SPE 23827

SPE
Analysis of Skins and the Perfonmance of Gravel-Packed
Completions in Oil and Gas Wells
c.u. Okoye, S. Suriyakriangkai, A. Ghalambor, C. Alcocer,
University of Southwestern Louisiana
SPE HEKBEB.S

Copyright 1882, SociMy 01 P...-aIeum Engi_. Inc.

This peper -.--.cI1or ~"lIo" Blthe SPE In1I. Sympoeium on Formation OIll1lllge Control held in Lafayette. Louisiana. February 26-27. 1992.

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ment 01 _ and by whom the peper IS present8d. Write Librarian. SPE. P.O. Box 833836. Richardson. TX 75083-3836 U.S.A. relex. 7'30989 SPEDAL

ABSTRACT The so~utions of each grave~ packed

skin mode~ is used to ana~yze fie~d
This paper presents so~utions and and experimenta~ data in order to
ana~ysis of mathematica~ mode~ of estimate the skins and the decrease
skins due to comp~etions in grave~ or increase in productivity ratio due
packed oi~ and gas we~~s. The mode~s to comp~etions in grave~ packed
can be divided into three cases: (1) we~~s.
Open Ho~e grave~ packed we~~ (2)
Cased-ho~e perforated grave~ packed INTROPUCTION
we~1 (3) Co~~apsed perforation tunne~
grave~ packed we~~. The skins due to Grave~ pack is a common sand contro~
comp1etion inc~ude damaged skin, technique used in many formation with
restricted entry skin, ~iner skin, unconsolidated or poor~y consolidated
grave~ packed sand skin, s~anted we~~ sands. As a sand control treatment
skin, perforation geometry skin, grave~ pack has been used to exc~ude
crushed zone skin, non-darcy skin and sand from the production we~l and
the skin in the perforation tunne~. hence the produced f~uid in the Gu~f
of Mexico for over 50 years. Sand
The resu1ts obtained from the production can often be readily
ca1cu1ation in open ho~e grave~ achieved by proper sizing of the
packed show that the skin in damaged gravel with respect to formation sand
zone decreases as the damaged zone size using wel~ established ru~es.
permeabi1ity increases. For the Sometimes we~l consolidated
cased-ho1e perforated grave~ packed formations can produce sand and hence
oi1 and gas we1~, the resu1ts show gravel pack is employed in such
that increasing the perforation formations for sand contro~.
radius, perforation ~ength and
crushed zone permeabi~ity resu~t in Grave~ pack comp~etions are normal~y
the decrease of crushed zone skin for of three types name~y: (1) open ho~e,
both darcy and non-darcy f~ow, the (2) cased hole and (3) col~apsed
perforation geometry skin and skin in tunne~ . The open hole gravel pack is
the perforation tunne~ for both used when the completion is in a
darcy, and non-darcy f~ow for a given conso~idated sing~e sand or when
shot density. For the co~~apsed mu~tip~e conso~idated sands can be
perforation tunne~ grave~ packed oi~ produced without fear of gas or water
and gas we1~, the resu1ts ~how that production. The cased ho~e and
the increasing perforation radius collapsed tunne~ gravel packed
resu1ts in the decrease of co~letions require perforation and
hemispherica~ f~ow geometry skin and are often used in unconsolidated and
skin in the perforation tunnel for poorly conso~idated sands or when
both darcy and non-darcy f~ow for a multiple sands are produced through
given shot density. tubing string.

References & illustrations at end of paper.

 Analysis of Skins and the Performance of Gravel-Packed
2 Completions in Oil and Gas Wells SPE 23827

