Chap 8

Location Planning and Analysis

Topic no 1 # Need for location decision

1. Marketing strategy:

Mojooda organizations ka mukhtalif reasons ki bina par location decisions lena zaroori hota hai.

Bank, fast-food chains, supermarkets aur retail stores jaisi companies locations ko marketing strategy
ka hissa samajhti hain aur woh locations talash karti hain jo unhe apni market ko barhany mein
madad de.

2. Growth of demand:

Agar koi organization apni products ya services ki demand mein izafa dekhta hai jo ki maujooda
location mein puri nahi kiya ja sakta, toh aik naye location ko maujooda system ki complement ke tor
par shamil karna aik mufeed option hota hai.

3. Depletion of resources:

“Depletion” ka matlab hota hai “ kisi cheez ki bohat zyada kami ya reduction ke baaais khatam ho
jana.Agar koi company basic inputs ki depletion ki wajah se location decisions lena padta hai, jaise
keh machli ya jungle ki depletion, toh woh naye location par relocate hona par sakta hai. Mining aur
petroleum operations bhi aise hi situation se guzar sakte hai, lekin usually longer time horizon ke
saath

4. Cost of doing business:

Kuch companies ko agar markets mein koi shift ho jaye ya phir kisi particular location mein business
karne ke costs bohat high ho jayein toh woh relocation ko consider kar sakte hain. Aisa karne se unko
kuch aur locations zyada attractive dikhte hain.

Relocation means ksi dari jgah move krna apna business.

TOPIC NO 2 # THE NATURE OF LOCATION DECISIONS

• Strategic Importance of Location Decisions

o Location decisions aur organization ke strategies closely linked hote hain. Jaise koi
organization low-cost producer ban’na chahta hai toh woh labor ya material costs low wali
jagah pe ya phir markets ya raw materials ke near locate ho sakta hai, taa ke transportation
costs reduce ho saken. Agar koi organization profits increase karna chahta hai market share
ko increase krke toh woh high-traffic areas mein locate ho sakta hai. Agar koi organization
customer convenience emphasize karta hai, toh woh apni business ke liye bohat se locations
rakh sakta hai jahan customers apni transactions ya purchases kar saken (e.g., branch banks,
ATMs, service stations, fast-food outlets).
(”Customer convenience par emphasize” ka matlab hai customer ke liye cheezein asaan aur
convenient banane par focus karna.)
 o “Location choices” ka matlab hota hai “jagah chunna”. Yeh jagah chunna organization ki
“capacity” aur “flexibility” ko impact kar sakta hai (asar krskta hai(. Kuch jagah aisi hoti hain
jahan space constraints ki wajah se future mein expansion options limit ho sakte hain. Iske
alawa, local restrictions kuch products ya services ke types ko restrict kar sakte hain, jisse
new products or services ke future options ko limit kar diya ja sakta hai.
(“Space constraints” ka matlab hota hai “jagah ki kami”. Yeh organization ke paas limited
space hone ki wajah se hota hai, jisse future mein expansion options ko limit kiya ja sakta
hai.)

o “Location decisions” ka matlab hota hai “jagah chunna”. Yeh organization ke liye strategic
decisions hote hain. Ek wajah hai ki yeh decisions long-term commitment ke saath hote hain,
jisse mistakes ko overcome krna khtm krna uspr kaabu pana difficult ho sakta hai. Iske alawa,
location decisions investment requirements, operating costs, revenues aur operations par
impact daal sakte hain. Agar location choice poor hota hai, toh zyada transportation costs,
qualified labor yaani experience wale labours ki kami , loss of competitive advantage,
inadequate supplies of raw materials, ya kuch aur conditions ho sakte hain jisse operations
ko nuksaan pohochta hai. Services ke liye, poor location se customers km ho skty hain aur
high operating costs ho sakte hain. Manufacturing aur services dono ke liye location
decisions competitive advantage par significant impact daal sakte hain. Aur location
decisions ka ek aur reason hai ki yeh supply chains ke liye strategic important hote hain.

Objectives of Location Decisions

1. Profit-oriented:

Profit oriented organizations apne decisions ko profit potential ke upar base karte hain jabki
nonprofit organizations cost aur customer service level ke beech balance achieve karne ki koshish
karte hain. Sabhi organizations ka yeh seemit nahi hai ki woh "best" location ko identify karne ki
koshish karenge.

2. No single location may be better than others:

Kuch instances mein, ek single location se koi bhi aur significantly better nahi ho sakta.

3. Identify several locations from which to choose:

Kai successful organizations ke wide variety of locations ke through dekhne par pata chalta
hai ki numerous acceptable locations hote hain. Iske alawa, best location ko find karne ke liye
examine kiye jaane waale possible locations ka number bahut zyada ho sakta hai jisse
exhaustive search practical nahi ho sakta. Isliye, most organizations ek best location ko
identify karne ki intention ke saath nahi set out karte; balki woh ek number of acceptable
locations dhundhne ki umeed rakhte hain.

