Ha8 Academic Test 1 SECTION 1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-10 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. SHORT STAY ACCOMMODATION First Name: Country of Origin: Date of Arrival: Number of Tenants: Length of Stay: Purpose of Vi ‘Type of Accommodation: Number of Bedrooms: Car Parking: General Area: Other Requirements: Name of Town: Client’s Email: Price Range: SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-14 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 11. Refreshments will be served A. atthe front counter. B inthe lobby. C atthe back of the hall. one or two offestreet andl 7. vane the tench wear 8 9 srancas@hotwmatlcon uptol0S. www.TopSage.com12. Nick Noble advertised A. on the radio. B_ onabillboard. C__ inthe newspaper. 13 The original number of founding members was about, A 12. B 20. C200. 14 The club provides activities primarily for reasonably fit A malesup to 75. B females with young children. C__ males and females of any age. Questions 15-20 Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Activity Dayle) 15 Tuesday & Saturday | about 3-5 hours | 16 Thursday & Sunday up to 3 hours 17, Wanderers Sunday a leader 9 Saturday & Sunday —_|all weekend Weekends _ SECTIONS Questions 21-30 Questions 21-26 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. “Globalisation and F ducational Change” © GEG 692 New Code: 21 en * Aims — Analysis of educational problems arising from globalisation © Chance to research and 22... # Investigate influence of culture and 23... progress of educational change vn on education © Argue advantages and disadvantages of reorganisation of public education in own country with regard to globalisation www. TopSage.com* Consider the 24 . and poorer countries © Assignment #1 = power point presentation (ungraded) + 25 © Assignment #2 = take part in 26 (208) + essay (508) of globalisation on diversity of national curricula across richer ~ (30%) Questions 27-30 Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Date a Comparative Education '2007 | Elliot Educational Issues of the New Millennium | 28. 2 estinnnnesnnenes |Edweation and Globalisation 2009 York Globalisation and 30 ... 2010 SECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31-37 Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Every day the human body is fighting off 31 by destructive pathogens. A person in good hhealth has natural protection in the form of an immune system which works best against familiar micro- organisms which may have been encountered during a previous 32 .. co passed on by the ‘mother before or after birth. Vaccination is a way to cause 33 .. immunisation by introducing a small amount of pathogen into the body — just enough forthe body's 34. sven 10 Teact by making antibodies. Passive immunisation can be used as a way of treating someone who is already sick. Proteins from animal 38 1» ate introduced into the patient to give him the necessary antibodies to fight the disease. ‘Dr. Edward Jenner observed that people who had suffered and recovered from a serious disease called smallpox did not get it again. He also noted that victims of a milder disease, cowpox, which they caught from 36 .. ‘were immune to smallpox. He carried out a successfull 37 by deliberately giving a child cowpox in order to make him immune to smallpox. www. TopSage.comQuestions 38-40 Complete the diagram below. Choose your answers from the box below and write the letters A~F next to questions 38-40. A. antibody | B agglutination antigen germs plasma B-lymphocyte =moA www. TopSage.comTest 2 SECTION1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-5 Complete the form below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. TAUBER INSURANCE Co. Example Answer Insurance type vehicle Policy #: ds , Make & Model: masda Marvel Engine size: 2. 7 Name: Lisa mavie Heatheote Date of Birth: 3 1955 Password: 4 en Change valuation? ye @ Reduce value to: Questions 6-10 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Notes to be added to policy: ‘Add new driver: Name: Samuel Michaels © Age: 28 © Relationship to main driver: 6 Reason: o7 - Client/new driver to provide: © Verified 8.. of driver’ licence © Clean driving 9 .. Start date: 10. .~. cover for 2 weeks from today ¢ Full cover when paperwork approved www. TopSage.com 15SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-16 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. 11 You can become more confident by using 12, More confidence results in better 13 A good strategy to build confidence is to get rid of negative memories of mistakes and failures and, instead, concentrate on 14 Frequent.. of positive imagery is necessary for success. 15. Mental positivity is not enough—you also have to act in a confident manner—so is important too. 16 Setting and achieving goals results in brain activity that brings about an experience of... Questions 17-20 Complete the flow chart below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Goal Setting Set an 17... goal + Decide on incentives. + 18. steps along the way. Gather 19 + Take the first step. + Keep a 20 16 www. TopSage.comSECTION3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-23 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 21 Julia and Bob's science project is due A next week. B__ next month. © next year 22. All the materials they use must be A recycled. B _ inexpensive. available in the lab. 23. A Cartesian diver was called a ‘devil’ by some people because ‘A. they saw it was black. B they believed in the supematural. C they wanted the inventor to be famous. Questions 24-25 Choose TWO letters, A—E. Julia and Bob find some of the items they need ‘A. in Bob’s pencil case and the recycling bin. B inthe cafeteria and the Resource Centre, C in the shop and Julia's locker. D__ in Bob's bag and his pocket. E__ in Tara's packet and on the floot. Questions 26-30 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. ... to secure the ends, to diver. 7 www. TopSage.comStep 4 Fill bottle with water and replace 29... Step 5 Demonstrate by squeezing and releasing bottle. Compression causes diver to sink because diver becomes 30. SECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31-35 Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. 31 When did Mt. Pinatubo erupt for the first time? 32. When was the earthquake measuring 7.8 recorded? 33. When did the experts ‘ein to study Mt. Pinatubo? 34 What fell on the local villages on 2nd April? . 35. What does a ‘Level 5° alert mean? Questions 36-40 Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Several large earthquakes were triggered by the eruption of Pinatubo on 15th June 1991 because of the 6.. of the summit. The ‘caldera’ thus created considerably reduced the height of the mountain. At the same time @ 37 ......n:me Was passing by and the rain associated with it mixed with the cinders in the air to form a substance called ‘tephra’ which fell on the 38... of homes causing them to collapse, crushing hundreds of people. During the eruption, large amounts of sulphur dioxide gas were emitted, which combined with 39.. 1 ak aos ci ih epatileTe a gn dal OF csi detonation, Tho ‘overall effect of the cloud from this great eruption was the lowering of 40 18 www. TopSage.comTest 3 SECTION 1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-5 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. Example ” How long was Nadia away? A. five minutes (B) fifteen minutes C forty-five minutes 1 What did Nadia buy at the bookshop? A anewspaper B anovel C crossword puzzles 2 Thomas is interested in the play about A ahunter. B apirate. C adoctor. 3. The couple in the bookshop were discussing ‘A’ a fiunny play. B__asmooth play. C aboring play. 4 How does Nadia want her coffee? ‘A sweet and black B_ with milk C black with no sugar 5 What kind of muffin does Nadia want? A. plain B beny C chocolate Questions 6-10 How likely are Thomas and Nadia to visit the following attractions? Write the correct letter, A, B or C next to questions 6-10. 30 www. TopSage.comA. they will definitely visit B they might visit C they will not visit 6 the Tower of London 9° the British Museum 7 the Wheel 10 Buckingham Palace 8 Westminster SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-15 Answer the questions below: Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. 11 What time does the museum open on Thursday morning? 12 How much does it cost to hire a multi-media guide? 13. Where should visitors leave their coats and bags? 14 How much does it cost to leave a package there? 15. Where can visitors buy a cup of tea? Questions 16-20 Label the plan below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. China & S. B. Asia ls 3 www. TopSage.comSECTION 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-30 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. 32 “Research Methodology” se scientific method based on empirical evidence (= 21. Find a research problem or question = a commonly held belief e.g, lack of sleep has negative impact on 22 eesese ~ review the literature = an everyday problem: eg, research different memorisation Bw Define your variables Develop a hypothesis Conduct 24 — books; journals; online databases & websites .. research — make notes and create 25... Select an experimental design = pre-experimental = experimental group only = quasi-experimental = include control group but not random = truc experimental = both kinds of groups + random Standardise your26 = compare like with like Choose your participants Use different 27. — random sample = select From same group ~ stratified random sample = select from subsets with different 28... bse Conduct tests and collect data Analyse the results = use 29 . methods (to be covered next week) Write up and communicate results = 30 vernon AMG ve of papers important; tips for writing (to be covered next two weeks) www. TopSage.comSECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31-34 Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer. 600 560 [coarse grain cereal grown for 34 .. Questions 35-39 Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Production of Rice Rice gives more 35 . per hectare than other cereal crops and production has increased over 100% in recent years because of better yields. Land area has only increased by 30% due to the need for wet land so availability of land is quite limited by 36 .. type and 37 supply. The