CE124 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

1. Title of the Module

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer System

Chapter 2: Input and Output Devices

2. Introduction

This module introduces the students in the world of computers which are
used in the different aspects of society. In this module, the students will have a
thorough grasp of the computer understanding they need to live in an information
society.

3. Learning Outcome

After completing this module, the students should acquire the following
learning competencies:

➢ Learn the concept of a system in general and the

computer system in specific.
➢
Understand how the computer evolve dramatically within a very short
span, from very huge machines of past to very compact of designs of the
present with tremendous advances in technology
➢ Understand the general classification of a computer. ➢
Study computer applications.
➢
Understand the typical characteristics of computers namely speed, accuracy,
efficiency, storage, capacity, versatility.

➢ Identify the limitations of the computer.

➢ Discuss the differences between humans and computers.
➢
Understand the computer component.

4. Learning Content

It contains readings, selection and discussion questions, and sets of activities

that students can work on individually or by a group.
Topics for Module 1: Introduction

Topic 1: Introduction – What is a computer?

Today, almost all of us in the world make use of computers in one way or the
other. It finds applications in various fields of engineering, me dicine, commercial,
research, and others. Not only in these sophisticated areas but also our daily lives,
computers have become indispensable. They are present everywhere, in all the devices
that we use daily like cars, games, washing machines, microwaves, and so on. and in
day to day computations like banking, reservations, electronic mails, internet and many
more.

The word computer is derived from the word compute. Compute means to
calculate. The computer was originally defined as a super-fast calculator. It could solve
complex arithmetic and scientific problems at a very high speed. But nowadays in
addition to handling complex arithmetic computations, computers perform many other
tasks like accepting, sorting, selecting, moving, comparing various types of information.
They also perform arithmetic and logical operations on alphabetic, numeric, and other
types of information. The information provided by the user to the computer is data. The
information in one form which is presented to the computer is the input information or
input data. Information in another form is presented by the computer after performing a
process on it. This information is the output information or output data. The set of
instructions given to the computer to perform various operations is called the computer
program. The process of converting the input data into the required output form with
the help of the computer program is called data processing. Computers are therefore
also referred to as data processors. Therefore, a computer can now be defined as a
fast and accurate data processing system that accepts data, performs various
operations on the data, can store the data, and produce the results based on a detailed
step by step instructions given to it.

Functionalities of a Computer
➢
Takes data as an input
➢ Stores the data/instructions in its memory.
➢ Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
➢ Generates the output.
The terms hardware and software are almost always used in connection with the
computer.

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Hardware:

The hardware is the machinery itself. Computer hardware is the collection of

physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the
physical parts or components of a computer such as a monitor, mouse, keyboard,
computer data
storage, hard drive
disk (HDD),
system unit
(graphic cards,
sound cards,
memory,

motherboard, and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched.

Fig. 1.0 System Unit

Software:

The computer hardware itself is not capable of doing anything on its own. It has
to be given explicit instructions to perform a specific task. The computer program is the
one that controls the processing activities of the computer. The computer thus functions
according to the instructions written in the program. The software mainly consists of
these computer programs, procedures, and other documentation used in the operation
of a computer system. Software is a collection of programs that utilize and enhance the
capability of the hardware.

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Five categories of Software:

1.Operating System (OS)

The software that manages the resources of a computer system and schedules its
operation is called the Operating system. The operating system acts as an interface
between the hardware and the user programs and facilitates the execution of programs.
Generally, the OS acts as an interface between the user and the Hardware of the
computer. i.e. It is a bridge between the user and the Hardware.

Fig. 1.1 Functions of the Operating System Fig. 1.2 Different Types of Operating Ststem

2. Translators
Co
mp
ute
rs

can understand instructions only when they are written in their language – the
machine language. Therefore, a program written in any other language should be
translated into machine language. The software that translates the instructions of
different. Languages are known as translators.

There are two types of translators.

➢
Compilers
➢
Interpreters
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A Compiler checks the entire user-written program (known as the source

program) and if it is Error-free, produces a complete program in machine language
(known as object program). The source program is retained for possible modifications
and corrections and the object program is loaded into the computer for execution. If the
source program contains errors, the compilers produce a list of errors at the end of the
execution of the program. i.e a compiler tra nslates the whole program before execution.

Fig. 1.3
Compiler
Works

An Interpreter does a similar job but in a different style. The interpreter

translates one statement at a time and if the source program contains an error, it will be
free executes until at the end of the execution of the program.

The major difference between compiler and interpreter:

1. Error correction is very much simpler in the case of an interpreter as it translates the
statements in stages. The compiler produces an error list of the entire program at the end.

2. An interpreter takes more time for the execution of the program compared to
compilers as it translates one statement at a time.