4. Role in supply chain matter:

Location criteria kisi business ke supply chain me kahan hai us par depend karte hain. Jaise
ki, ek chain ke retail end par, site selection accessibility, consumer demographics (population
 density, age distribution, average buyer income), traffic patterns, aur local customs par zyada
focus karta hai. Ek supply chain ke beginning me ke businesses, agar woh raw materials ko
supply kar rahe hain, toh woh raw materials ke source ke paas hi locate hote hain. Ek chain
ke middle me ke businesses, circumstances ke basis par, unke suppliers ke paas ya unke
markets ke paas locate ho sakte hain. For example, goods ko store aur distribute karne wale
businesses often distribution costs ko minimize karne ke liye central location choose karte
hain.

5. Web based business:

Web-based retail businesses location decisions ke upar kaafi kam dependent hote hain; woh
kisi bhi jagah exist kar sakte hain.

 LOCATION OPTIONS
Location planning ke liye, existing companies ke managers generally 4 options consider karte
hain.

1. Expand an existing facility:

Agar ksi facility ko expand karne ke liye adequate yaani k enough room hai toh yeh option
attractive ho sakta hai, especially agar location me desirable features available hain jo kisi aur
jagah par available nahi hai.

(Desirable features ka matlab hota hai koi aisi facility jo ki location ke liye desirable ho, jaise
ki transportation, raw materials, skilled labor, ya phir tax incentives.)

2. Add new locations while retaining existing ones:

Retail operations me, naye locations add karke existing ones (mojuda) ko retain
(hasil) karna ek common option hai. Is option ko choose karne ke liye total system ka
impact consider karna essential hota hai. Ek shopping mall me ek new store open
karna existing store in the same chain is se customers ko attract kar sakta hai,. Lekin,
locations add karna market share maintain karne ya competitors ko market me enter
hone se prevent karne ke liye defensive strategy bhi ho sakta hai.
Example: Retail operations me, ek example "McDonald's" hai. McDonald's ne naye
locations add karke existing ones ko retain kiya hai. Yeh ek defensive strategy hai jo
competitors ko market me enter hone se prevent karta hai..

3. Shut down at one location and move to one another:

Kabhi kabhi kisi organization ko apni ek location ko band karke dusri location pe
move karna zaroori hota hai. Iske peeche kuch reasons hote hain jaise ke markets me
shift hona, raw materials ki kami aur operations ke costs. Is option ko seriously
consider karna zaroori hota hai kyunki yeh costs aur benefits ko weigh karna hota
((“Weigh karna” ka matlab hai ki kisi cheez ke fayde aur nuksaan ko compare karna.
Is tarah se kisi decision ko lene se pehle, us decision ke fayde aur nuksaan ko
consider karke uska faisla lena “weigh karna” kehlata hai..))

4. Do nothing:
Agar kisi organization ko potential locations ka detailed analysis karne ke baad koi
benefits nahi milte hain jisse unme se koi bhi option attractive ho, toh woh status
 quo ko maintain karne ka faisla le sakta hai, kam se kam for the time being. Iska
matlab hai ke agar kisi organization ko koi bhi location shift karne se fayda nahi ho
raha hai, toh woh abhi ke liye apni current location pe hi kaam karna jari rakhega.

TOPIC NO 3 # GLOBAL LOCATIONS:

Globalization ne naye markets khole hain aur isne manufacturing aur service operations ko duniya
bhar mein phailane ka matlab bhi bana diya hai. Saath hi saath, kayi companies apne operations ko
foreign locations mein outsource kar rahi hain. Pehle, companies ek single country mein apne “home
base” se operate karti thi. Lekin ab, companies apne operations ko globalize karne ke strategic aur
tactical reasons dhoondh rahi hain. Jab wo is tarah se karte hain, toh kuch companies isse profit bhi
kar rahi hain, jabki kuch companies ko yeh kaam mushkil lag raha hai, aur saare companies ko global
operations ko manage karne ke issues se deal karna padta hai. Is section mein, hum globalization ke
reasons, benefits, disadvantages, risks aur global operations ko manage karne ke issues ko examine
karenge.

 .Facilitating Factors

Business organizations ke liye globalization ko attractive banane mein kayi factors hain. Inme se do
key factors hain trade agreements aur technological advances. Iska matlab hai ke business
organizations ke liye globalization kaamyaab ho raha hai kyunki trade agreements aur technological
advances ki wjha iska kaam possible ho raha hai.

Trade Agreements.

International trade ke (barriers) rukawaton jaise tariffs aur quotas ko North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), aur U.S.-China Trade Relations
Act jaise trade agreements ke zariye kam ya khatam kar diya gaya hai. European Union ne bhi kayi
trade barriers ko drop kar diya hai aur World Trade Organization free trade ko facilitate karne mein
madad kar raha hai. Iska matlab hai ke trade agreements ke zariye international trade ke barriers ko
kam ya khatam kar diya gaya hai, aur isse free trade ko facilitate kiya ja raha h

technology.

