéu 16 Khe. inh 17.24 Phan ti: mRNA & ngoti cing bén phi (phnin tr dai nhat) dupe bat déu phien mi trade tin. Ribosome & ten ‘Ging (gha phan ti DNA nbsi) bit du dich ma trade tin, vi vly chub polypeptide cia n6 di nh Ae13— PhylycA Kida tra khai nigm 17.1 1, Chudi polypeptide gdm 10 amino acid Gly (glycin). Mach then thud 3 TIcAGTCoT- 5 Mach thdng lam khudn: 5!» AAGICAGCA - 3° Trinh tu PDAs 5° AAGUCAGCA - 3° Mach khong lm khudn va mRNA c6 tinh ty base ging nha, chi tT {ren mach DNA khong Him khudn dite thay thé hing U tren mRNA, Mach Lam thud (titer tu hong Lim Hun dhs WS, ioe ve Iai theo chidu 3-25) 3. ACGACTGAA «5 Tinh ty PNA 5 UaCUGACUU-3 Teint ge ch ma ye - STOP - Lew (Lan 18 tinh ty mRNA di song song v6i mach DNA lim khuon.) Phan tr protein duge dich ma ti tinh ty khong lim khuon s€ ¢6 tinh taming ack Khe bigt hoin toin va vi vay chic chin mat chic nang. {Ciinh tu amino acid cia protein niy c6 thé ngn hom do tin hiew ket thie dich mi- STOP- xuat hign sm nhu trvtmg hop néu tren.) im tra kha nigm 17.2 1. Cit hai enzyme déw lip r4p c6c chubi acid nuclei tt ee dom phan nucleotide bang sit dung mot mach khuon DNA dé sip x€p titty ese ‘nucleotide méi dva ten nguyen tic ket cap bé sung gida ede hase. Ci hat déu xe tic phin tng theo chi 5° 3°, d0i song song voi mach fim khuon, DNA polymerase c4n doan mdi, con RNA polymerase 6 thé khdi du tng bgp mot chubi nucleotide wt mot diém xust ph. DNA polymerase siding e4c nucleotide chia thinh phén dime deoxy ribose vi base T, edn RNA polymerase sr dung eé¢ nucleotide chi thinh phén dudng ribose va base U. 2. Promoter (rin ty Khoi du pit mi) Td ving tn DNA & d6 RNA polymerase din két vio va bit {Ubu phien maz nd thudne 6 du ngure dong cia gene (hose mot dem vi phitn mi). 3. Trong tbo vi Khun, RNA polymerase nhan ra promoter tia gene va dinh ket vio. Trong ede tbo sinh vt nhan thye, ed yeu 1 phien ma diéu hod sy din ket cia RNA polymerase vio promoter cia ene. 4. Yeu t6 phien mas khong nhan ra hop TATA va mat khd ning ‘inh ke, vi vay RNA polymerase Khong dinh ket duge vo promoter vi su phien ma gene 6 thé khong xy ra Kim tra khai nig 17.3, 1. Mis du 5" va ui polyA thie Ady vin chuyén phan ti mRNA Khdi shan, bio ve phan tmRNA ki bj bign tinh ba ede enzyme thuy phn ‘8 thie diy su dinh Két cia ribosome vio mRNA. 2.Khi bien tip video. ‘fe dogn phim 6 th duge ft ra v oa be (ging nh ed intron). trong ki ede phn cdn lai duce n6i véi nau (gidng nhu céc exon) md cic ving ni hung khong d8 nhdn ra. 3. 6 dang ghép nd tuong tng vei 6 loai protein c6 thé duge tg0 ra trcing gene d6(2 kha nang vé exon 4 X 3 kha nang vé exon) Kiém tra khai nim 17.4 1, tien, méi mot enzyme aminoaeylRNA synthetase chi nhan bist 3 frreaals: sfals’ jh 20.4 Cie 1¢ bho Khong mang plasmid «é Khong thé moc thin Ate ng Kn ie mys cba tang one Be az bieuin chi nang, Minh 20.10 Nuoi mai dong white. Tach her fins nb dng 6 ding ctng Tog enzyme pit han dak nga {aan ding ban di (Xem inh 