dry-land variety sives poorer yields and poorer 38 - No weed killers have been developed yet that do not harm the main crop. Heavy machines are unable to work in paddy fields so most rice is still grown 39..... Question 40 Complete the diagram below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for the answer. Total Rice Production 33 www. TopSage.comTest 4 SECTION 1 Questions 1-6 i NING Questions 1-10 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. REQUEST FOR COMMERCIAL LEASE Name: MrR. Rich ‘Example “Answer Company: \oT industries Questions 7-10 Preferred location: 1 Near: 2 Size: 3 4 5 Number of staff: Special needs: aecess parieing for mobility scooter ‘Moving date: during montin OF6 orn Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ANDIOR A NUMBER for each answer. ‘Requirements: Good lift access | Large lobby Removal of SOME 7 oem 8. (00 small—make bigger Change office near entry to storeroom New: ~ paintwork ee ‘Minimum length of lease 10... swe (with right of renewal) 45 www. TopSage.comSECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-14 Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. After high school some people travel, find aan) 11... for further education, If you decide to go straight on to more study, to start with you should think about your 12 You'll also need to consider whether your 13 .» Will help you eventually get a good job. After course selection, you should decide on study goals: how many papers to take and What 14 ...cucunne YOU want to achieve. or take on temporary work to save money Questions 15-20 ‘Where would you go for information or resources? Write the correct letter, A, B, or C next to questions 15-20. A. from an Intemet website B__ inthe form of personal advice or guidance C__ onthe availability of financial assistance 15 Higher Education Providers 16 Apprenticeship Scheme 17 School Careers Advisor 18 Career Services 19 Student Support Association 20 Libraries SECTION3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-30 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. © Research Topie — Instant Messaging addiction in teenagers © Demographics = 450 21 .. Province © Scope = Does IM addiction exist? — What are the symptoms? .. completed by random sample of middle school students, Jiangsu www. TopSage.com= Can it be predicted? — Does it affect schoolwork? * 4Symptoms — Note: high level users who are not addicts tend to use IM to chat with friends rather than 28 * Conclusions = Differences exist between high use and addiction but both have 29. academic scores. ¢ Recommendations — Parents ought to take notice of teenagers’ IM usage and offer suitable 30 ..... control their use of IM. effect on SECTION4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31 and 32 Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. 31 Where are the British Isles situated? Inthe... ve 32. The Venn diagram is being used to help students see the difference between geographic and what other regions? Questions 33-36 Label the diagram below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. 47 www. TopSage.comQuestions 37-40 Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. 37 Thereis .. .. with language also when it comes to describing the British Isles. 38. The northernmost point of Ireland belongs to the Republican of Donegal 39 A Welshman will be upset if you call him... 40 The former British Empire is now known as the Gicnmore of Nations to avoid recalling previous relationships. www. TopSage.comREADING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages. Questions 1-6 Reading Passage 1 has six sections, A-F. Choose the correct headings for sections A~F from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i No give-aways for addictive products fi Sales of razor blades increase astronomically Monopoly of consumables is vital for success ‘Video gaming a risky business A nnovel method of dual marketing ruled out Freebie marketing restricted to legal goods Buyer ingenuity may lead to bankruptcy | ‘A marketing innovation A product innovation ‘More money to be made from high quality products 1 Section A 4° Section D 2 Section 5 Section E 3° Section C 6 Section F “Freebie” marketing An the late 18905, while travelling as an Htinerant salesperson for the Crown, Gork and Seal Company, King ©. Gillette observed how his corked bottle caps were discarded Immediately after opening. Nevertheless, his company turned a healthy profit and there was immense business value, Gillette soon came to realise, In a product that was used only a few times. Gillette had his, ‘own personal breakthrough while struggling with a stralght-biaded razor—a siow, fiddly and potentially dangerous Instrument that required sharpening on a regular basis. A simple, disposable blade that could be thrown away when It dulled would meet a reat need and generate 49 www.TopSage.comstrong profits, he correctly reasoned. After founding the American Safety Razor Company in 1801, his sales leapt from 168 blades In 1903 to 123,648 blades only a year later. B_ What king 6. Giilette pioneered is far more than a convenient and affordable way for men to shave, however; itis the business practice now known as. “freebie marketing” that has inspired many more companies over the years. Gillette's approach was contrary to the received wisdom Of his era, which held that a single, durable, high-quality and relatively expensive consumer item with a high profit margin was the best foundation for a business. Freebie marketing involves two sets of items: ¢ master product that is purchased once, and a consumable product that is frequently disposed of and repurchased on an ongoing basis. In this Instance, the master product is often soid with little to no profit margin and is sometimes even dispensed at o loss. AS ‘the consumabies are purchased over months and years, however, this can yield a much greater overall profit. C__ Freebie marketing only works If the producer of the master item Is also able to maintain control over the creation and distribution of the consumabies. if this does not happen, then cheaper versions of the consumabie items may be produced, leaving the original company without a source of profit. The video game company Atari, for example, initially sold Its Atari 2600 consoles ct cost price while relying on game soles for profit. Severat programmers left ‘Atarl, however, and began a new company called Activision which produced cheaper games of @ similar quality. Suddenly, Atari was left with no way t9 make money. Lawsults to block Activision folled, and Atari survived only by adding ticensing measures to Its subsequent 5200 and 7800 consoles. D_ in other instances, consumers sometimes find thot uses for a master product circumvent ‘the need to purchase consumables. This phenomenon Is well known to have afflicted the producers of CueCat barcode readers. These were given away free through Wired magazine with the Intention that they would be used by customers to scan’ barcodes next to advertisements In the publication and thus generate new revenue flows. Users discovered, however, that the machines could be easily modified and used for other purposes, such as buliding @ personal database of book and GD collections. As no licensing agreement was ever reached between Wired and Its magazine subscribers, CueCat were powerless to intervene, and after company liquidation the barcode readers soon became avaliable In quantities over 500,000 for as little as US$0.30 each. E__Notall forms of freebie marketing are legal. One notable example of this Is the use of freebie marketing to. “push” habit-forming goods In areas where there Is otherwise no market. For legal substances this is already restricted on the basis of the product's ilegality, but the use of freeble marketing to promote legal goods such as tobacco, alcoho! and pharmaceuticals Is iso outlawed because the short-term gain to a small number of commercial outlets is not deemed worth the social cost of widespread substcnce abuse, F Another practice that is prohibited under antitrust: laws Is c form of freebie marketing known as “tying”. This is when a seller makes the sale of one good conditional on the acquisition Of « second good. In these Instances the first good Is typically Important and highly desirable, While the second Is Inferior and undesirable. A music distributer who has the rights to an album 50 www. TopSage.comthat Is In high demand, for example, might only allow stores to purchase copies of this album if ‘they also buy unpopular stock that does not sell very easily. Because this typleally ralies'on the, manipulation of a natural monopoly on the part of the distributor, such practices‘are widely understood to constitute anti-competitive behaviour. Questions 7-9 Complete the sentences below. (Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet. 7 The new tactic of freebie marketing ran against the .. of Gillette's time. 8 Occasionally people who buy a master product find ways of using it that get around the necessity of buying more 9 Wired never had a . with its customers about the use of the barcode readers. Questions 10-13 ‘Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. Freebie marketing is not permitted by law for either illegal or legal 10 ...-.....- products. This type of promotion of goods such as tobacco and alcohol is not considered worth the 11 and has consequently been outlawed. “Tying” is also prohibited, This is when the sale of an attractive product is 12 on the purchase of another. It tends to occur when the seller takes advantage of a natural monopoly and is generally considered tobe 13 7 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14~26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Tacoma Narrows Bridge — Disaster Strikes “When the Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened for traffic on 1 July 1940, it was celebrated as a major engineering achievement. Even before construction was completed, however, flaws in the design were apparent; workers sucked on lemon slices to avoid motion sickness as the structure swayed in the relatively mild winds. Engineers tried three different revisions duting construction to address the vibration problem. Initially, tie-down cables ‘were anchored to fifty-tonne bulkheads on the river banks. These were ineffective, as the cables soon detached. Then a pair of inclined cable locks was introduced to connect the main cables to the bridge deck at mid-span. These stayed throughout the bridge's lifespan, but did nothing to reduce vibration, A further measure—the installation of hydraulic dampers between the towers and the floor system—was nullified because the dampers were compromised when the bridge was sand-blasted before painting. 