Communication aur information sharing mein technological advances kafi helpful sabit hue hain.
Inme faxing capability, e-mail, cell phones, teleconferencing, aur the Internet shaamil hain. Iska
matlab hai ke communication aur information sharing mein technological advances ne kafi madad ki
hai jaise faxing capability, e-mail, cell phones, teleconferencing, aur the Internet.

Benifits:

Companies globalizing their operations ke kafi benefits discover kar rahe hain. Yahan kuch benefits ki
list hai, lekin yeh yaad rakhna zaroori hai ke har situation mein yeh benefits apply nahi hote.

1. Markets.
 Companies apne goods aur services ke liye markets ko expand karne ke opportunities
dhoondhte hain, saath hi local needs ko better serve karne ke liye bhi, aur problems occur
hone par jaldi response time dene ke liye bhi.
2. Cost savings.
Companies apni production facilities ko lower-cost countries mein shift kar ke transportation
costs, labor costs, raw material costs aur taxes mein se kuch areas mein cost saving kar sakte
hain. Isi wajah se kuch German companies ne bhi apni production facilities ko lower-cost
countries mein shift kiya hai.
3. Legal and regulatory:
Kuch countries mein liability aur labor laws more favorable ho sakti hain, aur environment
aur other regulations bhi less-restrictive ho sakte hain.
4. Financial:
Companies ko currency changes ke impact se bachne ke liye goods ek country mein produce
kiye jate hain aur phir dusre countries mein sell kiye jate hain. Governments incentives offer
karte hain businesses ko attract karne ke liye jisse jobs create hote hain aur local economy
boost hoti hai. Example ke liye, Nissan ne Mississippi mein assembly plant build kiya aur
Mercedes ne Alabama mein assembly plant build kiya.
5. Others:
Globalization products aur services ke liye new sources of ideas provide kar sakta hai,
operations ke liye new perspectives provide kar sakta hai, aur problems ke solutions provide
kar sakta hai.

Disadvantages:
1. Transportation costs.
Poor infrastructure ya phir great distances ki wjha se high transportation costs ho sakte
hain aur resulting costs labor aur materials costs ki savings ko offset kar sakte hain.
2. Security costs.
Increased security risks or theft costs increase kar sakte hain. International borders ki
security bhi slow shipments ko dsre countries mein bhejne mein madad karti hai.
3. Import restrictions.
Kuch countries manufactured goods ke importation par restrictions laga dete hain, isliye
local suppliers se lena is problem ko avoid karne mein help karta hai.
4. Criticism
Critics kehte hain ke cost savings sweatshops jaise unfair practices se generate kiye jaate
hain, jahaan employees ko low wages diye jaate hain aur poor conditions mein kaam
karne ko kaha jaata hai. Child labor ka use karna bhi is tarah se cost savings generate
karne ki ek practice hai. Iske alawa companies countries mein operate karte hain jahaan
environmental requirements kam stringent hote hain.
((Stringent ka matlab hai ki koi rule ya regulation bahut hi strict aur rigid hai, jiske follow
karne mein bahut hi kam flexibility hoti hai.))

RISKS
1. Political.
Political instability aur political unrest personnel safety aur assets ki safety ke liye risk
create kar sakte hain. Iske alawa, government facilities ko nationalize karne ka decision le
sakti hai, jiske baad facilities government ke control mein aa jaate hain. (Nationalization,
civil war)
2. Terrorism.
Terrorism aaj bhi duniya ke kai hisson mein ek threat hai, jiske wajah se personnel
aur assets risk mein rehte hain aur domestic personnel ka willingness kuch areas
mein travel karne ya kaam karne mein decrease ho jata hai.
(Gawadar, quetta, mumbai attacks)

3. Economic.
Economic instability inflation ya deflation create kar sakti hai, jiski wajah se
profitability negative impact mein aa sakti hai.
(hyper inflation and currency deterioration)

4. Legal.
Laws aur regulations change ho sakte hain, jiski wajah se key benefits reduce ho
sakte hain.
(Reducing pollution, duties)

5. Ethical. Corruption aur bribery kuch countries mein common hote hain, lekin kuch
companies ke home country mein illegal hote hain (jaise ki United States mein). Isse
kai issues create ho sakte hain, jaise ki bribery ke bina operations maintain kaise
karein aur employees ko isse kaise prevent karein, especially jab woh local origin ke
hote hain aur business ko iss tarah se conduct karne ke aadi hote hain. (Corruption
and bribery)

6. Cultural.
Cultural differences real hote hain aur apparent se zyada important hote hain.
Walmart ne Japan mein stores open karne par yeh fact discover kiya ki low-cost
items ke reputation ke bawajood, Japanese consumers low cost ko low quality se
associate karte hain, isliye Walmart ko Japanese market ke liye apni strategy rethink
karni padi.
(MCdonalds, pepsi, walmark. Ikea, gerber baby food, middle east , french boycott,
chevvy nova).

Managing Global Operations

 Miscommunication, trust, language and culture:

Global operations ke kai benefits hote hain, lekin yeh operations often management
ke liye new issues create karte hain. For example, language aur cultural differences
miscommunication ke risk ko increase karte hain aur business relationships mein
trust develop karna bhi interfere kar sakte hain.