20.4) Chay een ime man en ge en {fast hi doan ei DNA wi bang ign di turmg tng ean en pl inh 20.16 Céc nh nghign eva 66 thé ket lun rdng ede te bod biet th rit qun sw phi bigt hos, do vay ching cht to ra mit fot md {hy hal (KEL gaa nly ng WO quan dm khong thé nan in the 8) tinh 20.17 Khong 66 tring dae ey trayén nn mo pt teen anh noe. Naor, etng c6 thé thu cage het qu pdm mgt sO md ca tong nes hss nhau phy thuge vBo nha no dag cay tren. (0 dy {Path e6 mot 86 cdch phan ch diye 4 t€ hho Mh 8 ng the ie fe dt 56 Tdi 6h.) idm tra khai nigm 20.1 4. Lien ket cOng hos tr dung - phosphate tra cde mach eda phan tir DNA. 2.C. Enzyme Pvul s8 eit nh sate s/[ECTTGACGATCGTIACC a] >’ 3 G@GAACTGCTAGCAATGGC [pot SEETIGACGAT|" s'[EGTTACE) 3" sGGAACTGQS! 3 (TAGCAATaad s' 2. Ma s6 gene cin ng qu ond 6 thé KE ho dae vo plasmid Gia Khun Ce #308 kn hi de cing e dé hoan tin ede ‘npien ma RNA tanh mRNA, pay edt dong eDWA (enh {pi nh hon thign RNA) tw Khudn On hit ce enzyme Ue te {Ec gut wns bign a protein sau dich mt vn thet ye 0 potin 8 Sinha han that dat ue trang tht hot dng che nang dng. 4-3 coans ws CCT" im tra khai nigm 20.2 1.Moi enzyme gidi han déu eft DNA he gene tai nhigu diém,t20 nén ‘i 6 Iugmg rt Kim tom img cia ef phan doan edt Khi bi gel dien 4 dage num sau qué trinh dién di, ning phan doan nay 38 xuathign hu me vet di lien tue, chi Khong phn ich thinh ede bang. 2. Tiong «ie phurmg phip thm tich Sourthem, thm téch Northern va phan ich ‘microarray, miu d® dinh daa chi lien ket v6i tinh ty dich dc thd voi nd theo nguyén ti lién kétbé sung gida efc acid nucleic (lai DNA - DNA "rong pong php thm tich Southem va phan tch microarrays lai DNA RNA trong phuome phip thim tich Norther). rong edi tinh ty DNA, cdc m6i bat cip v6i mach khuon qua litn ket bé sung gita cde base 20 {itu kien cho qué tinh tng hop DNA e6 thé bit du. Trong RT-PCR, ‘ie m6i phai bit ep duoc voi cac tinh ty dich cia ching trong hé he DNA cing theo nguyen tic k&tc§p bd sung gida cic base. 3.Neu dig hit quang miu xanh Iye, gene e6 mat & diém 06 chi due bidu hign & 'mo binh thug. Néu diém phét quang mu dd, gene dé chi duve bigu hin & mo ung thy, Néu miu ving, gene 46 duge bigu hign 6 8 hai lai ‘m0. Név mau den, gene d6 khOng duge biéuhign & cd hai loai mo, La ‘bt ngubi nghien edu quan thm dé sph sinh ung tht, ban sé mun ‘im higu v8 ede gene c6 mat 6 eée diém miu ving vi miu xanh lye, bai hing gene nay e6 moc do biéu hign Khe nha & hai loi mo. Mot 55 gene nhu vay 6 thé bigu hin khc nhau 1a do hau qua eva ung ds, hung nhimg gene khéc 6 te a cde gene ely pt sinh ung tht Kiém tra khal nigm 20.3 1-Khong. Bai vi o6 thé c6 nhimg khéc bigt nhd (thm cht 13. ret gly a ‘do moi truimg song khée nhau cia ch 2. Trang thai bign déi chat nhifm sf trong nhn eda té bio éng teu ho 1 rang Khe voi tong ‘hin eda wf bao tng di thy tinh; diéu nay gidi thich tgi sao s6 nbn tir ‘cde 18 bao 6ng tigu hod 6 thé t4i 1ap tinh 1a thalp hom nhiéu. Nguige lai, ht nhidm sie trong nhan cba mdi t bio trong giai dogn bén té blo. Bing v6i nhan tir t€ bao tring da thu tinh hon nhiéu; do vay, n6 6 18 dé tdi Ip trinh qué trinh phat triéa hom nhigu. 