51 www. TopSage.com‘Main Cable ‘Suspender Cable Anchorage Shortly after opening, the bridge quickly acquired the fond nickname of “Galloping Gertie” because of the way it would roll in either side-to-side or length-ways movements—known in physics terms as the ongitudinal and transverse modes of vibration respectively. These movements did not compromise the core integrity of the structure, but did make the crossing a somewhat white-knuckle affair. Many drivers reported seeing cars ahead disappear from sight several times as they sank into troughs from transverse vibrations (imagine the ripple across a packed stadium during a Mexican wave). The experience ofa longitudinal wave is closely analogous, but more accurately associated with the waves one would encounter in the ocean. On a suspension bridge though, these waves are a unique experience—some dare-devils were happy to pay the 75 toll just for the thrill Four months later, however, a never-before-seen type of vibration began afflicting the bridge in what were still fairly gentle winds (about 40 kmph). Rather than the simple “wave” motion that characterises longitudinal and transverse vibration, the left side of the bridge would rise while the right side fell, but the centre line of the road would remain completely level. This was proved when two men walked along the centre of the bridge completely unaffected by the rocking motions around them. Visually the bridge's movements seemed to be more like a butterfly flapping its wings than a simple rolling motion. Engineers now understand this to be the torsional mode of vibration, and it is extremely hard to detect. In aeroplane design, for example, even minute shifts of the aircraft's mass distribution and an alteration in one component can affect a component with which it has no logical connection, In its milder forms this can cause a light buzzing noise, similar to that which a ‘wasp or a bumble bee makes, but when allowed to develop unchecked it can eventually cause the total destruction of an aeroplane. ‘The torsional mode of vibration isthe consequence ofa set of actions known as aerostatic flutter. This involves several different elements of a structure oscillating from the effect of wind, with each cycle of fluttering building more energy into the bridge’s movements and neutralising any structural damping effects. Because the ‘wind pumps in more energy than the structure can dissipate, and the oscillations feed off each other to become progressively stronger, the aerostatic fluttering and torsional vibrations were all but assured to destroy the ‘Tacoma Bridge on the moming of 7 November. At 11.00 a.m. the fluttering had increased to such amplitude that the suspender cables were placed under excessive strain. When these buckled, the weight of the deck transferred to the adjacent cables which in tum were unable to support the weight. These cables buckled, leaving nothing to stop the central deck breaking off into the Tacoma River. It was at around 10.15 am. on 7 November that torsional vibration began afflicting the bridge. This made driving treacherous, and newspaper editor Leonard Coatsworth’s car was jammed against the curb in the centre of the bridge as he attempted to cross. Coatsworth tried to rescue his daughter's cocker spaniel from the back seat but was unsuccessful, and fearing for his life, crawled and staggered to safety on his own. At this point, an engineering professor named Bert Farquharson proceeded onto the bridge in an attempt to save the frightened 52 www. TopSage.comanimal, Farquharson had been video-recording from the banks of the river and had just returned from purchasing more rolls of film, As an avowed dog lover he felt obliged to attempt a rescue. Unfortunately, the professor too was bitten and retreated empty handed, walking off just moments before the cables snapped and the giant concrete mass of the central deck caved inwards and disappeared into the river. Questions 14-16 Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet. Engineers used various techniques while building the bridge to reduce wobble: © they attached 14 to heavy blocks on the shoreline © they fastened main cables to the middle of the 15 ... * 16. were placed between the tallest pars ofthe structure and the deck Questions 17-19 Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 17-19 on your answer sheet. Ge moves repeatedly to the left and right up and down motion; like a wave i torsional resembles motions of a 19.... Questions 20-24 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet. 20 cnnensnee 1§ Series of actions leading to torsional oscillation. Various components move back and forth from the force of the 21 Eventually the structure absorbs more 22 .. than it is able to disperse and the 23 increase in intensity until the structure collapses under the w Questions 25 and 26 Choose TWO letiers A-E. Write your answers in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following were on the bridge at the time of the collapse? A. filming equipment B asmall dog www. TopSage.comC Leonard Coatsworth’s daughter D_ avehicle E__ Professor Farquharson READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Ebonics Ebonics—also known by @ host of other names such as African American Vernacular English, Black English, Black Vernacular, and so on—is an African-American language that has its roots in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, as African captives devised the means to communicate with each other and with their captors. In the South of the United States, these Pan-African languages co-mingled with Standard English and the Southern dialect. Many uniquely African-American components have arisen over the lost two centuries, and all of these Influences have forged what is now known as Ebonics. n 1996, debates around the nature of “Ebonics” in the United Stotes came to « head. That year, the Oakland Unified Schoo! District in California enacted Resolution 597-003, which officially recognised that African- ‘American students “as part of their culture and history as African people possess and utilize a language”. Alternatively referred to as Ebonics (literally “black sounds”), African Communication Behaviours, and African Language Systems, this language was declared to be “genetically-based” rather than a dialect of Standard English, Within the profession of language research end pedagogy, @ strong consensus formed behind the OUSD’s decision to recognise Ebonics. Linguistics professor John Rickford noted that Ebonics was not simply characterised by erroneous grammar and a large slang vocabulary, but that underlying this language wes « structured form and process of grammar and phonology that made English learning for Ebonics speakers far more complex a task than simply dropping bad habits. English teachers, Rickford counselled, must therefore ceccept and embrace these complexities. ‘The Linguistic Society of Ameriea (LSA) concurred with Rickford, adding that whether or not Ebonics should be defined as a dialect or a language does not matter in terms of its “validity”. While linguists studying Ebonics typically restrain from prescribing edicts in fovour of tracking changes in form and style, the LSA did point to the fact that speakers of Swedish and Norwegian can typically understand each other while conversing in different “languages” whereas Mandarin and Cantonese speakers cannot understand each other's “dialects” to conclude that spatial and social tensions, rather than strict linguistic criterio, were the crucial factors in defining these terms. For many others, however, the OUSD’s decision was tantamount to endorsing lazy, vulgar and “broken” English—the equivalent, perhops, of acknowledging “txt” speak or Intemet slang os a valid form ‘of expression. Recognising and fostering the use of informal, cuturally-specific spoken language, say these detractors, treps users in a kind of linguistic ghetto in which they con interact with other disenfranchised end excluded citizens, but cannot engage within the public sphere in a meaningful way. Because of the dominance 54 www. TopSage.comof Standard English in the United States, Ebonics-only speakers are esser ly unable to go to university and work in high-valued professions, and they are unlikely to be electable to any kind of public office (even In areas with a high density of black residents, those who lose thelr Ebonics-tinged speech patterns tend to be more trusted). Psychology professor Ladonna Lewis Rush has noted, however, that the OUSD’s resolution did not promote Ebonics instruction as an alternative to Standard English in an either-or approach, but was intended fo provide @ better springboard for black achievement in English education. The systematic de-valuation of Ebonics in ins in general. While o American society parallels, Rush has argued, the de-valuation of African-Am ing attitude con lead to social exclusion, teachers are suggested to think inclusively and encourage deme Ebonics speakers to use and celebrate thelr way of speaking while understanding that the language of the workplace, and of academies, is Standard English. Nobel Prize- 19 journalist Toni Morrison has also found @ reciprocal, mutually enriching use for both Ebonics ond Standard English. “There are certain ideas and ways of thinking | cannot say without recourse to my [ Ebonics ] language...! know the Standard English. | want to use It to restore the other language, the lingua franca.” In the medio, the Ebonics controversy has mostly been portrayed as a revival of black-versus-whi confrontation—this time over linguistic differences—but journalist Joan Welsh thinks there are basic elements Inherent in the dispute that people do not want to openly discuss. She considers that there is increasing resentment by black parents and teachers who see enormous amounts of federal and state support going into Asian ond Latino bilingual programmes. As immigration continues to increase, a greater proportion of the school budget is going Into these programmes. The question has to be raised: why should immigrant children get English-language assistance as well as reinforcement of their own language and culture while native-born African-Americons get no such resources? Walsh maintains inner city black children are more isolated than in the past and have less social interaction with those fluent in Standard English. For this reason they need help by trained teachers to translate the native tongue they hear at home into the English of the classroom. Ebonics should be treated as a black contribution to culture in the way thet jazz and rock-and-roll has been welcomed—the new vocabulary and imagery has added to the American language rather than devalued it. In Walsh's eyes there has always been “white mistrust of how black people handle their business”, but “in the public realm, white disdain yields black intransigence more reliably than ‘i’ comes before ‘e’. Questions 27-30 Complete the summary below. ‘Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet. Ebonics originated from the 27 ... . The prisoners found a way to talk to other enslaved Africans as well as to 28 . In southern USA several African languages mixed with English and the local 29... . Over time, many distinctive 30 .. have been added to produce the Ebonics language of today. 