 Management styles
Management styles ka tareeqa mukhtalif mumalik me alag ho sakta hai, is liye koi
tareeqa jis trah kaam karta hai aik mumalik me, wo dusre mumalik me kaam na
karay.
  Increased travel distance:
Agar kisi kaam ke liye bohat door jana paray to logon ko milna kam ho jata hai. Alag
alag jagahon ke kaam ko milana mushkil ho sakta hai.

 Corruption and bribery:

Managers ko corruption aur bribery se deal karna parh sakta hai sath hi kaam karne
ke tariqon me farq bhi ho sakta hai.

 Level of technology
Technology ka level kam ho sakta hai aur technology ke tabdeeli ke khilaf log ziadah
resistance dikha saktay hain, jis se naye technologies ko integrate karna mushkil ho
jata hai.

 Domestic personnel resistance:

Domestic personnel waqai me kisi aur jagah par relocation karna pasand nahi karte,
kuch waqat ke liye bhi.
*((Resistance ka matlab hota hai kisi cheez ko manne ya uske mutabiq amal karne se
inkar karna.
*Integrate ka matlab hota hai kisi cheez ko milana ya jorhna))

TOPIC NO # 4. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR MAKING LOCATION DECISIONS

Kisi organization ke location decisions parhne ka tareeqa uss ke size aur operations
ke nature ya scope par depend karta hai. New ya small organizations usually location
decisions ko informally approach karte hain. New firms typically kisi area me locate
hote hain just because owner wahan rehta hai. Similarly, small firms ke managers
operations ko apni locality me hi rakhna chahte hain, is liye they tend to focus almost
exclusively on local alternatives. Large established companies, particularly those that
already operate in more than one location, tend to take a more formal approach.
Iske ilawa, woh usually a wider range of geographic locations ko consider karte hain.
Yahan discussion mainly formal approach to location decisions ke bare me hai.

Location decisions banane ke liye general procedure usually in steps se consist karta
hai:
1. Evaluate karne ke liye criteria decide karna, jaise increased revenues ya
community service.
2. Important factors ko identify karna, jaise markets ya raw materials ka location.
3. Location alternatives develop karna:

a. Location ke liye koi ek country ya countries identify karna.

b. Location ke liye ek general region identify karna.
c. Kuch hi community alternatives ko identify karna.
d. Community alternatives me se site alternatives ko identify karna.
4. Alternatives ko evaluate karna aur selection karna.

TOPIC NO #5 IDENTIFYING A COUNTRY, REGION, COMMUNITY, AND SITE

Location decision lene me kai factors ka influence hota hai. Manufacturing aur services me farq hota
hai. Manufacturing me inventory, energy, transportation aur raw material availability important hote
hain. Services me traffic, convenience aur market proximity ko dhyan me rakha jata hai. Jab
organization important factors ko decide kar leta hai, toh suitable alternatives ko ek hi geographic
region me dhundne ki koshish karta hai.

 Identify a country:

Har country ke apne potential benefits aur risks hote hain aur decision makers ko bilkul clear hona
chahiye ki woh benefits aur risks kya hai aur unke occurrence ki likelihood kya hai, taki woh informed
judgment kar saken ki woh country me location lena desirable hai ya nahi. Global operations ke
previous section me kuch important issues note kiye gaye hain.

((“Occurrence likelihood” ka matlab hai ki koi event ya situation kitni baar ho sakta hai ya kitne
chances hote hain ki woh ho sakta hai. Yeh kisi bhi situation ya event ke hone ke chances ko indicate
karta hai.))

Low labor (kam mazdoori) ke faide ke bare me sochne se pehle, dusre factors ko bhi dhyan me
rakhna zaroori hai. Jaise ki kam mazdoori ke sath sath kam mazdoori productivity bhi ho sakti hai jo ki
domestic production se bhi zyada cost kar sakti hai. Transportation costs bhi ek factor hai jisme
longer distances ke liye zyada cost lagta hai. Isse low wage benefit offset ho sakta hai. Longer
transport time se supply chain inventory increase hota hai aur agility reduce hoti hai. Ek aur factor
hai currency and exchange rate risk jisme ek country me production ho raha hai aur dusre country
me buying ya selling ho rahi hai. Companies ko wo country ki currency me business karna padta hai
jisme wo involved hai. Lekin ek country ki currency ka value fluctuate hota hai, isse exchange rates
bhi fluctuate hote hain, jisse supplies ka cost aur sales ke profit par effect padta hai jab wo dusre
country me convert karte hain jaha company located hai.
isko table ko ratta lga leina laazmi

 Identifying a region:

Kisi region ko identify karne ke liye kch primary factors hote hain raw materials, markets aur labor
considerations.