3. KP thugt ‘ht trién cho pap chuyén 1 bin HPS & mgt Us hho tuyén tuy (6 thé |hing efch thic dy su biéu hi cia ce gene diéu hn dic tum tuyén ty trom tho} Kiém tra thal nigm 20.4 1. Cfe thio ge tein sinh itn tue. 2. King the ditt 8 King su, thing ben, chiu man. chia made + ang can et hrmg in ‘hang. 3.De virus sim gan AIR virus RNA, ban thd phn Lip RNA trend vi kigm ta c6 hay Bhving RNA ca vive hing mit trong be ‘ich, Cich th it, han chay RNA trém gel diem d 6 tien ha thin tc Norther sf dune cle miu dd 66th tb sung die hiew hed tinh he gene viru vem gan A. Cich hihaiwdung pin ma nee lao cDNA tirefe RNA thu duce trong mis, Chay eDNA tren gel fi hhinhthim tach Southern wh cong cc mau do nh eich thu mht Tay ‘ay, cic hai cich ten dé khong shay hing RT-PCR. Tromg eich thi tay, ban tn hn pir mi ngure: RNA trong mu thin cDNA rt ding PCR dé ahan hin cDNA bing eSch sr dung cde mi die hu ‘ce Inh cia virus vim gan A. Néu chay sin pai PCR trem gel ditn {hiv aut bien bang tei hit hid vis dae ng ho. Tyklém tra Tb ab 3c 4b Ss 6c Te Bd 10, Thu vitn cDNA duve tg0 ra ti edc MRNA cia ce té bo thuy tink thé 6 ngudi chia nhigu bin sao cia mRNA erytallin, CHUONG 21 Cau hoi litn quan dén hinh inh 21.3 Cfe phan doan & sai doan 2 tren inh sing wi cc phn oan & giai doan 2 & Hin 21.2: nhung & hinh nay, thi te taong JS sida efe phan doan 1 chu bet va sé duge xe di sau d3 bg my Wi tinh Neuge si © Minh 212, tage Ki dupe ei tin Wo thi ty ede pibin dan ds due bie tra. (Vide din th ty ede phi doan edn niéu tho gian hon, song vige sp xp li ele winh ty sau do sé nhanh hho.) Hin 21,9 ‘Transposon s ich Khoi DNA tiv tt ge ma Rdg dhe sao chép; vt vay phn (a he my 58 chi e6 Jogn DNA ge Khong ‘mang transposon sau Ki transpocon nay di 8 dh Hinh 21.10 Cae ‘bin pin mii RNA nbo ra tr phan ti DNA tai mBi do vi pie ma & ben tr sé ngin hom so v6 ee bin phien ma 6 ben pha. Bigu ny cho thay, enzyme RNA polymerase Bit Ju ty bent cua dam vi pier md ‘dich chuyén vé pha phil. Minh 21.13 Cie gene gi Khong bigu hien che nang, Ching e6 th xuithign do dot bien @ bin sao thi ha cia zene lam cho sin phim eta bin Sao my mat chi nang. Cie wf dy 68 thé bao gdm su thay thé base bn trong tinh ty md ha Em xu hin ‘gt bo ba ket thie sim hode fim thay J amin acid, hoe Joe big Tam thay i mot vg promoter ea gene din den gene Long cn Gage bigu hin nou. Hinh 21-14 Ty xem mot yéut0 van dog (TE) ton ta trong intron & phat ia exon EGF due v8 ten hin thuge gene EGF va cing chinh TE d6 6 mat wong into & pha tei ea exon F dhoge ¥8 tren inh ea gene fbronectin. Trong qi tinh ti 6 hep & ‘idm phan, ede TE ndy e6 thé Lim eho ede nhiém sic King chy em cia cing e&p nhide ste thé namg dong bit c§p Khong ding ahu dace Vi ttn Hinh 21.12, Mot gene c6 thé ke this bing exon F nlm eagh