55 www. TopSage.comQuestions 31-37 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A~K, below. Write the correct letter, A~K, in boxes 31-37 on your answer sheet. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 In 1996, the Oakland Unified School District passed a measure According to John Rickford, itis a good idea when teaching Standard English Linguists studying Black speech patterns are only able ‘The LSA ruled that definitions of “dislect” and “language” are generally a way Critics of vernacular alternatives to Standard English tend Ladonna Rush argues that itis important for educators Toni Morrison finds it necessary A to.use Ebonics in order to express specific concepts. B__torecognize the genetic differences between African-American students and others. | C__ to acknowledge the systematic differences that Ebonics speakers must learn to overcome. | D__ to consider Ebonics as lazy English rather than a unique form of expression. E _ toadmit Ebonics users to university to gain more knowledge. F to make a statement about particular geo-societal relationships. G to compare Scandinavian languages and Chinese dialects. | H__ to declare Ebonics an independent language, and not a variation on English. I to honour positive aspects of Ebonics, while emphasising the necessity of Standard English for formal use. J toapprove the language of text messaging as a legitimate mode of communication. K__ to describe how Ebonics has developed without dictating rules for proper usage. Questions 38-40 Choose THREE letters, A~G. Write the correct letters in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet. Which THREE statements below represent the views of Joan Walsh? =m oaee a Linguistic issues are impeding black academic success rather than social issues. Ebonics deserves to be considered as nothing less than a gift to American society. Children of non-English-speaking immigrants should be denied access to limited educational resources. Ebonics is a debate that reflects rising multi-minority tensions and frustration over funding issues. Ebonics is just another hostile encounter between black and white opponents. Many urban African-American children do not have the same exposure to accepted norms of English that they used to. Blacks need more flexibility in their dealings with the white public. www. TopSage.comTest 5 SECTION1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-5 Complete the form below. A +50 [ERE a oN BeNK: Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Hotel Armitage Booking Form Example Name: ‘Answer KelvincJones Booking #: ‘Vehicle Registration #: Date of Arrival: Room #: ‘Type of room: Standard? Deluxe? Suite? Extra requirements: Identification: Length of stay: Questions 6-10 Complete the map below. Driver's License 5. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer. 60 www, TopSage.comSECTION 2 Questions 11-26 Questions 11-13 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 11 The SIS is ‘A anon-profit making organisation. B__ owned by an international corporation. C _acollective owned by ordinary people. 12 The SIS ‘A. has no fees. B has low fees. avoids paying fees. 13. SIS accounts with the same customer number ‘A will be charged for setting up automatic payments. B attract no service charges. C must have a minimum balance. Questions 14-20 Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. SAVINGS OPTIONS | Savings Account ‘Minimum balance Interest Information ‘Access [Eam good rate from first | Via Intemet, TXT, Internet Account None dollor, Calculated daily and _ telephone. No account paid monthly orl /None—but higher 3 tiers plus 15 on ‘Unlimited withdrawals | Stairs Saver rates for bigger (Calculated daily and paid | but bettero limit to balances monthly once a month None One interest rate, calculated | Anytime—no penalty : daily and paid on 17 enone | for withdrawals INVESTMENT OPTIONS x |_Anvestment Account ‘Minimum deposit Interest Information | —_—_ Access, ‘Term Deposit, Calculated daily and paid | —safe and $1,000 monthly, quarterly, or Only at maturity 18 low risk at maturity {19 Calculated daily and longer term but $5,000 ‘compounded or paid out | Only at maturity better returns | quarterly Retirement Fund a certain percentage of [Different levels ofrisk and | 4g 20 wave before tax |retum, 61 www. TopSage.comSECTION 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-23 Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. 21 What period of English literature will the conference cover? 22 How many panel discussions have been arranged? 23. What is the aim of a panel discussion? To present Questions 24-30 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Procedure (dealt with by prof.) © [dentify topic of interest invohing some 24 . * vite panellists © Select 225... © Decide on 26 Guidelines # Introduction of topie & speakers—get 27 oun © Each panellist speaks for 2 mins—make a hand 28 Primary function = panel discussion (about 40 mins) _ information from prof. to show time is up * Close discussion & give 2 * Secondary function = question time (about 15-20 mins) © tend of question time, pane! is thanked and audience shows appreciation by 30... SECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31-35 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Hydropower © Renewable—constant source of 31 from natural hydrologic cycle - 32 —90% of hydro energy — electricity © Clean—no air or 33 .. pollution 62 www. TopSage.comou nw» &t darable—simple to operate © Flesible—can start & adapt quickly to meet demand —+ leads to 35. . of power supply Questions 36-38 Label the diagram below. Write no more than TWO WORDS for each answer. Hydroelectric Dam Questions 39 and 40 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. 39 To be effective, hydroelectric dams should be built across rivers with both sufficient head and 40 There needs to be a balance between the needs of... the preservation of natural habitat, cme living in developed environments and 63 www. TopSage.comfone READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The development of travel under the ocean For millennia humans have been intrigued by what lies beneath the sea, and although sub-marine travel was attempted from time to time, it did not become commonplace until the middle of last century. Several clever and innovative people had experimented with designs for submersible boats before then, but there was much loss of life and little success. There had long been use of a primitive diving bell for explorative purposes but it was as a war machine that the submarine came into its own. The first development in the history of American submarines was a small submersible with a hand-cranked screw-like oar and a crew of one. It was built before the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) but was adapted for use against the British during this war. Although its pilot twice failed to fasten explosive devices to British ships before losing control of his vessel, he escaped harm. In 1800, an American inventor, Robert Fulton, designed an underwater machine that he called the Nautilus. His version brought in features that can still be found in some modern submarines, notably adjustable diving planes for better underwater manoeuvring, dual systems of propulsion, and a compressed air system that allowed it to stay down for about four hours without surfacing. Development of submersible vessels lagged a long way behind the continued progress in the design of surface ships until the American Civil War (1861-1865) when both sides tried out various designs. One of those, called the Hunley—named after its financier rather than its inventor—sank twice dur: training missions with 11 crew members losing their lives including Hunley himself. Notwithstanding these failures, it was commissioned again in 1864 to attack a ship in Charleston Harbor. A torpedo was used to strike and scuttle the ship—a first in naval history—but the submarine never reappeared and once again the whole crew perished. Its potential had been recognised but there still remained the challenge of operating safely under the water. ‘The ‘Hunley’ was propelled by hand-cranking www. TopSage.com‘The US Navy could appreciate the strategic benefits of having submarines in its fleet and held a competition to encourage design and construction of these underwater craft. The inventor, John Holland, won the competition and it was his sixth prototype, the Holland, that the navy bought and added to its fleet in 1900. This submarine was quite different from previous designs. It was propelled by a gasoline engine that turned a propeller while the vessel was on the surface. When it submerged, the engine ran a generator to charge batteries to operate an electric motor. The improved propulsion methods were, unfortunately, highly dangerous. Not only is gasoline flammable and unstable, using it in the restricted environment of a submarine posed quite a hazard for the crewmen, There was another problem too: the batteries were not only heavy, cumbersome and inefficient but they were also extremely volatile. During the same period as Holland's efforts were being trialled, a German scientist by the