1. Locations of raw material:

Raw materials ki location identify karne ke liye, firms raw materials ke source ke pass ya uske near me
locate karte hain, aur isme kuch primary reasons hote hain: necessity, perishability aur
transportation costs. Mining operations jo hain wo, farming, forestry, and fishing necessity ke under
aate hain. In operations ko raw materials ke near locate karna zaroori hota hai. Canning ya freezing of
fresh fruits and vegetables, processing of dairy products, baking, aur aise industries ko perishability
ko bhi consider karna padta hai jab wo location ko consider karte hain. Transportation costs
industries me important hote hain jaha processing raw materials ke bulk ko eliminate karta hai, jisse
processed product ya material ko transport karna kam cost me possible ho jata hai. Inputs different
locations se aate hain toh kuch firms sources ka geographic center ke pass locate karte hain. Steel
producers coal aur iron ore ke large quantities ka use karte hain, aur bahut se producers Appalachian
coal fields aur iron ore mines ke bich me locate hote hain. Transportation costs vendors ko often unke
major customers ke pass locate hone ke reason bante hain. Regional warehouses supermarkets aur
other retail operations ke dwara multiple outlets ko supply karne ke liye use kiye jate hain. Often,
new locations aur additional warehouses ke choice existing warehouses ya retail outlets ke locations
ko reflect karte hain.

2. Locations to market:
Profit-oriented firms apni competitive strategy ke part ke tor par frequently markets ke near
locate karte hain jaha wo serve karna chahte hain, jabki nonprofit organizations apni services
ke users ke needs ke relative locations choose karte hain. Other factors me distribution costs
ya finished product ki perishability bhi include hoti hai.
**((Perishability ka matlab hota hai ki kuch products (jaise ki fresh food) ka quality aur
freshness time ke sath kam ho jata hai.))**

Kuch firms apni products ki perishability ke wajah se markets ke near locate karna zaroori
hote hain, jaise ki bakeries, flower shops, aur fresh seafood stores. Distribution costs dusre
firms ke liye closeness to market me main factor hote hain. For example, sand and gravel
dealers usually serve a limited area because of the high distribution costs associated with
their products. Kuch firms close customer contact require karte hain, so they too tend to
locate within the area they expect to serve. Locations of many government services are near
the markets they are designed to serve.

3. Labor factors
Labor factors me sab se important cheezein mehnat ki qeemat aur mehnat ki dastiyaabiyat,
mazdooron ki tankhwah ke rates, mazdooron ki kar amadni aur kaam ke attitude aur ye hai
ke kya unions aik serious masla ban sakte hain. Kuch companies new employees ko train krne
ki bjaye previous experience pr depend nahi krna pasand krti hain. Increasing specialization
ke sath sath ye possibility bhi barh jati hai ke companies new employees ko train kren.
Scientific aur technical logon ki zyada tadaad wale areas ko kuch companies prefer krti hain.

Mazdooron ke attitudes turnover, absenteeism aur similar factors ke baray mein potential
locations mein different ho sakte hain. Workers in large urban centers ki attitudes workers in
small towns ya rural areas se different ho sakti hain. Mazdooron ke attitudes different
countries ya different parts of the country mein bhi different ho sakte hain. Kuch companies
apni current employees ko jobs offer krti hain agar woh new location mein move kren. Lekin
kuch cases mein employees move krne mein reluctant hote hain, especially jab woh apni
families aur friends ko chor ke move krte hain. Families with two wage earners mein
relocation ka matlab hota hai ke aik wage earner ko job chor dena hoga aur phir new location
mein aik aur job dhundna hoga.

 Identifying communities:
Community consideration mein
1. employment,
2. CSR ( ka matlab hota hai Corporate Social Responsibility. Ye companies ke liye important
hai ke woh social aur environmental concerns ko consider kren aur apni practices ko
improve kren. CSR aik voluntary activity hai aur companies apni community ke liye
 socially responsible activities krte hain. Ye activities social welfare, environmental
conservation, aur community development ko focus krte hain.)
3. level of noise traffic ya pollution ke baray mein attitude,
4. community resistance for development uproar, Community resistance for development
uproar ka matlab hota hai ke community ke members kisi development project ke khilaf
hote hain aur is ke khilaf protest kren. Jab koi company ya corporation kisi development
project ko launch krta hai to community ke members is project ke effects ke baray mein
concerned hote hain. Agar unhe lagta hai ke project negative effects jaisay environmental
pollution, noise pollution, ya kuch aur negative impact produce krega to woh is project
ke khilaf ho jate hain aur is ke khilaf protest krte hain. Is tarah community resistance for
development uproar ka zahir hota hai.

5. community ki desireability jaise education, size aur financial condition matter krti hai.
6. Microfactories response time ko kam krne ke liye use ki jati hain. Microfactory aik chota
factory hota hai jis ka product focus narrow hota hai aur ye major markets ke qareeb
hota hai. Ye factory aam tor par aik specific product ki manufacturing krta hai. Ye
factories response time ko kam krne ke liye use ki jati hain aur ye major transportation
networks ke qareeb hota hain.

Community consideration ka matlab hota hai ke aik company ya corporation ko apni

community ke baray mein sochna chahiye aur community ke needs aur concerns ko
consider krna chahiye. Ye companies ke liye important hai ke woh community ke sath aik
mutually beneficial relationship maintain kren.