Two main factors that influence Open hole gravel packed well;
production from gravel packed wells
are: (1) invasion of the sandpack by Sc=Sr+S_+S1 +SdD+Sg+SDd •••• (1)
fine formation sand and (2) flow
restrictions imposed by features of
perforation and sand pack. The Cased hole perforated gravel packed
former reduces the gravel well,
pack permeability while the latter
reduces the permeability Lmmediately Sc-Sr+S_+Sl.+Sp+S.+Sc+Spr;+SDd •••• (2)
before the sandpack and also in the
sandpack. Proper sizing of the
gravel pack tend to minimize the Collapsed perforation tunnel gravel
invasion problem and flow restriction packed well,
due to the feature of teh gravel
pack. However, flow restriction .Sr;=Sr+S_+S1 +Sbt:+Sd1!c+Spr;+SDd •••• (3)
caused by features of the
perforation zone tend to be more
complex and hence more difficult to The various skin factors are defined
eliminate. When the effect of these in the nomenclature.
factors cause reduction in fluid
production it is manifested in terms The pressure drop due to skin during
of additional pressure drop. The the flow of liquid in radial geometry
skin factor is a general term which is given as:
includes all factors that influence
fluid production including the
factors discribed above. Generally, 4PIIId.rl = 141. 2ClP" ••••• (4)
the total skin factor includes skin Kb
due to: (1) damaged zone, (2)
restricted entry, (3) slanted well, OPEN HOLE GRAVEL PACKED WELLS
(4) liner, (5) gravel pack in
perforation tunnel, (6) perforation The possible total skin factor
geometry, (7) crushed or compacted representing mesure of restricted
zone and (8) non-darcy flow. flow within the open hole gravel
packed we11bore environment includes
The main objective of this study is skins resulting from: (1) restricted
to present the analysis of skins and entry, (2) slanted well (3)
performance of gravel packed impediment by liner, (4) damaged
completions in oil and gas wells zone, (5) presence of gravel pack
using solutions of mathematical sand and (6) non-darcy flow.
models for skins. The solutions of
these models will be used to develope
graphs of skins and several factors SKIN DUE TO RESTRICTED ENTRY (S~
that influence skins. The skin
models will be validated with field Oftentimes, wells are perforated over
data. only a portion of the productive zone
to delay or to· prevent- water and/or
SKIN MODELS FOR GRAVEL PACKED WELLS gas coning. Other times restricted
entry may be due to plugged
Skin equations for: (1) open hole perforations or to insufficient
gravel packed, (2) cased hole number of perforations.
perforated gravel packed and (3) and
cased hole perforated gravel packed Any of these situations results in
wells were developed based on steady partial penetration or restricted
state oil and gas flows: Use of entry and the flow restriction it
steady state equations ensures that imposes is reflected in the form of
skin characterizing wellbore skin.
environment is not time dependent.
This skin represents an additional
In general, the total skin in a pressure drop when compared with full
gravel packed well can be expressed penetration case. Many
as consisting of the following investigators l - 19 have presented
individual skin factors: equations for skins due to restriced
entry. The most recent equations for
SPE 23827 C.U.Okoye, S. Suriyakriangkai, A. Ghalambor, C. Alcocer 3

skin due to restricted entry was and

presented by Papatzacos 6 • The
equation gives the skin, resulting .•••.. (13)
from pressure drop at the wellbore of
a well with restricted fluid flow in
an infinite reservoir, as follows:
SKIN DUE TO LINER (S,l
1
~ The flow resistance caused by a liner
••••. (5) causes an additional pressure drop i~
the wellbore. However, this pressure
drop is so small that sometimes it
may be neglected. The additional
where: pressure expressed in form of skin,
by Dodson and Cardwell 9 for the
••••• (6) slotted liner, is given as:

•..•.. (14)

B = 1/(~+3h~4) ••••• (7)

where m is the number of slot rows

••••• (8)
. . . . . (9)
•••••• (10)
SKIN DUE TO SLANTED WELL (SsJL
Roemershauser and Hawkins 7 used an
electrical model to formulate the
equation for skin due to slanted
well. They considered an infinite
circular reservoir and deducted that
the slanting of a fully penetrating
well exposes more surface area to
fluid flow thereby increasing the
productivity of the well. By
considering the difference between
the pressure drops during fluid flow
into slanted well and a vertical
well, Roemershauser and Hawkins
formulated the equation for skin
caused by slanted well as:
and C is the open fraction of the
pipe. They based their formulation
on the assumption that the slots
extend continuously along the entire
liner .
SKIN DUE TO FORMATION DAMAGE (Sc1ol-
Most wells have reduced permeability
near the wellbore due to drilling or
completion operations. The damaged
zone induces additional pressure drop
which can be expressed in form of
skin. Figure 1 shows the schematic
diagram of the open hole gravel
packed well completion indicating the
reduced and undamaged permeabilities"
The additional pressure drop due to
damaged zone can be expressed as:
.. = 141. 2 qoP 01'0 1 (Id)
~PcID k h ZI I
d-p .,
P
_141.2Qo o 1'0 1ft( Id) •••• (15)
kr;1lp - I.,

where a"w' the angle of the slanted Equation 15 simplifies to

well is given as:
.. 141. qoPoI'o
~Pdo= kr;1lp
•••••• (12)
In( Id) ( kr -1) .••• (16)
I., kd
 Analysis of Skins and the Performance of Gravel-Packed
4 Completions in Oil and Gas Wells SPE 23827

SKIN DUE TO NON-DARCY FLOW (Sn..l.

High flow rates can cause deviation

from lamina to turbulent flow. When
then this happens the pressure drop will
be greater than the prediction by
Darcy's Law. Forchheimer's
equation applies during turbulent or
non-darcy flow and is given as:

The Sc10 equation is similar to the ..•.• (23)

equation given by Jones and Watts.

SKIN DUE TO GRAVEL PACK SAND (Sql.

The skin due to gravel pack If the wellbore environment is
represents an additional pressure divided into damaged and gravel
drop because of the permeability packed zones, the pressure drop
changing from reservoir permeability caused by non-darcy flow within the
to gravel permeability. The damaged zone is given as:
additional pressure drop across the
gravel zone is:

lAp. l.41..2qoPoI'o 1 ( r .. )
g leA A r1
_l.4l..2QoPoI'o 1 ( r .. ) () Equation 24 can also be expressed as:
leA A r
1
••• l.9

••••. (25)
Equation 19 simplifies to:

where:
.•.... (26)

Equation 20 can also be represented so that

as:

••••• (21)
and
S.,.-1.63X10-5PcR'oll.,kdl[ ; - ; ] 1'.1 •••• (28)
1 ..
where Sq is

•••• (22) Equation 28 is skin due to non-darcy

flow in the gravel zone.