Teilbicéecauhdt AAG Dugc quét bang CamScanner‘om EGE: Nhimgsai st Khe na vay c6 hE dh ch ay gua ahi {hee 6 th na he uum a exon ly tht y Kha pid cn at «ti gene vA dg dt cans me haa ha ns cn mt eke K. Nin ‘hg, su a ign cn eh tn fp Ta tome ee non via ce tenet too diéu kien hin tmp ten co the dh an ching cho Fh sc thang in cap ad hin hh ‘sit hop exon mx. Minh 21,16 Noir fan dh tt tinh Long gon natn Hi can nt. nn an IM hy ‘em sida protein FOXPD hign dat cn ph protein hy ci nh Unk es bao hie amin ae Khe it vse nh thay i may ih tng the i en en ben cheng ca poten CN ing a i thich sau da the ec 2 amino ai thay’ J) Ban etn it Fang ng neu mang do bi 8 gene ny by a hg nei tone dn Uh nang phi tn mgt npn Dr ay, Ba ene he m6 {im hi xem eu hing dt hte myc Ans dn tng ee aming ac win Whe et gta ngu ¥tinhtin hay khong. Ne dia ny xy th cdc amino acdc Te gmt 4a th a tro rng PIE Ingn choc nang ph tifa mean ng nl cha protein nay. Deep te hu, aco th hn eh sah bit a prfein FOX a tinh tinh sAchugt Ban es the hi: Tithing plone nau hen gta nga vt Tinh tinh hte? (DAG age pa protein my ia eNO WA tinh inh Khic ih mt ami ei te agony nha hon Bian sh von 2 amino ac Khe nha vA eg Whe so 0 gia ng NA chugt ven e6 3 aming seid Me nh) Kigm tra Khai nigen 21.1 1. Tren hin ign ket, tat tyeia e&e gene va che div chun (marker) hic duce sip x¢p tune di so i nhau, song chi e6 khong céch ture di sida ching dive xc dinh, Tren bin d6 vat I, Khong ech thus ce i ht hn ap be Cp), de xe jimh. 2. Phuong php lap bin d6 3 giai doan duce sir dung trong Dy dn THE eee New cc al am apn J tm ee ap Bn 6 vt sau 06 pial tinh ty cfc doan DNA nein, 26% len nau von di dave xe Tap tat ty twome 6 vi nha trade d6 (xem Hinh 21.2). Phuong php ‘si inh ned nhien toin hé gene (whoe-geneome shortgun) bd qua ‘Gi bur lap bin 6 ign ket va ip bin d6 vat I; thay vao 06, ngut ta tin hinh gla tinh t cée phan dan DNA nein duge to ra bai nid ‘enzyme gigi han khie nha, 6i si dung cfc chuong tinh my tinh dé ‘Sip xep tH ty ede phn dogn dva trén céc ving trinh tw g6i len nhaw ‘cia ching. 3.Do hai loai chuot e6 m6i quan he di truyén rt gn eo, inén cic tinh thé gene ea ching duve mong doi sé rat gidng nau ‘Dieu nly’ c6 nghia la 6 thé d6ichieu céc phin doan he gene cia chudt ‘6ng vi he gene cia chugt thi nghiém vn di c6 tat fy duce xc dinh tirtrudc, qua 06 c6 duge nhime thong tn hia ich 4€ sip xép tatty cia ‘ie phn doan trong he gene chugt déng. Noi céch khe, he gene chudt i nhigm eth ue dng hm bin th cho he eee cht dng {qua d6 c6 thé qua mot s6 bute lap bain d6 vat If va di truyén di vi ‘uot déng. Kigm tra kai nigm 21.2 mere! tao dig ign cho vite quy tfc cas dieu nu GeneBank tay ec nputn pn mem nhs BLAST ching e6 thé dae Up cin tac cic fy do Vee teh cde s6 leu daze quy ty vio cing moe atu gp can due qua incmet gop eum iu 16 da ht nang sists ist ani lm id Fie ndy gi lam ing gu gui nein cou Khoa bge, Techn bo nghién cau des co thé dng cde phan mém my Sho’ ny 0h it nga ss ung ede pin mem nen 1. Dieu nly ‘hag ga lang we 05 po bin sO eu va dim lo hi ust chinh sa se. Fiiea se moe deh ahanh nl c6 the. Day Toe Sd resbancb i chiramoesdaiothicnda. 