Ethical issues :
Location searches ke doran ethical issues ho skte hain, is liye companies aur
governments ke liye policies ko place krna zaroori hai, aur negotiations (muzakrat) ke
doran ethical ke pehlu ko mind mein rakhna bhi zaroori hai. Governments companies ko
incentives (reward) offer krte hain taake woh apne area mein locate hon, taake promised
benefits hasil kr saken. Companies ko ye dhyan rakhna chahiye ke woh promises na krein
jo woh deliver na kr saken. Government negotiators (muzaakrat) taxpayers ke liye aik
agreement hasil krne ke liye strive krna chahiye aur long-term arrangements ke
negotiations(muzakrat) krte waqt extreme caution ko use krna chahiye. Behind-the-
scenes payments ya favors ko bhi issue mana jata hai.

 Identify sites:
Site ka identify karna matlab hota hai ke aik jagah ko choose karna jahan aik company ya
industry ko establish karna hai. Is process mein zameen, transportation, aur zoning ya
other restrictions ko consider karna zaroori hota hai. Potential sites ko evaluate karne ke
liye engineers ya architects se consult karna bhi zaroori ho sakta hai, especially heavy
manufacturing ya large buildings ko erect karne ke liye. Soil conditions, load factors, aur
drainage rates bhi critical factors hote hain aur is evaluation ke liye kuch experts ki
zaroorat hoti hai. Zameen ke costs ke ilawa bhi kuch aur site-related factors hote hain
jaise ke future expansion ke liye room, current utility and sewer capacities, aur sufficient
parking space for employees and customers. Zyada se zyada firms ke liye access roads for
trucks or rail spurs bhi important hote hain.
Industrial parks light manufacturing, assembly, warehouse operations, aur customer
service facilities ke liye firms ke liye worthy alternatives ho skte hain. Aam tor par,
zameen pehle hi develop ho chuki hoti hai – power, water, aur sewer hookups ko attend
kiya gya hota hai, aur zoning restrictions ko special attention ki zaroorat nahi hoti.
Negative side mein, industrial parks company ke conduct krne ke kis qism ke activities pe
restrictions lga skte hain, jisse firm ke products aur services ke future development ke
options aur processes ko consider krne ke options ko limit kr skta hai. Kabhi kabhi
buildings ke size, shape, aur architectural features ko govern krne wale stringent
regulations managerial choice ko limit krte hain. Iske ilawa, possible future expansion ke
liye adequate allowance nahi ho skta. Firms ke executives ke liye jo frequently travel krte
hain, unke liye airport ya train station ke size aur proximity ke sath-sath travel
connections important ho skte hain, lekin schedules aur connections change ke subject
hote hain.

Is table ko ratta mar leina lazmi

Topic no #multiple plant manufacturing strategies:

Jab companies ke paas multiple manufacturing facilities hote hain, to wo operations ko

kai tarikon se organize kr skti hain. Ek tareeka hai ki alag-alag plants ko alag-alag product
lines ke liye assign kiya jaye. Dusra hai ki alag-alag market areas ko alag-alag plants ke liye
assign kiya jaye. Aur teesra hai ki alag-alag processes ko alag-alag plants ke liye assign
kiya jaye. Har strategy kuch cost aur managerial implications ke sath-sath competitive
advantages bhi carry krti hai.

1. Product Plant Strategy.

 Is strategy ke sath, poori products ya product lines ko separate plants mein produce
kiya jata hai, aur har plant aam tor par poore domestic market ko supply krta hai. Ye
aam tor par decentralized approach hai, jisme har plant ek narrow set of
requirements pe focus krta hai, jisme labor, materials, aur equipment specialization
along product lines ke sath hoti hai.
Tafseel se bataya jaye to, tajurba karda logon ki madad se kisi aik kaam par tawajjah
dena, jis se kharche kam hote hain, aur is se bari miqdar mein kaam hota hai. Plant ki
jagah wasee taur par phaili hui ho sakti hai ya phir ek doosre ke nazdeek cluster kiya
ja sakta hai.

2. Market area plant strategy:

Is strategy ke mutabiq, plants kisi khas ilaqe (jaise West Coast, Northeast) ki market
ke liye design kiye jate hain. Har ek plant company ke zyadatar ya tamam products ko
produce karta hai aur limited geographical area ko supply karta hai. Shipping costs ke
liye significant savings ki jaa sakti hain. Is arrangement me rapid delivery aur local
needs ke response ka faida hota hai. Yeh approach changing market conditions ke
liye centralized coordination ki zaroorat rakhta hai.

3. Process plant strategy:

Is strategy me, different plants process ke different aspects par concentrate karte
hain. Is approach ko automobile manufacturers aksar use karte hain, jisme engines,
transmissions, body stamping aur radiators ke liye different plants hote hain. Yeh
approach products ke liye best suited hai jo numerous components ke saath hote
hain. Coordination of production throughout the system ka major issue hota hai aur
highly informed, centralized administration ke zariye effective operation achieve kiya
ja sakta hai. Is approach ka key benefit yeh hai ki individual plants highly specialized
hote hain aur volumes generate karte hain jo economies of scale yield karte hain.
Lekin, yeh approach usually additional shipping costs ke saath associated hota hai.