Fig. 1.4 Task of the Interpreter

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Programming Languages

There are three types of programming languages:

1. Machine Languages

Computers respond only to machine language. This language is in terms of

binary codes (0,1). i.e. all programs should be written with these codes, which is
difficult, timeconsuming, and leading to errors while writing the programs. There is no
unique standard machine language. Rather there are many machine languages. These
are machinedependent. These are referred to as the first -generation languages.

Fig. 1.5 Binary Numbers

2. Assembly Languages

It uses mnemonic codes rather than numeric codes (as in machine languages).
Ex. Add or A is used as a symbol for addition. It requires translators to convert into
machine language. Like machine language, a writing program in assembly language is
also time -consuming. These are also machine-dependent.

3. High-Level Languages
(HLL)

These are referred to as

problem-oriented languages
(POL). These are referred to as
third-generation Fig. 1.6 Assembly Langaue languages.

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The advantages of these languages are:

The high-level languages are convenient for writing programs as they can be written
without any codes. These languages follow rules like the English language. Because of
their English like nature, less time is required to write a program. They are
machineindependent. A program written in any HLL can be run on computers of
different types without any modifications.

Several High-Level Languages which are in common use:

FORTRAN: Formula TRANslation

COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language
BASIC: Beginner‘s All -purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
PROLOG: PROgramming in LOGic
ALGOL: ALGOrithmic Langua ge

Fig. 1.7 High Level Language were converted to a Machine Language

3. Utility Programs
These are pre-written
programs supplied by the
manufacturer for maintaining
the day-to-day activities of a
computer system. Utility
Software is designed to help you monitor and configure settings for your computer
system equipment. Example: COPY, SORT, MAILING, virus scanning software, etc.

Fig. 1.8 Utility Software

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 3. Application Programs
These are user-written programs to do a specific job that can be changed to meet
individual needs. These programs are written in different languages such as BASIC or
C or by using database packages like dBASE, Oracle. Example: Payroll, Billing,
Railway Reservation, etc.

Fig. 1.9 Programming Languages

5. General Purpose Packages

These packages are developed to suit the needs of research workers /scientists in
different fields. These packages are categorized as:

➢
Data Analysis
➢ Word Processing
➢ Spread Sheet
➢ Graphics
➢
Databases

Fig. 1.10 Software Application

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Topic 2: Evolution of Computer

The computers of today are vastly different in appearance and performance as

compared to the computers of earlier days. But where did this technology come from
and where is it heading? To fully understand the impact of computers on today’s world
and the promises they hold for the future, it is important to understand the evolution of
computers.

The First Generation:

The first-generation computers made use of:

➢
Vacuum tube technology,
➢ Punched cards for data input,
➢ Punched cards and paper tape for output,
➢ Machine Language for writing programs,
➢ Magnetic tapes and drums for external storage.

The computers of the first generation were very bulky and emitted a large amount
of heat which required air conditioning. They were large and cumbersome to handle.
They had to be manually assembled and had limited commercial use. The concept of
operating systems was not known at that time. Each computer had a different binary-
coded program
called a machine language that told it how to operate.

Punched cards Paper tape Vacuum tube

Fig. 2.1 The First-Generation Computer technology

The Abacus, which emerged about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still in
use today, allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged
on
a rack. Early merchants used Abacus to keep trading transactions.
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 Abacus Pascaline

Fig. 2.2 the first-Generation Computers

Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician invented the first mechanical machine, a

rectangular brass box, called Pascaline which could perform addition and subtraction
on whole numbers. This was in the seventeenth century. Colmar, a Frenchman
invented the machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. Colmar’s mechanical calculator,
“Arithmometer”, presented a more practical approach to computing. With its enhanced
versatility, the “Arithmometer” was widely used until the First World War, although later
inventors refined Colmar’s calculator, together with fellow inventors, Pascal and Leibniz,
he helped define the age
of mechanical computation.

Fig. 2.3 Arithnometer

Charles Babbage a British mathematician at Cambridge University invented the

first analytical engine or difference engine. This machine could be programmed by
instructions coded on punch cards and had mechanical memory to store the results. For
his contributions in this field, Charles Babbage is known as ‘the father of the modern
digital computer”. Some of the early computers included:

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 Fig. 2.4 Different Engine
Mark I
This was the first fully automatic calculating machine. It was designed by
Howard Aiken of Harvard University in collaboration with IBM. This machine was an
electronic relay computer. Electromagnetic signals were used for the movement of
mechanical parts. Mark, I could perform the basic arithmetic and complex equations.
Although this machine was extremely reliable, it was very slow (it took about 3-5
seconds per calculation) and was complex in design and large in size.

Fig. 2.5 Mark 1

Atanasoff
-Berry Computer (ABC)
This
computer
developed
by John Atanasoff
and Clifford
Berry was the world’s first general-purpose electronic digital computer. It made use of
vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage.