SKINS IN CASED HOLE PERFORATED GRAVEL

Equation 22 is similar to equation PACKED OIL WELLS
given by Oyeneyin 10 if the effect of
partial completion is ignored. The perforation in cased hole gravel
packed wells can be divided into two
types, namely: (1) perforation length
terminating inside the damaged zone
and (2) perforation length
terminating outside the damaged zone.
5 C.U. Okoye, S. Suriyakriangkai, A. Ghalambor, C. Alcocer 5

Figure 2 shows the schematic of a where:

cased hole perforation gravel packed
well in which the perforation length = 6.2831~rb ••••. (35)
terminates inside the damaged zone. NAlcg
The additional pressure drop in the
crushed zone can be expressed as:
and

A = 1tr~ ... (36)

The skin in the crushed zone is thus
given as: When the pressure drops due to
laminar and non-darcy flows are
•••• (30) combined the total pressure drop
becomes:

This equation is identical to the ••... (37)

equation given by Mcleod. l l The
derivation above assumes that the
fluid enters the perforation
unifor.mly along lp which actually is where Bq is gravel velocity
not true. In actual wells the coefficient.
distribution of flow into
perforations in radial geometry as The skin represented by equation 37
shown in Figure 5. If the fluid flow is given as:
is non-darcy th extra additional
pressure is given as:

•••• (31)

For the zone between casing and

wellbore radius the skin due to
The skin factor represented by this laminar and non-darcy flows are
pressure drip becomes: similar to equations 35 and 38 except
that the length, lp is replaced by r,,-
rc so that the equations become
respectively:
6.283kr.lJ(x.,-X c.)
Sdpt3 = •••• (39)
NAlcg
The pressure drop in the gravel pack
tunnel is given as:
and

•••• (33)

When equation (33) is written in The total skin due to flow in the
steady-state radial form and perforation tunnel is the sum of all
expressed in terms of skin it these skins.
becomes:
Spc=Sdptl+Sdpt3+SDdptl+SDdpt3 ••••• (41)

••••• (34)
 Analysis of Skins and the Performance of Gravel-Packed
6
Com letions in Oil and Gas Wells SPE 23827

The full expression of the total skin The horizontal skin equation is given
is given as: as:

••.•.. (46)

. (42)
where r"c is the effective well radius
and is given as:

For the skin resulting from

perforation geometry this study ..!lp i f 8-0
r"",(8) .. 4
adopts the result presented by 1I,(r..+lp) otherwise •• (47
Karakas and Tariq.12 Karakas and
Tariq used a finite element model to
simulate skin '"due to perforations Kasrakas and Tariq showed that SWb can
su~rounding a cylindrical crushed be closely approximated by
zone.
Swb(8) = 'i (8) exp ['2 (8) rIft'S] •••• (48)
In wellbores where the formation and
perforation damage are insignificant
the skin due to perforation, Sp, will The vertical skin Sy, which accounts
be essentially a function of the for pressure drop resulting from
perforation: phase angle, 8, length, fluid converging into perforations,
lp, and radius, r... The relative is expressed as:
importance of these parameters
dependes on their dimensionless
values. karakas & Tariq' s defined
the dimensionless parameters as
follows:
where a and b are given as
Dimensionless perforation height,

= ~•.; (k}J!lQ
••.•• (50)
hD ••.•• (43)
p

Dimensionless perforation radius, ..•..• (51)

The values of a:, a 2, b 1 and b 2 are for

various phase angles.
Skin in Cased Holed Gravel Packed
Dimensionless well radius, Hole With the Perforation Length
Terminating Outside Damage Zone
••••• (45)
The schematic model for the caused
hole in which the perforation length
terminates outside the damaged zone
The skin resulting from perforation is illustrated in Figure 5. If a
is given as: highly damaged zone is considered (k d
= 0) the effective perforation length
will be readuced to the penetration
outside the damaged zone (lp-ld)' At
where: Sh is horizontal skin, Sy the same time, the well radius
is vertical skin and S"b is increases effectively to damaged zone
the wellbore skin. radius, rd' Tariq and Karakas 12
SPE 23827 c.u. Okoye, S. Suriyakriangkai, A. Ghalambor, C. Alcocer 7

modified the well radius and the Using equation 55 the skin inside the
perforation length respectively as: damaged zone is given as:

kd
I" = I,,+ (1- k ) 1d ••.• (52)
r

and Similarly, the skin outside the

damage zone is evaluated from
1p = I,,+ (1- JC.JC.d) 1d •••• (53) equation ~6 as:
r
bKr 1 (Ie) [ 1 1 ]
Sa • N(l -1)
9 d
.a r9 X-X
a d
... (58)
For the zone inside the damaged zone
the pressure'- drop consists of
pressure drop in the crushed zone The total skin in the crushed zone is
with permeability kcl. minus the then given as:
pressure drop in the damaged but
uncrushed zone with permeability (kdl, ••••• (59)
is given as:

APr:l."" 141.2q"sol'o 1 .. ( I C )_ SKIN EOUATIONS FOR: OPEN HOLE, CASED

N( kd) 1,;cr:l. Ip
HOLE PERFORATED AND COLLAPSED TUNNEL
kr GRAVEL PACKED GAS WELLS
141.2 q "sol'01 .. ( IC) ••• (54)
N( !d) 1,;c.
r
Ip
The skin equations for the three
types of gravel packed gas wells are
similar to those of the oil wells
except that pressures resulting from
non-darcy flow are much more
Equation 54 simplifies to: significant in gas wells than in oil
wells.
SKIN in tje Damaged Zone Due To Non-
Darcy Flow

If the flow in the damaged zone is

radial, the additional pressure drop
because of non-darcy flow is given
by:
The pressure drop in the zone outside
the damaged zone is obtained from
equation 55 by replacing the AP~ = 3.161 X 10-12
permeability and length with Kc2 and Y ZT~ [.1:..-.1:..] (Pdt> ••• (60)
lp - ld respectively. The resulting g I" Id
equation becomes:
Equation 60 can also be expressed in
radial steady state form as:

AP~o.J_ = 14221'gZqT [DQ ] •••• (61)

~ ICrh do

I
I

I
!
 Analysis of Skins and the Performance of Gravel-Packed
8 Completions in Oil and Gas Wells SPE 23827

Substitution of equation 61 into The non-darcy flow coefficient can be

equation 60 yields: obtained as:

Dc: =

SKIN in the Grayel Zone Due To Non-

Darcy Flow
The pressure drop caused by non-darcy
flow in the gr~yel zone is given as
3.161 X 10-12y,zqa
~
["'!"-"'!"]"
r. r.
If equation 63 is equated to equation
61, the non-darcy flow coefficient
can be obtained as:
2 .223 X 10-1 5y,Krh
~I'g
[...!..-...!..] (J,)
rt r.
Skin Due to Non-Darcy Flow in Cased
Hole Gravel Packed Gas Well With the
Perforxnation Length Terminating
Inside The Damaged Zone
The non-darcy equation presented by
Mcleodl l is:
•••• (67)
... (63)
Mcleod neglected lire term but it can
introduce an error especially for
large diameter perforations. The
error can lead to higher estimation
of pressure drop than actually exists
but the error is also often offset by
more severe turbulent flow that
occurs outside the compacted zone
with higher permeability than
compacted zone.
••• (64)
Skin due to Non-Darcy Flow in the
Perforation Tunnel
The pressure drop resulting from non-
darcy flow in the perforation tunnel
is given as:

The Schematic diagram of the crushed

zone discussed previously is shown on
Figure 3. The pressure drop
resulting from non-darcy flow in this
region is given as: The non-darcy flow coefficient is
deduced to be:

AP;' - ••• (69)

Skin Due to Non-Darcy Flow in Cased

Gas Well With the Perforation Length
Terminating Outside the Damaged Zone

The Schematic diagram of cased hole

gravel packed gas well in which the
perforation length terminates outside
the damaged zone is same as that of 'I
cased oil well shown in Figure 4.
I

I
!
SPE 23827 c.u. Okoye, S. Suriyakriangkai, A. Ghalambor, C. Alcocer 9

Skin due to Non-Darcy Flow in the Skin due to Non-Darcy Hemispherical

Crushed Zone Flow in Collapsed Perforation Tunnel
Grayel Packed Gas Wells
The pressure drop caused by fluid
flow inside the crushed zone is given This is similar to the case of gravel
as: packed oil well discussed previously
in which the gravel will fill the
tunnel only to the cement-sand
3.161 X 10-12"sCTq4~ interface. The perforation length
AP!t =
beyond t~e wellbore radius is
N2 Idl: collapsed owing to unconsolidated
[..!._..!.] (II ..) ••• (70) formation.
Ir: II'

The non-darcy._ flow coefficient Skin Due to Non-Darcy Hemispherical

represented by the pressure drop is Flow in the Damaged Zone Beyond the
Wellbore Radius
2 . 223X10-15,.,rezh The pressure drop caused by non-darcy
hemispherical flow in this zone is
~Idl:I'g given as:
[..!.-..!.] (II.,) ••• (71)
II' Ir:
1. 058 X 10-12"gZTq4
Skin Due to Non-Darcy Flow Outside AP~'"
N2
the Crushed Zone [....!..-..!.] )1Ictr> ••• (75)
I! Id
Outside the crushed zone the pressure
drop due to non-darcy flow is
formulated as: The non-darcy flow coefficient
resulting from the pressure drop can
be obtained as:
3.161X10-12"gZTq4 7.44 X 10;,. ,rezoh
Ddbr: = 2
~lp-ld)2 N 1'g
[.1:..-.1:..] UI.,) .•.. (72) [ ....!.. -....!..] (11«) ••• (76)
II' Ir: I; IJ
The non-darcy flow coefficient Skin Due to Non-Darcy Hemispherical
associated with the pressure can be Flow in The Perforation Tunnel
obtained as:
The pressure drop resulting from non-
darcy hemispherical flow in the
2 .223 X 10-15,. ,reliC perforation tunnel is the identical
N2 (lp-1dPI'g to the case of cased hole perforated
gas well. The non-darcy flow
[..!.-..!..] (p.,) •••• (73) coefficient resulting from this
II' It:
pressure drop can be obtained as:

The total non-darcy flow coefficient The

for non-darcy flow outside and within
the crushed zone is:

DC = lXi.+DC:z .... (74)

I
I

I
!
 Analysis of Skins and the Performance of Gravel-Packed
10 SPE 23827
Completions in Oil and Gas Wells

The effect of various skins on the Results of Cased Hole Perforated

performance of the reservoir can be Grayel Packed Oil Wells
evaluated in terms of productivity
ratio. Also, the total skin effect The skin results computed using the
on well performance is measured in skin models of cased hole perforated
terms of productivity ratio. The gravel packed oil wells were plotted
productivity is given as: against various parameters such as:
perforation length, damaged zone
permeability, and perforation radius
for various shot densities. Figure 8
shows the' graphs of the skins of
PR= .... (78) various shot densities plotted
against perforation length. The
graph show that the skin due to
perforation geometry decreases with
increasing perforation length and
Discussion Results of Skin Model increasing shot density. In Figure 9
Application with Field nata the graphs of perforation geometry
skins versus perforation radius show
Field data obtained from published that skin decreases with increasing
technical papers involving: perforation radius and short density.
openhole, cased hole perforated and
collapsed perforation tunnel gravel Figures 10 and 11 show the graphs of
packed oil and gas wells were used to skins due to Darcy and non-Darcy
calculate skins for models describing respectively against perforation
various wellbore conditions. The length for various shot densities.
data for all three types of wellbore The graphs for both types of skins
completions were obtained from Mcleod show decrease in skin with increasing
for cased hole gravel packed and perforation length and shot density.
Root 15 for collapsed perforation As expected the skins for non-darcy
tunnel gravel packed completions oil flow are insignificant except for
respectively. Tables I to 5 contain very low shot density (n = 4) and
the data. short perforation length (lp 4
inches) when it reaches 4.68.
Results of Open Hole Grayel Packed
Oil Well Calculations Figures 12 and 13 show the plots of
skins, resulting from crushed zone
For computations with open hole for darcy and non-darcy flows,
gravel packed oil well skin models, against crushed zone permeability for
the results were plotted against various short densities. The graphs
dependent parameters such as: show that skins resulting from
damaged and gravel zone crushed zone decreases with
permeabilities. Figure 6. shows the increasing crushed zone permeability
plots of skins of various wellbore and shot density. Figures 14 and 15
environment and conditions. As show the graphs of skins due to
expected the skin resulting from crushed zone for darcy and non-darcy
damaged zone decreases with flows respectively against
increasing permeability while the perforation radius for various shot
skin due to non-darcy flow virtually densities. In general, the graphs
zero for oil well completions. The show that skin due to crushed zone
skin resulting from the presence of decreases with increasing perforation
gravel pack is negative indicating radius and shot density.
little or no formation fine buildup
in the gravel pack. Figure 7 shows Figures 16 and 17 show the plots of
the graph of productivity ratio skins resulting from darcy and non-
versus permeability. The darcy flows respectively against
productivity ratio is based on total perforation length. The graphs show
skin factor. The trend graph of the in both Figures indicate that darcy
graph show that as the permeability and non-darcy skins increase with
is improved in the damaged zone the increase in perforation length and
productivity increases. decrease in shot-density. The graphs
show, however, that the skins caused
SPE 23827 c.u. Okoye, S. Suriyakriangkai, A. Ghalambor, C. Alcocer 11

by perforation tunnels tend to be The graphs show that productivity

small for both darcy or non-darcy ratio increases with increasing
flows except for low shot density perforation radius for a given shot
(n=4) and high perforation length density and with increasing shot
when the skin can be greater than density for a given radius.
0.5. Figures 18 and 19 show skins
resulting from perforation tunnel for Results of Cased Hole Perforation
darcy and non-darcy flows Gravel Packed Gas Wells
respectively against the perforation
radius for various shot densities. In gas wells teh non-darcy term for
The graphs in the two figures show skin is Dq but graphical presentation
decrease of skin due to perforation of non-~rcy skin is commonly
tunnel with increasing radius and represented in terms of D the non-
decreasing shot density. darcy flow coefficient because flow
rate of gas wells can vary. The
Figures 20 to 21 show the graphs of graphs in Figure 26 show skin due to
productivity ratio (based on total perforation geometry versus
skin) for various shot densities perforation length. The graphs show
against perforation radius, crushed that skins decrease with increasing
zone permeability and damaged zone perforation length for a given shot
permeability respectively. The plots density and increase shot density for
show that for a given shot density a given perforation length. The
productivity ratio increases with graphs in Figure 27 show that skins
increasing perforation radius, due to perforation geometry decreases
crushed zoned permeability. with perforation radius for a given
Furthermore, the graphs shown in each shot density and are less significant
figure indicate that productivity than skins resulting from perforation
increases with increasing shot radius.
density.
Figures 28 and 29 show graphs of
Results of Collapsed Perforation skins resulting from perforation
Tunnel Gravel Packed Oil Well length respectively. The graphs in
Figure 28 show that the skins
As stated earlier among the several decrease slightly with phasing angle
types of flow that occur in the up to 90 before increasing sharply
0

perforation tunnel is the particularly at high shot densities.