name of Rudolf Diesel, created an engine which used a fuel less explosive than gasoline and which could consequently be stored safely. Another advantage was that there was no necessity for an electric spark to ignite the fuel. These safety improvements combined with better fuel economy allowed Diesel engines to power a submarine for longer on the surface; however, batteries were still needed to supply energy for underwater operation. Although diesel-powered submarines were successful and used by the US Navy for almost 50 years, the search for a single power source carried on. It wasn’t long before the concept of nuclear power was realised in Germany and taken up by an Americanphysicist, Ross Gunn, who couldenvisage itspotential insubmersibles. Aresearch team was put together to adapt the concept of nuclear power for use in submarines. In effect, modern nuclear submarines have on board a small nuclear power plant which produces a great amount of energy. This is used to heat water and create steam which drives a huge turbine which turns the propeller. There have been many adaptations and technological improvements made to submarines over the years but the shape is basically the same. Obviously, itisa totally enclosed craft, cigar-shaped with narrowed ends. The outer hull is the largest part of the boat and forms the body. The inner hull is designed to resist the considerable water pressure and insulates the crew from the cold. This is where the crew works, eats and sleeps. It also contains the engine room and the apparatus that makes clean air and clean water. Between the hulls are the ballast tanks for controlling buoyancy. There is a tall fin-shaped sail that comes up out of the hull. Inside the sail is the conning tower and extending from this, to the fore, there is a periscope (through which the captain can see the sea and sky when the submarine is near the surface of the water). Sonar is used for navigat on deep below the surface. The other projection from the conning tower is the radio antenna. Underwater, there are two controls for steering the submarine. The rudder (1ike a tail fin) controls side-to-side movement and diving planes influence rise and descent. There are two sets of diving planes: the forward sail planes and the sternplanes, which are located at the back with the rudder and propeller. 65 www. TopSage.comAdvancing technology will undoubtedly result in different shapes and modes of operation and it is quite possible that, in the future, submarines\will be manned by robots or computer technology that communicates information to land bases via satellite. Questions 1-6 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1~6 on your answer sheet 1 What kind of underwater device was used to investigate the ocean before submersible boats were invented? ‘What was the crewman of the first American-built submarine trying to do before his mission failed? ‘What gave the Nautilus the ability to remain submerged for a long time? ‘When was a submarine first used successfully to sink an enemy boat? ‘What new type of propulsion did the Holland use on top of the water? For what reason was Diesel’s fuel considered safer than Holland's? aueon Questions 7-13 Label the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 713 on your answer sheet. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Vitamins To supplement or not? Mineral, vitamin, and anti-oxidant health supplements make up a multi-billion dollar industry in the united states alone, but do they really work? Evidence suggests supplementation is clearly indicated in special circumstances, but can actually be harmful in others. For the general 66 www. TopSage.comPopulation, however, supplements have negligible or no impact on the prevention of common cancers, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive decline, mortality or any other major indicators of health. In the pursuit of a longer, happier and healthier life, there are certainly better investments for most people than a tube of vitamin supplements. Particular sub-groups of the population can gain a proven benefit from supplementation. Folic acid has long been indicated as a prenatal supplement due to its assistance in foetal cell division and corresponding ability to prevent neural-tube birth defects. Since Canada and the United States decided to require white flour to be fortified with folic acid, spinal birth defects have plummeted by 75%, and rates of neuroblastoma (a ravaging form of infant cancer) are now 50% lower. In countries without such fortification, or for women on low-carbohydrate diets, a prenatal multivitamin could make the crucial difference. The United States Department of Health and Human services has concluded that the elderly may also benefit from extra vitamin D; calcium can help prevent bone fractures; and zinc and anti-oxidants can maintain vision while deflecting macular degeneration in people who would otherwise be likely to develop this affliction. There is mounting evidence, however, for many people to steer clear of multivitamins. The National Institutes of Health has noted a “disturbing evidence of risk” in tobacco users; beta-carotene, a common ingredient in multivitamins, was found over a six-year study to significantly contribute to higher lung cancer and mortality rates in smokers. Meanwhile, excessive vitamin A (a supplement often taken to boost the immune system) has been proven to increase women's risk of a hip fracture, and vitamin E, thought to improve cardiovascular health, was contraindicated in a study that demonstrated higher rates of congestive heart failure among such vitamin users. Antioxidant supplementation has no purpose nor does it achieve anything, according to the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Medical Letter Group has gone further in suggesting they may interfere with treatment and promote some cancers. Antioxidants are generally regarded as counteracting the destructive effect of free radicals in the body, but according to the Medical Letter’s theory, free radicals may also serve the purpose of sending a powerful signal to the body's immune system to fix the damage. By taking supplements, we risk undermining that message and upsetting the balance of antioxidants and free radicals in the body. ‘The supplements counteract the free radicals, the immune system is not placed on alert, and the disease could sneak through the gates. One problem with supplementation by tablet is the poor record on digestibility. These tablets are often stocked with metal-based minerals that are essentially miniature rocks, and our bodies are unable digest them. Even the vitamin elements of these pills that are theoretically digestible are often unable to be effectively extracted by our bodies when they arrive in such a condensed form. In salt lake city, for example, over 150 gallons of vitamin and mineral pills are retrieved from the sewer fiters each month. According to the physician's desk reference, only about 10% -20% of multivitamins are absorbed by the body. The National Advisory Board is even more damning, suggesting that every 100 mg of tablet corresponds to about 8.3 mg of blood concentration, although noting that this can stil potentially perform a helpful role in some cases. In effect, for every $100 you spend on vitamin supplements, over $90 of that is quite literally flushed down the toilet, A final argument against multivitamins is the notion that they can lead people—consciously or Not—to the conclusion that supplementation fills in the gaps of an unhealthy diet and mops up 67 www. TopSage.comafterwards, leaving their bodies none the wiser that instead of preparing a breakfast of fresh fruit and muesli, they popped a tiny capsule with coffee and a chocolate bar. In a seven year study, however, the Heart Protection study did not find any positive outcome whatsoever from multivitamins and concluded that while vitamins in the diet are important, multivitamin tablets are safe but completely useless. There is evidently no shortcut around the task of buying, preparing and consuming fresh fruit and vegetables every day. Boosting, supplementing and ‘ortifying products alter people's very perception of what healthy food is; instead of heading for the fresh produce aisle in the supermarket, they are likely to seek out sugary, processed foods with a handful of extra B vitamins as a healthy choice. We cannot supplement our way out of a bad diet. Questions 14-16 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 14—16 on your answer sheet. 14. The writer does not recommend multivitamin supplementation for A pregnant women. B__ young children. C anyone prone to eye problems. D__ old people. 15 According to the writer, Vitamin E has been shown to A. lead to heart problems. B__be good for heart health, C support the immune system. D__ have no effect. 16 The Medical Letter group believes antioxidant supplementation A. is ineffective in attacking free radicals, B alerts the immune system to the presence of fiee radicals, C__ attacks both free radicals and the immune system. D__ prevents the immune system from responding to free radicals. Questions 17-21 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 1721 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer No if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN __ fit is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 17 Some multivitamin tablets have indigestible ingredients. 18 Some individual vitamins are better absorbed than others ina tablet form. 19 Our bodies cannot distinguish food-based from supplement-based vitamins. 20 Multivitamins can lead to poorer overall eating habits in a person's life. 21. People typically know that fortified processed foods are not good for them. ‘www.TopSage.comQuestions 22-26 Classify the following groups of people according to whether they believe ‘A. Supplementation may have a positive effect. | B Supplementation may have a negative effect. | C Supplementation has no effect Write the correct letter A, B or C, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet. ‘The United States Department of Health and Human Services ‘National Institutes of Health. Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences ‘The National Advisory Board Heart Protection group RREBRB READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. The birth of suburbia A There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the suburban lifestyle; from the early 1800s various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved in their own localised ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London. It is William Levitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modern suburbia. During World War II, Levitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding developer used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and architect brother constructing a planned community ‘on Long Island, New York, With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective production, the Levitts were soon able to produce over 30 units a day. B_ William Levitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet and comfortable homes from returning Gis after World War Il and with the baby boom starting to kick in, All the original lots sold out in a matter of days, and by 1951 nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Levitt & Sons Company. Levittown quickly became the prototype of mass- produced housing, spurring the construction of similar projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and even Puerto Rico, followed by a new industry, and soon a new way of life and a new ideal for the ‘American family. C_ One of the major criticisms of suburbia fs that it can lead to isolation and social dislocation. With properties spread out over great swathes of land, sealed off from one another by bushes, fences and trees, the emphasis of suburban life is placed squarely on privacy rather than community. In the densely-populated urban settlements that pre-dated suburbs (and that are still the predominant way of life for some people), activities such as childcare and household chores as well as sources of emotional and moral support were widely socialised. This insured that any ‘one family would be able to draw on a pool of social resources from their neighbours, building 69 www. TopSage.comcohabitants and family on nearby streets. Suburbia breaks these networks down into individual and nuclear family units resulting in an increase in anti-social behaviour even amongst the wealthy. Teens from wealthy suburban families, for example, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol and use drugs than their poorer urban peers, and are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety. D_ Another major problem with the suburban lifestyle is its damaging ecological impact. The comparison of leafy, quiet, and low-density suburbs with life in the concrete towers of sooty, congested urban conurbations is actually quite misleading; as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. Firstly, due to their low population density, suburbs ‘consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or apartment buildings. Secondly, they encourage the use of personal motor vehicles, often at a rate of one per family member, at the expense of public transport. It is also much less efficient to provide electricity and water to individual suburban houses instead of individual units in an apartment building. In his ‘comparison of urban and suburban pollution, Edward L Glaeser concluded that we need to “build more skytowers—especially in California”. Virtually everywhere, he found cities to be cleaner than suburbs. And the difference in carbon dioxide emissions between high density cities and their suburbs (for example, in New York) was the highest. Urban residents of New York can claim on average to produce nearly 15,000 pounds of carbon dioxide less than their suburban peers. E Another negative aspect of suburban life is its stifling conformity and monotony of social experience. It was not just the nuts and bolts and the concrete foundations of suburban houses that got replicated street upon street, block upon block and suburb upon suburb; it was everything from the shops and cultural life, to people’s hopes, dreams and aspirations. Suburbia gave birth to the “strip mall”, a retail establishment that is typically composed of a collection of national or global chain stores, all stocked with a centrally-dictated, homogenous array of products. The isolation and lack of interaction in suburbs has also encouraged the popularity of television, a passively receptive medium for the viewer that, in the early days at least, offered an extremely limited scope of cultural exposure compared with the wealth of experiences available in the inner city. Meanwhile, much of the inner city “public sphere” has been lost with suburban flight. The public sphere is the area of social life in which people come together to freely discuss and identify social problems. In the city, this has traditionally occurred around newsstands, in coffee houses, salons, theatres, meeting halls, and so on. Suburbia has not found a way to replace this special type of social experience, however. Social meeting points in the suburbs tend to be based exclusively around specific interests such as sports or cultural clubs, with no broad forms of daily social interaction. F These points do not suggest the idea of suburbia itself is flawed, but that it has not been executed in a way that takes into account the full spectrum of human needs and desires. This likely reflects the hasty, thrown-together nature of early suburban development. With the baby boom rippling across Western countries and demand for family friendly housing sky-rocketing, developers and city planners were unable to develop sophisticated models. Now, however, we should take time to consider what has gone wrong, and how we can reconfigure the suburb. How can we imbue suburban life with the lost sphere of public discussion and debate? How can people maintain their sought-after privacy without sacrificing a sense of community? How can we use new 70 www. TopSage.comtechnologies to make suburbs environmentally friendly? These are questions for which the developers of tomorrow will have to find answers, lest the dream of suburbia become the nightmare of disturbia. Questions 27-31 Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A~F ‘Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A~F, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet 27 A reason to construct taller buildings 28 Where people might discuss issues of societal concem in urban locations 29 The founder of what is broadly understood as contemporary “suburbs” 30 Examples of problems suffered by youth that suburban lifestyles can make worse 31 A model for suburban development in the latter half of the 20th century Questions 32-38 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 32-38 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOTGIVEN __ fitis impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 32 A good principle for ecological preservation is to avoid human interference. 33. In some countries, suburbs are more environmentally friendly than in the USA. 34 Suburban development fosters the use of both public and private forms of transport. 35. People cannot relate to each other in suburbs because their lives are too different. 36 There is not much variety amongst the goods at a strip mall. 37 Television has not tended to offer the same diversity as urban cultural outlets. 38. There are no ways for people to get together and interact in suburbs. Questions 39 and 40 Choose TWO letters A-E. Write your answers in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet. ‘Which TWO of the following does the author conclude? A. The very concept of a healthy suburban lifestyle is problematic, ‘The speed of suburban growth has contributed to its imperfections. By thinking about human and ecological needs, suburbs can become better places to live. Developers will have to think about ways of living that do not require suburbs. Suburbs have their downsides, but they are the best way for parents to raise children, noaw nm www. TopSage.comTest 6 SECTION1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-3 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Application for: Children’s Librarian—Volunteer Example ‘Answer Name: ‘Tessa Bridges Address: SIL - Drive Area: Northwood Postcode: Bence ‘Studying at: Northwood Polytechnic Major: Biss Career choice: Children’s author Questions 4-6 Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Senior High School (3 months ‘Ace Sports Academy ongoing Northwood Hospital official visitor: Children’s ward Questions 7-10 Is Tessa available for work at the times listed below? Write the correct lewter, A, B or C, next to questions 7-10. www. TopSage.com 5‘A Sheis definitely available for work at these times B She might be available for work at these times |_© She isnot available for work at these times Times: 7 Weekdays. 8 Evenings. 9 Weekends. 10 School Holidays. SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-17 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. BeWell Online Programme = interactive website with resources to help reach health 1 Wellness Register: © easy online health check © keep a record of progress © get 12. .»- on present health condition Active Health Agenda: 8-week plans taking into account age & lifestyle © diet & workout © weight loss 213 . © healthy aging © time-saver workouts Membership: © allow use of various tools and 14 . online # give access to articles, recipes, exercises ‘Active Sport: Individual programmes in accordance with personal objective and 18 © warm-up, workout, weekly training e.g. marathon, swimming, biking, running Active Care [for specific health requirements]: +16 © Glucose Management © Heart Health om... 78 www. TopSage.comQuestions 18-20 Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. BeWell Coaching Course 18 Health professionals will help people make long-lasting .. 19 Coaching is for people with diseases. 20 Coaches help people make a .. and keep to it. SECTION 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-25 Choose the correct leter, A, B or C. 21 Clare and Grant must arrange a competition which will especially interest A. school students. B_ Open Day committee members. C Open Day visitors. 22 What will the prize be? A aniPod B aniPad C aniPhone 23. Who will be responsible for buying the prize? ‘A. auniversity department B Clare and Grant C_ Rick Smith 24. What is the most important aspect for entrants in the competition? A fun B guesswork C ability 25 In the science fiction series on television, what is on the other side of the gateway? A. aportal B_ anew world of education C__adifferent time period Questions 26-27 Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 26 Who will judge the competition? 