Fig. 2.6 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator)

The first all-electronic computer was produced by a partnership between the US

Government and the University of Pennsylvania. It was built using 18,000 vacuum
tubes, 70,000 resistors, and 1,500 relays and consumed 140 kilowatts of electrical
power. The ENIAC computed at speed about a thousand times faster than Mark I.
However, it could store and manipulate only a limited amount of data. Program
modifications and detecting errors were also difficult

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 Fig.2.7 ENIAC

EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

In the mid-1940’s Dr. John von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer with a memory to store both program and data. This was
the first machine that used the stored program concept. It had five distinct units -
arithmetic, central control, memory, input, and output. The key element was the central
control. All the functions of the computer were co-ordinated through this single source,
the central control. The programming of the computers was done in machine language

Fig. 2.8 EDVAC

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UNIVAC I Universal automatic Computer

Remington Rand designed this computer specifically for business data

processing applications. The Universal Automatic Computer was the first general-
purpose commercially available computer.

Fig. 2.9 UNIVAC I Universal automatic

Computer The Second Generation
➢
In the second generation of computers:
➢
Vacuum tube technology was replaced by transistorized technology,
➢
Size of the computers started reducing,
➢ ➢
Assembly language started being used in place of machine language,

The concept of the stored-program emerged.

➢
High-level languages were invented.

Fig. 2.10 The Second

Generation

This was the

generation of

Transistorized Computers. Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. As a result,

the size of the machines started shrinking. These computers were smaller, faster, more
reliable, and more energy-efficient. The first transistorized computer was TX-0. The first
large scale machines that took advantage of the transistor technology were the early
supercomputers, Stretch by IBM and LARC by Sperry Rand. These machines were
mainly developed for atomic energy laboratories. Typical computers of the second
generation were the IBM 1400 and 7000 series, Honeywell 200 and General Electric.
IBM 1401 was universally accepted throughout the industry and most large businesses
routinely processed financial information using second-generation computers. The
machine language was replaced by assembly language. Thus, the long and difficult
binary code was replaced with an abbreviated
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programming code which was relatively easy to understand. The stored program
concept and programming languages gave the flexibility of the computer to finally be
cost-effective and productive for business use. The stored program concept implied
that the instructions to run a computer for a specific task were held inside the
computer’s memory and could quickly be modified or replaced by a different set of
instructions for a different function. High-level languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, and
AL- GOL were developed. Computers started finding vast and varied applications. The
entire software industry began with second-generation computers.

The Third Generation

➢
The third-generation computers were characterized by:
➢
Use of Integrated circuits,
➢
The phenomenal increase in computation speed,
➢
Substantial reduction in size and power consumption of the machines,
➢ ➢
Use of magnetic tapes and drums for external storage, Design-of

Operating systems and new higher-level languages,

➢
Commercial production of computers.

This generation was characterized by the invention of Integrated Circuits (ICs).

The 1C combined electronic components onto a small chip which was made from
quartz. Later, even more, components were fitted onto a single chip, called a
semiconductor. This reduced the size even further. The weight and power consumption
of computers decreased and the speed increased tremendously. Heavy emphasis was
given to the development of software. Operating systems were designed which allowed
the machine to run many different programs at once. A central program monitored and
co-ordinate the computer s memory. Multiprogramming was made possible, whereby
the machine could perform several jobs at the same time. Computers achieved speeds
of executing millions of instructions per second. Commercial production became easier
and cheaper. Higherlevel languages like Pascal and Report Program Generator (RPG)
were introduced and applications-oriented languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, and PL/1
were developed. The third-generation computers made use of ‘Integrated Circuits that
had 10-20 components on each chip, this was Small Scale Integration (SSI).
 Fig. 2.11 Integrated Circuit

The Fourth Generation

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The general features of the fourth-generation computers were:
➢
Use of Very Large-Scale Integration,
➢ The invention of microcomputers,
➢ Introduction of Personal Computers
➢ Networking

➢ Fourth Generation Languages.

Fig. 2.12 VLSI

The Fourth
Generation realized
Large Scale Integration (LSI) which could fit hundreds of components on one chip and Very
Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) which squeezed thousands of components on one chip. The
Intel 4004 chip, located all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory,
input and output controls) on a single chip and microcomputers were introduced. Higher-
capacity storage media like magnetic disks were developed. Fourth -generation languages
emerged and application
software’s started becoming popular. Computer production became inexpensive and the
era of Personal Computers (PCs) commenced. In 1981, IBM introduced its personal
computer for use in an office, home, and schools. In direct competition, the Macintosh
was introduced by Apple in 1984. Shared interactive systems and user-friendly
environments were the features of these computers. As computers started becoming
more and more powerful, they could be linked together or networked to share not only
data but also memory space and software. The networks could reach enormous
proportions with local area networks. A global web of computer circuitry, the Internet,
links the computers worldwide into a single network of info rmation.