4. General-Purpose Plant Strategy

Is me, plants flexible hote hain aur ek range of products ko handle karne ke capable
hote hain. Is approach se product ya market changes ke quick response ka faida hota
hai, lekin yeh focused approach se less productive ho sakta hai.
 isko b prh leina sai se

topic no # Geographic information system

Geographic Information System (GIS) ek computer-based tool hai jo maps par demographic data ko
collect, store, retrieve aur display karne ke liye use hota hai.

GIS ek integrated system hai jis mein computer hardware, software, data aur trained personnel
shaamil hotay hain jo geographically referenced information ko available karnay mein madad kartay
hain.
Yahan kuch tareeqe hain jin se businesses geographical information systems ka use karte hain:

• Logistics companies
(Logistics companies apni fleet activities jaise routes aur schedules plan karne ke liye GIS data ka use
karte hain jis mein un ke customers ki locations shaamil hoti hain.)

• Magazines aur newspapers ke publishers circulation ko analyze aur advertisers ko attract karne ke
liye GIS ka use karte hain.

•(Real estate companies heavily GIS ka use karte hain takay maps online available ho saken
prospective home and business buyers ke liye.)

●(Banks GIS ka use karte hain takay wo decide kar sakain ke branch banks kahan locate kiye jayen
aur different market segments ki composition aur needs ko samajh sakain.)
• . (Insurance companies GIS ka use karte hain takay wo determine kar sakain premiums based on
population distribution, crime figures, and likelihood of natural disasters jaise ke flooding in various
locations, aur risk ko manage kar sakain.)

• (Retailers geographic locations mein sales, customers, aur demographics ke information ko link kar
saktay hain planning locations ke liye. They also use a GIS to develop marketing strategies and for
customer mapping, site selection, sales projections, promotions, and other store portfolio
management applications.)

• Utility companies GIS ka use karte hain to balance supply and demand, and identify problem areas.

Topic no ## Service and retail location

manufacturing companies generally cost-focused hoti hain aur unko labor, energy, material costs aur
distribution costs ki fikar hoti hai. Service aur retail businesses revenue-focused hoti hain aur unko
demographics, competition aur customer access ki fikar hoti hai. Retail sales aur services market ke
center mein usually hoti hain jaise keh fast-food restaurants, service stations, dry cleaners aur
supermarkets.
Aksar aisi businesses hoti hain jin ki products aur competitors ki products itni similar hoti hain keh
woh apni convenient location ko highlight karte hain. Is liye, yeh businesses high population densities
ya high traffic wali locations ki talaash karte hain. Banks, hotels and motels, auto repair shops,
drugstores, newspaper aur shopping centers ki location bhi competition/convenience factor par
depend karti hai. Doctors, dentists, lawyers, barbers, aur beauticians bhi typically limited area ke
clients ko serve karte hain.
Retail aur service organizations traffic volume aur convenience ko typically important factors ki list ke
top par rakhte hain. Specific types ke retail aur service businesses apni nature ya customers ki wajah
se kuch factors par zyada focus karte hain. Agar koi business unique hai aur apni drawing power hai
toh competitors ke near hona important nahi hota. Lekin retail businesses generally locations prefer
karte hain jo other retailers ke near hoti hain because of higher traffic volumes aur convenience to
customers. For example, automobile dealerships often tend to locate near each other, aur
restaurants aur specialty stores often locate in and around malls. Jab businesses similar businesses ke
near locate karte hain toh isko clustering kehte hain.
Medical services hospitals ke near often locate ki jati hain patients ki convenience ke liye. Doctors’
offices hospitals ke near ho sakti hain ya phir centralized areas mein other doctors’ offices ke sath
group ki ja sakti hain. Available public transportation bhi often consider ki jati hai. Retail
establishments ke liye good transportation aur parking facilities vital ho sakte hain. Downtown areas
malls ke comparison mein shoppers attract karne mein competitive disadvantage rakhti hain because
malls ample free parking aur nearness to residential areas offer karte hain. Customer safety aur
security key factors ho sakte hain, particularly urban settings mein, for all types of services jo
customers ko service location par aane involve karte hain (for example, home repair aur rug cleaning
ke opposed, say, to in-home services).
isko laazmi ratta lga lyna
Yh long aa skta h clustering /service and retail location wala

Or yh wala table b laazmi

Topic no ## evaluating location alternatives

 Locational cost-profit-volume analysis:

Yeh location alternatives ko evaluate karne ka ek method hai. Is method mein businesses apni fixed
aur variable costs ko estimate karte hain, aur phir different location alternatives ke liye expected
sales aur profits ko calculate karte hain. Ye analysis businesses ko ye bhi batata hai ki unhe kitne units
sell karna honge toh break-even point achieve karne ke liye. Location alternatives ke liye different
cost aur sales estimates ke use se, businesses ko different location alternatives ke liye cost aur profit
ko compare karne ki permission milti hai, aur unhe ye bhi pata chalta hai ki konsa location alternative
unke liye sabse profitable hoga.
Locational cost-profit-volume analysis ke liye procedure ye steps follow kiye jate hain:
1. Har location alternative ke fixed aur variable costs ko determine karna.
2. Har location alternative ke total-cost lines ko same graph par plot karna.
3. Expected level of output ke liye lowest total cost wali location ko determine karna. Alternatively,
highest profit wali location ko determine karna.
Ye method ye assume karta hai ki:
1. Fixed costs probable output ke range ke liye constant hain.
2. Variable costs probable output ke range ke liye linear hain.
3. Required level of output ko closely estimate kiya jaa sakta hai.
4. Sirf ek product involved hai.