hemispherical flow. From the graphs The graphs in Figure 29 show that
of skin resulting from hemispherical skins decrease with increasing phase
flow shown in Figure 23 it can be angle up to 90 to 120
0 0
•The skins
seen that skins due to hemispherical remain almost constant from 120 to 0

flow decreases with increasing 180 0 especially for high perforation

perforation radius for a given shot length.
density. They also decrease as the
shot density increases for a given Figures 30 and 31 show the graphs of
perforation radius. ResultslO not darcy and non-darcy skins
included in this paper show that respectively resulting from crushed
variation of the perforation radius zone. The graphs in Figures 30 and
does not affect significantly skins 31 show that skins decrease with
resulting from Darcy or non-Darcy increasing perforation length for a
flows. given shot density and increasing
shot dnesity for a given perforation
Graphs of skins versus radius due to length. Figures 32 and 33 show the
hemispherical. fl.ow in damaged zone darcy and non-darcy skins versus
are shown in Figure 24. They show perforation radius for varying shot
that skin in the damaged zone densities. The graphs show that the
increases with increasing radius for skins decrease with increasing
a given shot density. For a given perforation radius for a given shot
radius the skin decreases with density and increasing shot density
increasing shot density. Figure 25 for a given perforation radius.
shows the graphs of productivity Figures 33 and 34 show the graphs of
ratio versus perforation radius. darcy and non-darcy respectively
skins due to crushed zone for varying
shot densities. I
:
 Analysis of Skins and the Performance of Gravel-Packed
12 Com letions in Oil and Gas Wells SPE 23827

The graphs show as expected that 7 • The crushed zone, due to

substantial skins decrease with
increasing crushed zone permeability
and increasing shot density and with
increasing
CONCLUSION
Based on the results generated with
the models using five field examples
the following conclusions can be
made:
1. The results show that gravel
packed does not strongly affect
either skin or. productivity ratio.
This is because its permeability is
very high relative to the formation
and damaged zone permeabiliyt.
perforation damaged, provide high
positive skin than any other skins as
a result of large pressure drawdown
in highly damaged zone.
8. The total skin values calculated
using data for each field example is
positive indicating that the wells
represented 'by those data are
damaged.
9. the total skin in the gas
perforation well is much higher than
any other which show that the well
has large pressure drop due to the
completion. Most of the pressure
drop is caused by the turbulent or
high velocity flow rate.

2. the results also show that shot 10. The productivity ratio is
densities strongly affect both skin relatively high in oil open hole, oil
and productivity ratio than any other and gas collapsed perforation hole,
parameters such as perforation oil cased perforation hole but very
radius, perforation length, crushed low in gas cased perforation hole.
zone permeability, damaged zone
permeability and damaged zone radius.
3. For cased hole perforated gravel NOMENCLATURE
packed and collapsed perforation
gravel packed wells, the higher the
shot density, the lower the total
skin for a given perforation length, a1 constant value depending on
perforation radius, crushed zone phasing angle
permeability, damaged zone
permeability and damaged zone radius a2 _ constant va~ue depend1nq on
and consequently the high phasj.nq anqle
productivity ratio. A - cross sectional area* sqft

4. Increasing perforation length and

perforation radius results in b1 = constant value depending on
decreasing perforation geometry skin phasing angle
and crushed zone skin for both darcy
and non-darcy flow for a given shot b2 = constant value depending on
density. phasing angle
5. Increasing perforation length Gas formation volume factor,
results in increasing the skin res bbJ./Mscf
inperforation tunnel for both darcy
and non-darcy flow, but increasing Oil formation volume factor,
perforation radius results in res bbl/stb
decreasing these particular skins for
a given shot density.
6. Productivity ratio increases as
perforation length, perforation
radius, crushed zone permeability and
damage zone permeability increases
for a given shot density.
SPE 23827 C.U. Okoye, S. Suriyakriangkai, A. Ghalambor, C. Alcocer 13