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The Fifth Generation

Fig. 2.13 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Defining the fifth-generation computers is somewhat difficult because the field is

still in its infancy. The computers of tomorrow would be characterized by Artificial
Intelligence (At). An example of Al is Expert Systems. Computers could be developed
which could think and reason in much the same way as humans. Computers would be
able to accept spoken words as input (voice recognition). Many advances in the science
of computer design and technology are coming together to enable the creation of
fifthgeneration computers. Two such advances are parallel processing where many
CPUs work as one and advance in superconductor technology which allows the flow of
electricity with little or no resistance, greatly improving the speed of information flow.

The Sixth Generation

Fig. 2.14 Use of nanotechnology

Not only does the technology improve, but

the price decreases as technology improves.
The sixth generation of computers provided
consumers with the opportunity to have more
power on a smaller footprint. The sixth-generation also introduced voice recognition.
Improved technology allows the computer to take dictation and recognize words.
Computers can learn via a variety of advanced algorithms. The use of nanotechnology
is a characteristic of sixth-generation computers. This significantly incr eases the
processing time of the computer and help consumers. Computers with

multiple CPUs can perform sophisticated calculations and multitask. When a single CPU

can perform multiple tasks at once, this is considered multi-tasking. When qubits or
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quantum bits process calculations, it is typically faster than conventional computers. This
technology works in conjunction with the computer’s processor and memory. Complex
languages such as English, Chinese, French, and Spanish are easily processed with the
use of qubits or quantum bits. Computers can now understand and interpret numerous
languages with the new advanced technology available. This new advancement will allow
students and the disabled to speak commands into the computer without touching the
physical device. Voice recognition is also helpful in laboratory clean rooms, surgical
operating rooms, or even use in customer service. Voice recognition will significantly
enhance the scientist’s ability to create new technology. Voice-controlled games and typing
applications are easy with sixthgeneration applications. Avid gamers will view video games
in incredible detail with life-like motion. Parallel processing enables faster speeds for video
games. As the semiconductor footprint becomes smaller through the use of
nanotechnology, the user has more flexibility in the use of the computer.

The Seventh Generation Processors

Fig. 2.15 Seventh

Generations

Powered by the
latest 7th generation Core I
processors, the IC range
enables applications to function as never before. Using improved memory technologies
and energy-efficient chipsets, they work faster and use less energy than any previous
Intel CPUs. The 7th generation Core i3, Core i5, and Core i7 desktop processors
consume as little as 35W of power – with even the top-end CPU consuming a mere
95W.

The processor update from Intel has allowed us to take advantage of

enhancements across an entire spectrum of features, and then apply them to our IC
range in conjunction with our series update. In terms of speed, the desktop CPUs are
now running at rates 20 percent faster than the previous generation.

Laptops equipped with the latest mobile CPUs also offer a 20 percent performance
hike over a machine purchased three years ago. There are also improvements in energy
efficiency, with the extremely low power Y -series processors consuming as little as 4.5W,

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making them ideal for the latest tablets and ultra-mobile computers. In the coming year,
your new gadgets will be thinner, lighter, and faster than any of their predecessors.

The U-series ultra-low-power CPUs are aimed at everyday laptop computers that
don’t need to be as light as a mobile device but still need to be able to deliver when
running desktop applications. These consume between 15-28W of power, meaning you
can get the job done even running on low battery. Lastly, the H-series CPUs include
highperformance graphics from the Intel Iris Plus chipset.

These are designed for the latest gaming laptops, offering 1080P full HD
graphics with blistering performance. With other enhancements such as Optane
memory and Ready Mode support enabling an instantly functional system straight from
sleep and Thunderbolt 3 USB-C connectivity, the new 7th generation CPUs are blazing
a trail for performance, battery life, and connectivity.

Eighth -Generation (64-Bit Register) Processors

Fig. 2.16 Eighth-Generation

As of 2001, it had been

about 15 years since PCs had
begun to support 32-bit
processors (all processors from the
80386 up through the Intel
Pentium 4 and AMD Athlon XP). However, in 2001, Intel introduced the first 64-bit
processor for servers the Itanium followed in 2002 by the improved Itanium 2. In 2003,
AMD introduced the first 64-bit processor for x86-compatible desktop computers the
Athlon 64 followed by its first 64-bit server processor, the Opteron. In 2004, Intel
introduced a series of 64-bit–enabled versions of its Pentium 4 desktop processor. Then
in 2005, Intel introduced 64-bit versions of its Xeon workstation and server processors
and new 64-bit desktop processors the Pentium Extreme Edition and dual-core Pentium
D. The following sections discuss the major features of these processors and the
different approaches taken by Intel and AMD to bring 64-bit computing to the PC server
and desktop. Intel referred to the eighth-generation Core laptop processors as the
revised editions of the seventhgeneration Kaby Lake models (known as Kaby Lake-R),
which were built on the same 14+nm node. Unlike those, the eighth-generation
desktop chips are a proper step forward, movi ng to the 14++nm node, known as
Coffee Lake.