 Transportation model:
 Transportation costs location decisions mein important role play karte hain. Ye raw
materials ya finished goods ki movement se related hote hain. Agar ek facility
shipments ka akela source ya destination hai, toh company transportation costs ko
locational cost-volume analysis mein include kar sakti hai by incorporating the
transportation cost per unit being shipped into the variable cost per unit. Agar raw
materials involved hain, toh transportation cost ko cost per unit of output mein
convert karna hoga taki ye other variable costs ke corresponding ho sake.

 Agar problem multiple sending points se multiple receiving points mein goods
shipment ko involve karta hai, aur ek new location (sending or receiving point)
system mein add karna hai, toh company ko transportation ka separate analysis
karna chahiye. Aise instances mein transportation model of linear programming
helpful hoti hai. Ye special-purpose algorithm hai jo minimum transportation cost
determine karta hai jo ek potential new location ko add karne se result karega
existing system mein. Ye number of new facilities add karne ke liye bhi use ki ja sakti
hai ya agar ek entire new system develop kar rahe hain. Model ko analyze ke liye har
configuration ko consider kiya jata hai, aur ye minimum costs reveal karta hai jo har
configuration provide karegi. Ye information location alternatives ko evaluate karne
mein include kiya ja sakta hai.

OR
 Transportation model locational alternatives ko evaluate karne mein helpful hai. Ye
special-purpose algorithm hai jo minimum transportation cost determine karta hai jo
ek potential new location ko add karne se result karega existing system mein. Ye
information location alternatives ko evaluate karne mein include kiya ja sakta hai.

 Factor rating:

Factor rating ek technique hai jo personal (car purchase, living location selection) se
lekar professional (career selection, job offers selection) decisions ke liye apply ki jaa
sakti hai. Isko location analysis ke liye bhi use kiya ja sakta hai.
Factor rating ek general approach hai jo kisi bhi alternative ko evaluate karne aur
alternatives ko compare karne ke liye useful hai. Iski value ye hai ki ye evaluation ke
liye rational basis provide karta hai aur saare related factors ko summarize karne ke
liye har alternative ke liye composite value establish karta hai. Factor rating decision
makers ko unke personal opinions aur quantitative information ko decision process
mein incorporate karne ki flexibility provide karta hai.
Factor rating develop karne ke liye ye procedure use kiya jaata hai:

1. Relevant factors ko determine karna (jaise ki market location, water supply,

parking facilities, revenue potential).
 2. Har factor ke relative importance ko indicate karne ke liye weight assign karna.
3. Saare factors ke liye common scale (jaise ki 1 se 100) decide karna aur minimum
acceptable score set karna agar zaroorat ho.
4. Har location alternative ko score karna.
5. Har factor ke score ko uske weight se multiply karna aur results ko sum karna har
location alternative ke liye.
6. Highest composite score wale alternative ko choose karna, agar wo minimum
acceptable score ko meet karta hai.

 Center of gravity method:

Center of gravity method ek method hai jisse facility ki location determine ki jaati
hai, jisse shipping costs ya travel time ko various destinations tak minimize kiya ja
sake. For example, community planners is method ko fire and public safety centers,
schools, community centers, etc. Ki location determine karne ke liye use karte hain,
hospitals, senior living centers, population density, highways, airports, retail
businesses ki locations ko consider karte hue. Police aur firefighters ke liye goal
emergency calls ka response time minimize karna hota hai. Center of gravity method
location planning ke liye bhi use kiya jaata hai distribution centers ke liye, jahan goal
typically distribution costs ko minimize karna hota hai. Ye method distribution cost
ko distance aur quantity shipped ka linear function treat karta hai. Har destination ke
liye shipped quantity fixed assume ki jaati hai (i.e., wo time ke saath change nahi
hogi). Acceptable variation ye hai ki quantities ko change kiya ja sakta hai, as long as
unke relative amounts same rehte hain (jaise ki seasonal variations).

Is method mein destinations ki locations show karne wali map use ki jaati hai. Map
accurate aur to scale drawn hona chahiye. Map par relative locations ko determine
karne ke liye coordinate system overlay kiya jaata hai. Coordinate system ki (0,0)
point ki location aur uski scale unimportant hai. Coordinate system ek baar set hone
ke baad, har destination ke coordinates determine kiye ja sakte hain.
Yh slide b krlna