C1 constant value depending on n = perforation shot density,

phasing angle shot/ft

C2 constant value depending on N = total number of perforation

phasing angle
P e = boundary reservoir pressure,
D non-darcy flow coefficient, psi
day/Mscf
P sc = pressure at standard condition,
Dc crushed zone non-darcy flow psi
coefficient, day/Mscf
Pw wellbore pressure, psi
damaged non-darcy flow
coefficient in collapsed gas flow rate, Mscf/day
perforated well, day/Mscf
~ oil flow rate, bbl/day
damaged non-darcy flow
coefficient in open hole outer radius, ft
well, day/Mscf
r2 inner radius, ft
non-darcy flow coefficient in
gravel, day/Mscf crushed zone radius, ft

non-darcy flow coefficient in damaged zone radius, ft

perforation tunnel, day/Mscf
re boundary radius, ft
Dsq = non-darcy flow coefficient in
gravel due to hemispherical gravel zone radius, ft
flow, day/Mscf
r1 liner or screen radius, ft
h = formation thickness, ft
rp perforation radius, ft
hD = dimensionless perforation
height rwe corrected wellbore radius, ft

distance between the top of dimensionless well radius

the sand and the top of the
open interval, ft effective wellbore radius, ft

interval open to flow, ft rw' = modified wellbore radius, ft

crushed zone permeability, rod Sc = crushed zone skin

damaged zone permeability, md Sac = damaged skin in the collapsed

perforation hole
kq gravel permeability, md
Sao damaged skin in the open-hole
kh horizontal permeability, md
Sap damaged skin in ·the cased-hole
reservoir permeability, md perforated

vertical permeability, rod Sap10 darcy skin in perforation

tunnel
la length of damaged zone', ft
Sq gravel pack sand skin
lep = effective perforation length,
ft Sh horizontal skin
Sl liner skin
1p = perforation length, ft
Sna = non-darcy flow skin
I p•
... modified perforation length,
ft
 Analysis of Skins and the Performance of Gravel-Packed
14 Completions in Oil and Gas Wells SPE 23827

Snde non-darcy skin in the crushed 2. McDowell, J.M. and Muskat, M.:
zone "The Effect on Well Productivity
of Formation Penetration Beyond
Snd~ non-darcy skin in perforation Perforated Casing," Trans.,
tunnel AlME (1950) 189, pp. 309-312.

Sp = perforation geometry skin 3. Harris, M.H.: "The Effect of

Perforating on Well Producti-
vity," J. Pet. Tech., April
Spt _ perforae1on tunnel sk1n !1~~ed 1966, pp. 518-528.
v.1eh qr.v.~