Ninth Generation A New Level of Performance

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 Fig.2.17
Ninth

Generation

Introducing the NEW 9th Gen Intel® Core™ desktop processors - the most
powerful generation of Intel® Core™ desktop processors. Whether you are a gamer
looking for a fantastic in-game experience with the performance headroom for smooth
live streaming and seamless highlights recording or you are a creator that is ready to do
more creating and sharing, less time waiting, this new generation of processors is ready
to take you to that new level.

FEATURES AND BENEFITS

➢
A Game on a Whole New Level
➢ Create Without Limits
➢
New Level of Performance
The 9th Gen Intel® Core™ processor takes mainstream desktop PC performance to
a whole new level. At the top of the stack, our mainstream flagship, the new i9-9900K.
The first Intel® Core™ i9 desktop processor for the mainstream users. Best in class, the
i9-9900K with 16MB of cache1 and Intel® Turbo Boost 2.0 technology cranks maximum
turbo frequency up to blazing 5.0 GHz. Throw in high performing 16-way multitasking
support powered by 8 cores with Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology (Intel® HT
Technology) to conquer the most demanding workloads. Want to reach for even greater
levels of performance? — Overclock confidently with new and enhanced features like
Solder Thermal Interface Material (STIM) and improved overclocking customizations to
tweak the processor performance to its unleashed potential.2

The NEW 9th Generation of Intel® Core™ Desktop Processor Delivers:

A range of processors including the first unlocked Intel® Core™ i9 mainstream desktop
processor. Data acceleration when paired with Intel® Optane™ memory to retrieve that
data you use the most for fast system responsiveness.1 DDR4 RAM technology
support, which allows systems to have up to 64 GB of memory and up to 2666 MT/s
memory transfer speeds. Intel® Z390 chipset support which includes unprecedented
connectivity to all of your devices with integrated USB 3.1 Gen 2, Intel® Wireless-AC,
and support for Gigabit Wi -Fi speed. Compatible with Intel® 300 series chipset.

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New Level of Performance

Hardware-Based Security 9th Generation Intel® Core™ processors integrate

hardware-level technologies that help strengthen the protection of your enabled
security1 software. Hardware-based security helps you experience online and offline
activities with added peace of mind, enabled by features that include: Intel® Software
Guard Extensions (Intel® SGX)1 to help applications protect your system and your data.
Intel® BIOS Guard and Intel® Boot Guard to help protect your system during start-up.

Intel's Tenth Generation Nanometer Ice Lake CPU

Fig. 2.18 Tenth

Generations

Intel has released its

10th Gen Intel Core
processors, codenamed “Ice
Lake” after rough 12 months
for the company. 2018
marked the chip makers' 50th anniversary, but the company has struggled to make a
significant mark on the market. Even Apple, a longtime supporter suggested they will go the
direction of creating their chips in the future.

Today's launch is the first widely available batch of 10nm CPUs from Intel. Each
release of processors Intel makes comes in a variety of types to suit different computer
needs they usually range from beefy 95-watt desktop gaming chips down to 5 or 7-watt
Y-series parts designed for thin laptops and lightweight tablets.

Ice Lake will start with 9W, 15W, and 28W parts with up to 4 cores, 8 threads, and a
4.1GHz turbo clock speed. To put that into perspective it is much better than what you
currently find in an Apple 13-inch MacBook Pro. But bigger chips aren’t released in this
round. Intel says the next release of 30 designs will come out towards the end of the year.
Intel launched the chips along with news about their innovation program code-named
“Project Athena.”; People want it all: battery life, performance, responsiveness, connectivity,
and slick form factors. Our job is to come together as an industry and deliver incredible and
differentiated PCs, purpose-built to what real people want. 10th Gen Intel Core processors –
our most integrated CPU – and Project Athena are great examples of how our deep
investments at a platform level will help fuel innovation across the industry,” said Gregory
Bryant, Intel senior vice president, and general manager of the Client Computing Group.

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Intel’s 10th Generation 10 Nanometer Ice Lake CPU Is Here
Project Athena aims to deliver on what Intel is calling the “key experience indicators”
(KEI) that people are looking for with personal computing. The company says it has
completed years of research that created the KEI metrics. The goal is to use these
indicators as drivers for innovation.

Topic 3: Classification of Computer

Analog computers

In analog computers, data is recognized as continuous measurement of physical

property like the voltage, speed, pressure, etc. Readings on a dial or graphs are obtained as
the output, ex. Voltage, temperature; pressure can be measured in this way.

Digital Computers

These are high-speed electronic devices. These devices are programmable.