27 Who will build the portal? www. TopSage.comQuestions 28-30 Label the flow chart below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Step 1 Find ‘Portal 28... * on campus on Open Day + Step 2 Be photographed stepping through the Portal + Step3 Give contact 29 .. (name & email address) + Step 4 Visit the University Facebook page and vote + Step 5 The picture with the most votes at 5 pm on 30... SECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31-40 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Agriculture and Environment ou production = biggest problem in today’s world © Agriculture is important for jobs, exports and foreign exchange © ‘Agriculture’ means: ‘* growing crops + raising animals o 3 8 BB © Agriculture must be sustainable: old methods, & new, chemical methods are all unsustainable —+ u of biodiversity technology —» GM or GE — bio-prospecting (bio-piracy) i.e. large companies steal samples of native plants to use the 35 .» for their own crop improvement ° 36. is responsible for less food and higher prices Farmers need to be educated but governments also need to pay attention to 37 protect the environment and re-nourish the soil ‘© Experts from around the world could come together to form a 38 to observe farm systems aiming to prevent pollution and erosion and encourage safe procedures that are also 39 © Creating the project’s 40 would be very expensive and more money would be needed for the monitoring system but it could solve the problem of food shortages .. in order to 78 www. TopSage.comADING READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages. Questions 1-5 Reading Passage 1 has five sections A-E. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i~viti in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. List of Headings Financial costs ii Decline and disuse Birth and development iv Political uses of Nu shu ‘The social role of Nu shu Last of the Nu shu speakers Characteristics of written Nu shu Revival and contemporary interest gas- 1 Section A 2 Section B 3 Section C 4 Section D 5 SectionE Nu shu — a secret language — ‘A. tis sometimes soid that men and women communicate in different languages. For hundreds of years in the Jianyong County of Hunan province, China, this was quite literally the case. Sometime between 400 and 1,000 ‘Years ago women defied the patriarchal norms of the time that forbade them to read or write, and conceived of Nu shy—Iiterally, ‘women's language’—a secretive script and language of their own. Through building informal networks of “sworn sisters” who committed themselves to teaching the language only to other women, cand by using it artistically in ways that could be passed off as artwork (such as writing characters on @ decorative fan), Nu shu was able to grow and spread without attracting too much suspicion. 79 www. TopSage.comB Nu shy has many orthographical distinctions from the standard Chinese script. Whereas standard Chinese has large, bold strokes that look as if they might have been shaped with a thick permanent marker pen, Nu shu choracters are thin, slanted and have a slightly ‘scratchy’ appearance that bears more similarity to calligraphy. Whereas standard Chinese is logographic, with characters that represent words and meanings, ‘Nu shu is completely phonetic—each character represents a sound; the meaning must be acquired from the context of what is being said, Users of Nu shu developed coded meanings for various words and phrases, but itis likely that only a tiny fraction of these will ever be known. Many secrets of Nu shu have gone to the grave. C__Nu shu was developed as a way to allow women to communicate with one another in confidence. To some extent this demand came from a desire for privacy, and Nu shu allowed women a forum for personal written communication in a society that was dominated by a male-orientated social culture, There was also practical element to the rise of Nu shu, however: until the mid 20th century, women were rarely encouraged to become Iiterate in the standard Chinese script. Nu shu provided practical and easy-to-learn alternative. Women ‘who were separated from their families and friends by marriage could therefore send ‘letters’ to each other. Unlike traditional correspondence, however, Nu shu characters were painted or embroidered onto everyday items like fans, pillowcases and handkerchiefs and embodied In ‘artwork’ in order to avoid moking men suspicious. D_ After the Chinese Revolution, more women were encouraged to become literate in the standard Chinese script, and much of the need for @ special form of women’s communication was dampened. When the Red Guard discovered the script in the 1960s, they thought it o be a code used for espionage. Upon learning that it was a secret women’s language they were suspicious and fearful. Numerous letters, weavings, embroideries cond other artifacts were destroyed and women were forbidden to practise Nu shu customs. As a consequence, the generational chains of linguistic transmission were broken up, and the language ceased being passed down through sworn sisters. There is no longer anyone alive who has learnt Nu shu in this traditional manner; Yong Huany/, the last proficient user of the language, died on September 20, 2004, inher late 90s. E_ In recent years, however, popular and scholarly interest in Nu shu has blossomed. The Ford Foundation granted US $209,000 to build @ Nu shu Museum that houses artifacts such os audio recordings, manuscripts cand articles, some of which date back over 100 years. The investment from Hong Keng SAR is elso being used to build infrastructure at potential tourist sites in Hunan, and some schools in the area have begun instruction in the language. Incidentally, the use of Nu shu'is also a theme in Lisa See’s historical novel, Snow Flower and the ‘Secret Fan, which hos since been adapted for film. Questions 6-7 Choose TWO letters A-E. Write your answers in boxes 6-7 on your answer sheet. ‘Why was there a need for Nu shu? Which TWO reasons are given in the text? ‘A. Itprovided new artistic opportunities for female artisans. B It was a way for uneducated women to read and write C Not enough women were taking an interest in literature. D__ It was a way for women to correspond without men knowing. E__Ithelped women believe in themselves and their abilities. 80 www. TopSage.comQuestions 8-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1 In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN _ifthere is no information on this 8 The post-Revolution government did not want women to read or write in any language. 9 Atfirst, the Red Guard thought Nu shu might be a tool for spies. 10 Women could be punished with the death penalty for using Nu shu 11 The customary way of leaming Nu shu has died out. 12 There is a lot of money to be made out of public interest in Nu shu. 13 Nu shw is now being openly taught. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Venus Plytraps ‘A. From indigenous myths to John Wyndham’s Day of the Thifids and the off-Broadway musical Little Shop of Horrors, the idea of cerebral, carnivorous flora has spooked audiences and readers for centuries. While shrubs and shoots have yet to uproot themselves or show any interest in human beings, however, for some of earth’s smaller inhabitants—arachnids and insects—the tisk of being trapped and ingested by a plant can be a threat to their daily existence. Easily the most famous of these predators is the Venus Flytrap, one of only two types of ‘snap traps” in the world. Though rarely found growing wild, the Flytrap has captured popular imagination and can be purchased in florists and plant retailers around the world. B Part of the Venus Flytrap’s mysterious aura begins with the title itself. While it is fairly clear that the second-half of the epithet has been given for its insect-trapping ability, the origin of ‘Venus’ is somewhat more ambiguous. According to the Intemational Camivorous Plant Society, the plant was first seudied in the 17th and 18th Centuries, when puritanical mores ruled Western societies and obsession was rife with forbidden human impulses and urges. Women were often portrayed in these times as seductresses and temptresses, and botanists are believed to have seen a parallel between the behaviour of the plant in luring and devouring insects, and the imagined behaviour of women in luring and ‘trapping’ witless men. The plant was thus named after the pagan goddess of love and money—Venus. C_The Venus Flytrap is a small plant with six to seven leaves growing out of a bulb-like stem. At the end of each leafis a trap, which is an opened pod with cilia around the edges like stiff eyelashes. The pod is lined with anthocynin pigments and sweet-smelling sap to attract flies and other insects. When they fly in, trigger hairs inside the pod sense the intruder's movement, and the pod snaps shut, The trigger mechanism is so sophisticated that the plant can differentiate between living creatures and non-edible debris by requiring two trigger hairs to be touched within twenty seconds of each other, or one hair to be touched in quick succession. The plant has no nervous system, and researchers can only hypothesize as to how the rapid shutting movement ‘works. This uncertainty adds to the Venus Fiytrap's allure. at www. TopSage.comD_ The pod shuts quickly, but does not seal entirely at first; scientists have found that this mechanism allows miniscule insects to escape, as they will not be a source of useful nourishment for the plant. If the creature is large enough, however, the plants flaps will eventually meet to form an airtight compress, and at this point the digestive process begins. A Venus Flytrap’s digestive system is remarkably similar to how a human stomach works. For somewhere between five and twelve days the trap secretes acidic digestive juices that dissolve the soft tissue and cell membranes of the insect. These juices also kill any bacteria that have entered with the food, ensuring the plant maintains its hygiene so that it does not begin to rot. Enzymes in the acid help with the digestion of DNA, amino acids and cell molecules so that every fleshy part of the animal can be consumed. Once the plant has reabsorbed the digestive fuid—this time with the added