4. "Productivity of
Sr = restricted entry skin Perforated Completions in
Formations With and Without
She = hemispherical flow skin in the Damage," J. Pet. Tech., Aug.
gravel 1975. pp. 1027-1038.
Ssw = slanted well skin
5. Locke, S.: "An Advance Method
St = total skin for Predicting the Producti-
vity Ratio of a Perforated
Well," J. Pet. Tech., Dec.
Sv ,. vertical skin 1981, pp. 2481-2488.
SWb ""' wellbore skin 6. Tariq, S.M. and Karakas, M.:
"Semianalytical Productivity
z = gas deviation factor Models for Perforated Comple-
tions," SPE 18247, presented
~ =crushed zone velocity at the 63rd Annual Technical
coefficient factor, 11ft Conference and Exhibition,
Houston, TX, Oct. 2-5, 1988.
Itt" = damaged zone velocity
coefficient factor, 11ft 7. Odeh, A.S.: "Steady-State
Flow Capacity of Wells With
A= formation velocity Limited Entry to Flow," Soc.
coefficent factor, 11ft Pet. Eng. J., March 1968,
pp. 43-51. Trans., AlME 243.
~ gravel velocity
coefficient factor, 11ft 8. Odeh, A.S.: "An Equation for
Calculating Skin Factor Due
R gas density, Iblcuft to Restricted Entry," J. Pet.
Tech., June 1980, pp. 964-
R, oil density, Iblcuft 965.
Po; gas viscosity, cp 9. Brons, F. and Marting, V.E.:
"The Effect- of Rest-ricted
Po oil viscosity, cp Fluid Entry on Well Produc-
tivity," J. Pet. Tech.,
~ define in Eq. 64 Feb. 1961, pp. 172-174.
8 = angle between success five 10. Nisle, R.G.: "The Effect of
perforation or phasing angle, Partial Penetration on
degree Pressure Build-Up in Oil
Wells," Trans AlME (1958)
Vol. 213, pp. 85-90.
REFERENCES 11. Streltsova-Adams, T.D.:
"Pressure Drawdown in a
1. Muskat, M. : "The Effect of Well With Limited Flow
Casing Perforations on Well Entry," J. Pet. Tech.,
Productivity," Trans. AlME Nov. 1979, pp. 1469-76.
(1943) 151, pp. 175-187.
SPE 23827 C.U.Okoye, S. Suriyakriangkai, A. Ghalambor, C. Alcocer
12. Papatzacos, P.: "Approxi-
mate Partial-Penetration
Pseudoskin for Infinite-
Conductivity Wells," SPERE,
May 1987, pp. 227-234.
13. Papatzacos, P.: "Exact
Solutions for Infinite-
Conductivity Wells,"
SPERE, May 1987, pp. 217-
226.
14. Reynolds, A.C., Chen, J.,
and Raghavan, R.: "Pseudo-
skin Factor Caused by
Partial Penetration," J. Pet.
Tech., Dec. 1984, pp. 2197-
2210.
15. Saidkowski, R.M.:
"Numerical S~ulations of the
Combined Effects of Wellbore-
Damage and Partial Penetration,
paper SPE 8204 presented at the
SPE-AIME 54th Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition,
Las Vegas, Sept. 23-26, 1979.
16. Roemershauser, A.E. and Hawkins,
M.F., Jr.: "The Effect of
Slanted Hole, Drainhole and
Lateral Hole Drilling on Well
Productivity," J. Pet. Tech.,
Feb. 1955, pp. 11-14.
17. Dodson, C.R. and Cardwell, W.T.:
"Flow into Slotted Liners and an
Application of the Theory to
Core Analysis," AIME Trans.,
160, 56 (1945).
18. Van Everdingen, A.F.: "The Skin
Effect and its Influence on the
Productive Capacity of a Well,"
Trans. AIME 1953, 198, 171.
19. Hurst, W.: "Establishment of the
Skin Effect and its Impe~nt
to Fluid Flow into a Wellbore,"
Pet. Eng., Oct. 1953, 25, B-6.
20. Hawkins, M.F., Jr.: "A Note on
the Skin Effect," Trans. AIME
(1956), 207, pp. 356-357.
21. Jones, J.G. and Watts, J.W.:
"Estimating Skin Effect in a
Partially Completed Damage
Well," J. Pet. Tech., Feb.
1971, pp 249-253.
15
22. Saucier, R.J.: "Considerations
in Gravel Pack Design," J. Pet.
Tech., Feb. 1974, pp. 205-212;
Trans., AIME, 257.
23. Himmatramka, A.K.: "Analysis of
Productivity Reduction Due to
Non-Darcy Flow and True Skin in
Gravel-Packed Wells," SPE 10084,
presented at the SPE 56th Annual
Meeting, San Antonio, TX, Oct.
5-7, 1981.
24. Oyeneyin, M.B. and Peden, J.:
"Factors to Consider in the
Effective Gravel Packing of
Deviated Wells," SPE 13916,
1985.
25. Crawford, H.R. and Mcleod, H.O.:
"Gravel Packing for High Rate
Completions," SPE 11008,
presented at the 57th Annual
Fall Technical Conference and
Exhibition, New Orleans, LA,
Sept. 26-29, 1982.
26. Jones, R.E. and Thorp, G.:
"A Method of Analyzing Perfor-
mance of Gravel-Pack Completion
in Seria Field, Brunei," J. Pet.
Tech., March 1980, pp. 496-504.
27. Oyeneyin, M.B.: "Numerical
Analysis of the Effects of
Gravel Packing on Gas Well Prod-
uctivity," SPE 17170, presented
at the SPE Formation Damage
Control Symposium held in
Bakersfield, CA, Feb. 8-9, 1988.
28. Torrest, R.S.: "Gravel Packs -
Their Placement, Impairment,
and Effect on Well Product-
ivity," Shell Development Co.,
Houston, Feb. 1972.
29. Klotz, J.A., Krueger, R.G. and
Pye, D.S.: "Effect of Perfor-
ation Damage on Well Produc-
tivity," J. Pet. Tech., Nov.
1974, pp. 1301-1314.
30. McLeod, H.O.: "The Effect of
Perforating Conditions on Well
Performance," SPE 10649, pre-
sented at the 5th SPE Forma-
tion Damage Control Symposium,
Lafayette, LA., March 24-25,
1982, pp. 47-48.
 Analysis of Skins and the Performance of Gravel-Packed
16 Completions in Oil and Gas Wells SPE 23827

31. Jones, L.G., Blount, E.M., and

Glaze, O.H. "Use of Short Term
Multiple-Rate Flow Tests to
Predict Performance of Wells
Having Turbulence." SPE 6133,
presented at the 1976 SPE
Annual Technical Conference
and Exhibition, New Orleans,
Oct. 3-6.

32. Mach, J., Proano, E., and Brown,

K.E.: "Application of Product-
ion System Analysis to Determine
Completion Sensitivity on Gas
Well Completion," paper 81-Pet-
13, presented at the ASME Energy
Sources Technical Conference,
Houston, Jan. 18-22, 1981.

33. Prats, M.: "The Effect of

Vertical Fractures on Reser-
voir Behavior-Incompressible
Fluid Case," SPEJ (June 1961)
pp. 105-117.

34. Gurley, D.G., Copeland, C.T.

and Hendrick, J.O.: "Design
Plan and Execution of Gravel
Pack Operations for Maximum
Productivity," J. Pet. Tech.,
Oct. 1977, pp. 1259-1266.

35. Ledlow, L.B. and Sauer, C.W.:

"Recent Design, Placement and
Evaluation Techniques Lead to
Improved Gravel Pack Perfor-
mance," SPE 14162 presented
at the 60th Annual Technical
conference, Las Vegas, NV.,
Sept. 22-25, 1985.
 23827

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 23827

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tIitalden8lly in -.oS IIaIe poetlolUld;taw! pcUd 011 well tIftOl deft8ity in CMed !tole petfarated g _ pack ail _d
 23827

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 23827

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23827