They process data by way of mathematical calculations, comparison, sorting, etc. They
accept input and produce output as discrete signals representing high (on) or low (off)
voltage state of electricity. Numbers, alphabets, symbols are all represented as a series
of 1s and Os.

Classifications of Digital Computer

Small Computers

a) Notebook and Laptop Computers

These are portable and are battery operated. Storage devices like CDs, floppies,
etc. and output devices like printers can be connected to these computers. Notebook
computers are smaller in physical size than laptop computers. However, both have
powerful processors, support graphics, and can accept mouse-driven input.

b) Hand-Held Computers
These types of computers are mainly used in applications like the collection of field data.
They are even smaller than notebook computers.

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 Notebook or Laptop Handheld Computer
Fig. 3.0 Small Computers

Hybrid Computers

Hybrid Computers are a combination of Analog and Digital computers. They

combine the speed of analog computers and the accuracy of digital computers. They
are mostly used in specialized applications where the input data is in an analog form i.e.
measurement. This is converted into digital form for further processing. The computers
accept data from sensors and produce output using conventional input/output devices.

Classification of Hybrid Computers

1. Special Purpose Computers

These are developed with a specific purpose. Some of the areas where these
computers are being used are soil testing, drip irrigation, medical scanning, and traffic

signals, spacecraft, rocket technology, etc.

Fig. 3.1 Special Purpose

Computer 2. General Purpose Computers
These are developed to meet the requirements of several areas such as simulation,
solving mathematical equations, payroll, and personnel database. These computers

are available in different sizes and capabilities and are further classified (based on
memory, speed, storage) as follows.

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 Fig. 3.2 General Purpose Computer

Classification of General-Purpose Computers

a) Super Computers
These have extremely large storage capacities and computing speeds

which are at least 10 times faster than other computers. These are used for large scale
numerical problems in scientific and engineering disciplines such as electronics,
weather forecasting, etc. The first supercomputer was developed in the U.S.A. by
CRAY Computers. In India, the indigenous supercomputer was developed under the
name Param.

b) Mainframe Computers
They also have large storage and high computing speed (but relatively lower
than the supercomputers). They are used in applications like weather forecasting, space
applications, etc., they support a large number of terminals for use by a variety of users
simultaneously, but are expensive.

c) Mini Computers
It is a medium-sized computer with moderate cost, available indigenously, and
used for large volume applications. It can serve multi-users simultaneously.

d) Micro Computers
A microcomputer is the smallest general-purpose processing system.

Microcomputers are also referred to as personal computers‖(PC). These are self-contained

units and usually developed for use by one person at a time but can be linked to very large
systems. They are cheap, easy to use even at homes, and can be read for a variety of
applications from small to medium range. These are available in three models:

1. PC: Personal Computer

2. PC-XT: PC with Extended Technology

3. PC-AT: PC with Advanced Technology

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Fig. 3.3 Supercomputer Mainframe
Microcomputer

Topic 4: Application of Computers

Scientific, Engineering, and Research:

This is the major area where computers find vast applications. They are used in
areas that require a lot of experiments, mathematical calculations, weather forecasting,
and complex mathematical and engineering applications. Computer-Aided Design
(CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) help in designing robotics,
automobile manufacturing, automatic process control devices, etc.

Business:

Recordkeeping, budgets, reports, inventory, payroll, invoicing, accounts are all the
areas of business and industry where computers are used to a great extent. Database
management is one of the major areas where computers are used on a large scale. The
areas of the application here include banking, airline reservations, etc. where large amounts
of data need to be updated, edited, sorted, and searched from large databases

Medicine:

Computerized systems are now in widespread use in monitoring patient data like
pulse rate, blood pressure, etc. resulting in faster and accurate diagnosis. Modern-day
medical equipment is highly computerized today. Computers are also widely used in
medical research

Example: MYCIN - a program that determines the disease of a person by just

inputting the symptoms of the disease.

Information:

This is the age of information. Television, Satellite communication, Internet,

networks are all based on computers

Education:

The use of computers in education is increasing day by day. The students

develop the habit of thinking more logically and can formulate problem-solving
techniques. CDs on a variety of subjects are available to impart education. Online
training programs for students are also becoming popular day by day. All the major

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encyclopedias, dictionaries, and books are now available in the digital form and
therefore are easily accessible to the student of today. Creativity in drawing, painting,
designing, decoration, music, etc. can be well developed with computers.

Example: Computer-Aided Instruction - a type of educational program designed to

serve as a teaching tool. CAI programs use tutorials, drills, and question-and-answer
sessions to present a topic and to test the student's comprehension. CAI programs are

excellent aids for presenting factual material and for allowing students to pace their
learning speed.

Games and Entertainment:

Computer games are popular with children and adults alike. Computers are
nowadays also used in entertainment areas like movies, sports, advertising, etc.