nourishment—the trap re-opens and the exoskeleton blows away in the wind. E Although transplanted to other locations around the world, the Venus Flytrap is only found natively in an area around Wilmington, North Carolina in the United States. It thrives in bogs, marshes and wetlands and grows in wet sand and peaty soils. Because these environments are so depleted in nitrogen, they asphyxiate other flora, but the Flytrap overcomes this nutritional poverty by sourcing protein from its insect prey. One of the plant's curious features is resilience to flame—it is speculated that the Flytrap evolved this to endure through periodic blazes and to act as a means of survival that its competition lacks F While the Venus Flytrap will not become extinct anytime soon (an estimated 3-6 million plants are presently in cultivation)—its natural existence is uncertain. In the lst survey, only 35,800 Flytraps were found remaining in the wild, and some prominent conservationists have suggested the plant be given the status of “vulnerable” Since this research is considerably dated, having taken place in 1992, the present number is considerably lower. ‘The draining and destruction of natural wetlands where the Flytrap lives is considered to be the biggest threat to its existence, as well as people removing the plants from their natural habitat. Punitive measures have been introduced to prevent people from doing this. Ironically, while cultural depictions of perennial killers may persist, the bigger threat is not what meat-eating plants might do to us, but what we may do to them, Questions 14-19 Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. ‘Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A~F, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. 14 An overview of how the Flytrap eats its prey 15 A comparison between human and plant behaviour 16 A measure designed to preserve Flytraps in their native environment 17 An example of a cultural and artistic portrayal of meat-eating plants 18 A characteristic of the Venus Flytrap that is exceptional in the botanical world 19 A reference to an aspect of the Venus Flytrap's biology that is not fully understood Questions 20-22 Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 2. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet. 20. If they are too small to provide . the closing pod allows insects to get out. 21. Only the..... is left after the Flytrap has finished digesting an insect. 22, Many plants cannot survive in bogs and wetlands owing to the lack of... 82 www. TopSage.comQuestions 23-26 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 27 In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN __ifthere is no information on this ‘The Venus Flytrap can withstand some exposure to fire, Many botanists would like the Venus Flytrap to be officially recognised as an endangered plant species. Only 35,800 Venus Flytraps now survive in their natural habitats. Human interference is a major factor in the decline of wild Venus Flytraps. RRB READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Development Shortly after World War II, ‘development’ as we now understand it was set in motion. Western governments and donors poured money into new agencies that set about trying to stimulate the economies of underdeveloped countries. Because of this emphasis, it is now widely regarded as the Growth Model. Although we might expect poverty reduction to be the central objective, planners at t stage were primarily concerned with industrial development. It was hoped that the benefits of this would trickle down to poor people through raising incomes and providing employment opportunities, thereby indirectly lifting them above the ascribed poverty threshold of a dollar a day. The weaknesses of these assumptions were revealed, however, when poverty rates and economic growth were found to rise simultaneously in many countries. During the 1970s, a new trend took over—trickleup development. Instead of focusing on macro-economic policy and large-scale industrial projects, planners shifted attention to the core living requirements of individuals and communities. This became known as the BasicNeeds Approach to development. It was hoped that through the provision of services such as community sanitation and iteracyprogrammes, poverty couldbeel iminated frombelow. Economicgrowthwas desirable but superfluous—Basic Needs redefined poverty from involving a lack of money to lacking the capability to attain full human potential. The trouble with Basic Needs progranmes, however, was their expensive, resource-intensive nature that entailedcontinuousmanagement and funding. nce the 1980s, development planners have moved towards the Sustainable velihoods Approach, which emphasises good livelihoods (materially and socially) that, most importantly, are independent and sustainable. ‘sustainable’ inthis sense means that people are able to recover fromthe shocks and stresses of daily life, absolving agencies of the need to persistently monitor their lives. This approach emphasises a view of poverty that comes not 83 www. TopSage.comfrom the rich but from the impoverished themselves, who aré considered to be most suitably positioned to determine the poverty indicators that contribute to the multiple facets of their own deprivation. Although the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach has been criticised for lacking an environmental platform strong enough to respond to climate change, and for disassociating aspects of power and societal status from being a contestable part of development, it is currently the preferred model for development projects. Though there is some linearity to the trajectory of development practice, with paradigms shifting in and out of fashion, vigorous scholarly debate persists around all approaches. The Growth Model, for example, is still defended by many theorists, particularly economists. Those who believe in the Growth Model insist that nothing trumps economic development as a tool for poverty alleviation for the developing countries (although there is often less enthusiasm for its applicability to the post-industrial West). Many countries that have focused explicitly on growth have managed to make considerable inroads into reducing poverty, even in the absence of a development programme; Japan and Germany followed this route after World War IT, as has China from the 1970s. On the other hand, some countries with massive inflows of funding for aid-based ‘development projects’—particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa—have struggled to progress with meeting poverty reduction targets. There is a good reason to be sceptical about the Growth Model, however, as is evidenced by the numerous societies that have partly imploded as a consequence of prioritising economic growth above the work of human development. The experiences of many eastern European countries with health and employment crises in the early 1990s are particularly traumatic examples of this. The Growth Model also suffers from an undemocratic, and ‘technocratic’, if not autocratic, method—underdeveloped countries frequently make policy decisions based on consultation with Western economists and institutions on how to generate growth. This dissolves the autonomy of communities to make their own decisions about what matters to them, and what kind of society they would like to build. The move to the Sustainable Livelihood Approach is a positive move in this regard, because by operating on a principle that decisions should be made by those who are affected by them, it introduces a role for localised decision-making. It will be difficult, if not impossible, for any country in the near future to ignore economic growth as a development indicator while continuing to meet development targets. It is important, however, that we move away from seeing this type of growth as the prime objective for development. Development is ultimately about people, and human development must be placed at the forefront; economic growth is simply one tool out of many that can helpus along the way. We also need to recognise that foreign advisers, whatever qualifications and knowledge theymay possess, can sometimes be a hindrance; local autonomy must be respected for real development to occur. The Growth Model may have failed, but this does not render economic growth irrelevant. The Sustainable Livelihood Approach offers helpful and realistic alternatives. But it is folly to commit ourselves to a strictlydefined, systematic programme—less constrictive mindsets will helpus break the development fashioncycle. 84 www. TopSage.comQuestions 27-33 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet. ‘Typified by small-scale aid such] Tries to encourage ways of living as health and 29 . | that are more self-sufficient projects Poverty described as living on|Poverty seen as an inability to| Poor people identify their own Jess than a dollar a day reach 30 oon 32 a Tt was discovered that poverty| Projects costly and ‘The problem of could increase in step with 31 requiring 33 cnmnmnonn Ot adequately 28 ongoing involvement addressed; & ignores issues of| social dominance and authority Questions 34-38 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 34-38 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN __ fit is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this The most favoured method of development is the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. ‘While institutions often follow development trends, academic disputes are more timeless. ‘The Growth Model is more popular with Third World scholars than Wester scholars. tis not possible to reduce poverty without an explicit development policy. ‘The Growth Model takes some authority away from local forms of organisation. BeIRRe Questions 39-40 Choose TWO letters A-E. Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements form part of the author’s conclusion? Economic growth is the primary development goal, but there are other factors to consider. It is preferable not to think about development in rigi, structured terms. Development projects are likely to fail in the absence of highly-educated experts. ‘The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach is more effective than the Growth Model. Economic growth should only be considered as a means for development, not an endpoint. moO ee 85 www. TopSage.com