2-Ung beh {ang ei) fol sv ket hop cba niga yeu Neuch tp ung do mot sa tid ntl Nong dyna ic ts 95 gue Yu EF thae A ngay cache eich bis ido kik aha cia chin gene due ghien cou iding sin hoc he tng, do dng theo dt mia yeu ‘hinen cothé plop om his oan dinhon ede nguyen nhan va cach du ent ung thy higw qué nh.” 3. Trude itn DNA sé dae gil tinh {2 zac din xem liu 66 hay Kvn, ce 46 bign trong ving mi os cha rnc ote wong promoter vache envancer chan gay ah huge deh St BS2o tien genes Tron mi trang hop, bin chat sn pm ein gene sé ay bing eich cle ttn amet wong cosa iu acim bite New ce poten amg iych che nang diet dy 8 iin po ve ch ning cus protein ma ban quan tam. New khong, ee ham pp bo sinh va ee phone php Kade ct cuns ap bing Eh chs nang cia protein dng e6 th st dung ede pin mem say inh 6 vo sinh vé pong du dl cba bn vo ce rove tong i 43 bet Ke. Kim tra ksi ni¢m 21.3 (Che edch cét intron khe nhau tir cing mot bin phien ma RNA vi he qui tinh bién 46i eéc chubi polypeptide sau dich ml, 2, C6 thé PhylycA 1 arin wy hoa ton bang ech jencomes”. Tip tue ‘archaeal” va Aim thy ting ec pone da dane hp chudt ivy ding enh “Published Complete hip chuot sin “ongoing. peneames” cia “bacterial karmic” de it se gene dang ep tye dt gi tinh tem torte cic Hn pki vt Khun vk va si at nn that. Cy Chg, in en pa ten ca trang “Published Complete Gencomes" dé het iin he gene A chr gia rin hod tin etia mdi i ph, ian bon th nbsp cht va cot "Size Aé sip xép Ta cc he gene thew hifurtang din vékich ca he gene. Lan chu tren suing dit dé ‘han thy skeet amg do ve Kich e@ he gene cia 3 len pi Tuy Uy. cin nd ring phn lem eae he gene di dave gti rin tv Hoan toan {ehnay Invi khutn), 3.Nhin chung, ec sinh vat han 96 hich thae {ehrnh hom so wi sinh vat nn that vA ching sinh sn bang hin Ave tv phan. Qua tinh ign os Then qian dén age chon fo te mbien nnhank hum: cc tio cing ti in (a0 cep) DNA a phin chia cing nhanh, thi cing e6 ahigw kha ning Ivong cde qui the sinh vt nha so Leone DNA edn phi a0 chep ing fieching sinh sin cing nhanh, Kigm tra khai nigm 21.4 1.56 lume. gene dOng vat 6 vi Ti cao hom va ty Ie DNA khong mi hod eta chung Ta Ton hom. Ngoai ra hin chung su e6 mat ee intron ‘cle gene dong vat 66 vi lam ching e6 ich thude trung binh dai hem Sat vol cde gene ci sinh vt han so. 2. Cae intron nam ri rc gid ‘cic tinh ty ma hos ela gene. Nhiéu bin sao cba ede yeu 16 di trayén ‘an dong phan tin khip he gene. Cie tinh ty DNA lip lai om gin tp trang tal tm dng va cfc du mit hode ket cum tai mot svi tr Khe ne he gene. 3. Tiong ho e4e gene ma hod FRNA, cic dom vi phien ‘ging het nhau chia ba log phn i RNA 2ép lién Ké than choo dt Tap fa en te. So bin sao lm eda ede gene ma hos #RNA sip cho cic ca th sinh vat ludn sin sinh duce moe Tug ln rRNA cin ta nen ‘ic ribosome dim bio cho hoat dong sinh tGng hap protein mot cich Uich eye. Va eich ese gene nly t6 chic thanh mot don vi phien ma duy nha giip duy tr ty Ie tuomg di gida cdc foal RNA mot cBch bop ‘M6i ho gene globin déu gom mot s6 gene Khong hoan toin ging aka. Sir kh bietgita cdc log protein globin do cac gene nay mai hod tyo rén cfc logi phn tir hemoglobin ph hop cho time giai doan phsttrién de nhaw cla ca thé. 4, True hét ban s& kiém tra trinh tu cia gene 445 bing eich dich ma nhim xie dinh xem trong gene c6 nbiu bo ba imi ket the (top codon) khong. Néw khong c6, bude tgp theo ban sé idm tra xem gene d6 c6 duge biéu hign khong. bing cach tién hinh thim Uich Northem hoje lai insitu dé tim mRNA la bin phien ma cia gene dé trong té bao. iém tra kha nigm 21.5 1. Néu sais xy arong gm phan hai bin sao ca cing he gene duce Xi i trong mot tbo day ahd. Ce 16 xdy ratrong qua tinh tao di cho ghim phn 6 thé dn dén mot doan DNA bi lap ki trong Khi mot dan Kade ed thé bj mtd. Trong qu trnh sao chép DNA. hign twong tect nguge chiéu mach Khudn cung e6 thé dn den lap doan DNA. 2. ‘Doi vot ed 2 pene, mot Ii tong gus inh tro Gi chéo 6 gm phn thé wut hi gia hat bn sao ea gene 06; hau qua nh thnh mot gene o6 exon lip Ta. Hign tuxmg nay c6 thé xiy a nhieu lim din én {bi gene 0 nhiéu bin sao cba mot exon nhatdinh. 3. Cac yéu 16 di tnuyén van dng 6 tin ty tuong dng phan tan khip hé gene to diéu ign cho sy tit hap 66th xay ra pla ede nhiém Sie the Khe nha (khong twang dng). Su van dong cba ede yeu 6 nay vio ese ving tinh {w dius hoa hay mat hos eta gene 6 the Lm thay doi su bidu hen ia ene. Cf yéa tui tuyen van dng e6 thé mang theo cde gene. dn dé Sur phan tin mdi cha cde gene vA trong mot s6 tng hyp dnd kiga fr hign mdi eda ching. Neu yeu 16 di truyén van dong van chuyén theo exon vi eA né v0 mo gene th nd e6 thé bs sung thm mot mien ‘cide nang'moi vio phan tr protein g6e ban din; dy ta mot Kieu x0 ‘exon 4.Dos6con Guge sinh ra ning ngub me mang dio doan nly hig ho, nen dt bien my hin phi e6 tw th nod. (Tron the te ng chim nghien edu i dua ee nh Khoa hoe dén ke un ring Ie or bign nly dang teptve tang &quin the nghin cau. Ching tase cap dén lt ruyén hge quan the 6 phtn sau cba euda sich.) Kim tra khai nigm 21.6 1,Do ngudi vA khidéu 1 inh truimg, nén 06 thé dy dosn he gene newt vi khi ging nhau ohiéu hem so véi gia he gene khi va chuot. Dong tia hho tich fy eta chugt xusthign trade khi dng tién hos eda khi va ng Lich ly khOi nau, 2. Cie gene digu khign pst tin gia hai lai khie hau 6 ee trnh tw khong thude homeobox: nhing trinh ty nay xe din ‘mi twong tae pita sin phdm cha gene digu khién pht trién voi cc ye 16 phign ma klie va qua dé xc dinh gene mio duge difu hod bii ese sgzene diéu khign phat trign, Cac tinh ty khong thude homeobox ca hai Jodi It khdc nhau, cing nhur ede kigu bigu hign cla ede gene homeobox kfc nhau, 3. Do nguyén nhan ndo dé, ede yéu t6 Alu hin da van Dugc quét bang CamScanner