Fig. 4.0 Computer

applications in various fields

Topic 5: Advantages and

Disadvantages of Computer

Advantages:
Speed
The speed of a
computer is measured in
terms of the number of instructions that it can perform or execute in a second. The
speeds of computers are measured in milliseconds (10~3 sec), micro-seconds (10*4
sec), and nano-seconds (10~9sec). Computers are super-fast machines and can
process millions of instructions per second. Smaller computers can execute thousands
of instructions per second, while the more complex machines can execute millions of
instructions per second.

Accuracy
Computers are very accurate. They are capable of executing hundreds of
instructions without any errors. They do not make mistakes in their computations. They
perform every calculation with the same accuracy.

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Efficiency
The efficiency of computers does not decrease with age. The computers

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can perform repetitive tasks with the same efficiency any number of times without
exhausting their selves. Even if they are instructed to execute millions of instructions, they
are capable of executing them all with the same speed and efficiency without exhaustion.

Storage
Computers are capable of storing large amounts of data in their storage devices.
These devices occupy very less space and can store millions of characters in
condensed forms. These storage devices typically include floppy disks, tapes, hard
disks, CDs, etc, the data stored on these devices can be retrieved and reused whenever
it is required in future

Versatility
Computers are very versatile. They are capable not only of performing complex
mathematical tasks of science and engineering, but also other non-numerical operations
fielding air-line reservations, electricity bills, database management, etc.

Automation
Computers can be instructed to perform complex tasks automatically (which
increases productivity).

Diligence:
Computers can perform the same task repeatedly & with the same accuracy
without getting tired.

Versatility:
Computers are flexible to perform both simple and complex tasks.

Cost-effectiveness:
Computers reduce the amount of paperwork and human effort, thereby reducing
costs.

Capabilities of a Computer
➢
it can process data faster than any digital machine
➢ it can perform instructions millions of times
➢ it can communicate with other computers
➢ it can be used to access information from all over the globe

➢ it is capable of storing and recalling information

Disadvantages:

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Spread of Pornography
As the PC’s range has covered every single individual in the society, children and
even grown-up are prone and get involved in pornographic content which many
websites offer this day. This sort of content, videos, and images are easily available on
the internet, people can easily get access, it’s very hard to have control over it, huge
numbers of children are addicted to porn videos, porn images, and once they are
addicted it is very hard to overcome.

Virus and Hacking attacks

The virus is just computer programs that are designed and developed to harm the
computer, steal important information like passwords, pins, and other sensitive
information. Hackers use this program to crack your system down and get unauthorized
access to your computer systems, which can damage people economically as well as
socially. One should use legal software, antivirus program, and anti-hacking software
while surfing on the net or while online trading which minimizes the hacking and virus
attacks. Data security has been a major concern due to computer viruses and hacking
attacks many companies offer services for data security.

Crashed Network
Computers can be easily connected via “NETWORKING”, It can connect to the
internet. Imagine you have an office of 25 computers, all of the computers are connected
with shared internet, while all of your employees do different works on their respective
computers and one day your network goes down or the whole network is crashed .you
will find that all the computer which are connected stop working and hence less
production or no work is found. This is one of the significant Disadvantages of computer
occurs frequently when used in a network.

The spread of Violence and Hatred

The spread of violence and hate-related articles can be found easily while surfing the
internet. People get in touch with these articles which destroys the thinking process of
individuals and we find consequences that are not for the betterment of human society.

Data and Information violation

Irrespective of many securities our data can be lost due to damaged memory or
using spam websites while they inject malicious program Trojan, worm to your computer
system which corrupts or even destroys the data available on your systems. And
sometimes this program which is developed by hackers or crackers retrieves your bank
details with passwords, credit card information’s and misuse them.

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Limitations of Computers
Although the computers of today are highly intelligent and sophisticated, they
have their limitations. The computer cannot think on its own since it does not have its
brain. It can only do what it has been programmed to do. It can execute only those jobs
that can be expressed as a finite set of instructions to achieve a specific goal. Each of
the steps has to be clearly defined. The computers do not learn from previous
experience nor can they conclude without going through all the intermediate steps.
However, the impact of computers on today’s society is phenomenal and they are today
an important part of society.

Topic 6: Similarities Differences between Computer and Human

The computer is a very effective and efficient machine which performs several
activities in a few minutes, which otherwise would have taken several days if performed
naturally. Besides, there would have been a doubt about accuracy, finish, etc. The
computer may be faster; more accurate but it cannot compete with the human brain.
However, there are some similarities between the human and the computer which would
make the computer more understandable.
Human Computer
Like human beings has ears, nose, eyes, Computers have input devices such as the
etc. keyboard, scanner, touch screen, mouse,
etc. to get information.
Like we remember things The computer also stores information.
We recollect certain information as The computer also retrieves information
required. when times,
We express ourselves by speech, Computer expresses through a screen,
writing, etc. Printouts, etc. which we call as output.
When we watch, hear, learn certain with the help of software, computers also
things, and analyze. can analyze Information and draw
conclusions.
The place where we store, analyze, The computer brain is known as CPU
concludes information is known as the
brain (Central Processing Unit) where it
 analyses information.

The computer has storage devices like floppies, hard disks, compact disks to
store and retrieve information. However, the computer does not understand emotions, it
does not understand meaning beyond words, it cannot read between the lines like the
human. We learn many things unknowingly, certain things knowingly; we call it as
upbringing. But computers can learn everything only knowingly. We learn many things
on our own, but the computer has to be taught to do everyth ing.

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Topic 7: Components of Computer System

Any system is defined as a group of integrated parts that are designed to achieve
a common objective. Thus, a system is made up of more than one element or part,
where each element performs a specific function and where all the elements (parts) are
logically related and are controlled in such a way that the goal (purpose) of the system is
achieved. Each of these units performs a specific task. However, they function
independently on their own. They are logically related and controlled to achieve a
specific goal. When they are thus integrated, they form a fully-fledged computer system.

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

The basic parts of the computer system are:

➢
Input Unit
➢ The Central Processing Unit
➢ Output Unit

Fig. 4.1 Central Processing Unit

Reads information from input media and enters to the computer in a coded form.
The input system connects the external environment with the computer system.
The input devices are the means of communication between the user and the computer
system. Typical input devices include the keyboard, floppy disks, mouse, microphone,
light pen, joystick, magnetic tapes, etc. How the data is fed into the computer through
each of these devices is different. However, a computer can accept data only in a
specific form. Therefore, these input devices transform the data fed to them, into a form
that can be accepted by the computer. These devices are a means of communication
and interstation between the user and the computer systems.

Central Processing Unit

It is the part of the computer that carries out the instructions of a computer
program. It is the unit that reads and executes program instructions. Hence it is known
as the brain of the computer. The CPU consists of a storage or memory unit, Arithmetic
Logic Unit ( ALU), and control unit. The Control Unit

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The Control Unit controls the operations of the entire computer system. The
control unit gets the instructions from the programs stored in the primary storage unit
interprets these instructions a subsequently directs the other units to execute the
instructions. Thus it manages and coordinates the entire computer system.

The Arithmetic Logic Unit

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) executes the instructions and performs all the
calculations and decisions. The data is held in the primary storage unit and transferred
to the ALU whenever needed. Data can be moved from the primary storage to the
arithmetic logic unit several times before the entire processing is complete. After the
completion, the results are sent to the output storage section and the output devices.

The Primary Storage Unit

This is also called as Main Memory. Before the actual processing starts the data
and the instructions fed to the computer through the input units are stored in this primary
storage unit. Similarly, the data which is to be output from the computer system is also
temporarily stored in the primary memory. It is also the area where intermediate results
of calculations are stored. The main memory has the storage section that holds the
computer programs during execution. Thus, the primary unit:
➢
Stores data and programs during actual processing
➢ Stores temporary results of intermediate processing
➢ Stores results of execution temporarily
 Output Unit
The output devices give the results of the process and computations to the
outside world. The output units accept the results produced by the computer, convert
them into a human-readable form, and supply them to the users. The more common
output devices are printers, plotters, displa y screens, magnetic tape drives, etc.

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Topics for Module 2: Input and Output Devices

Topic 1: Introduction

As seen earlier, computer hardware is made up of the physical parts of the

computer system like electronic ICs, magnetic storage media, and mechanical devices.
The devices which are a means of communication between the computer and the
outside world are called peripheral devices.

Those peripheral devices which supply information i.e. data and program from
the outside world to the computer are the input devices. Those peripheral devices
which give information from the computer to the user or store them in secondary
storage devices, like floppy disks or tapes for future use are called output devices.

The processors which are required to convert the input data into the
machinereadable form and to convert the output generated by the computer into
human-readable form are known as input/output (I/O) interfaces. There are two
concepts related to how data is input to the computer:

1. Online Data Input: Here data is directly transferred to the computer

2. Off-line Data Input: - Here the data is not immediately transferred to the computer.

Topic 2: Input Devices

The various types of input devices most commonly used are:

2.2.1 Punch Cards:

Data is recorded onto punch cards or punch tapes using standard codes, like the
Hollerith code. The pattern of these holes is interpreted by a card reader device and
converted into a machine-readable form. A punch card machine is used to transcribe
the data onto the card.

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 Fig. 2.0 Punch Card and a Keyboard

Characteristic of punch card

• they are cheaper

• they are reliable.

The disadvantage of punch card

The major drawback of these cards is that they cannot be reused. Also, the cards
have to be handled and stored carefully. Even if a single card is misplaced or the
arrangement of the cards gets disturbed it becomes very difficult to rearrange them
and to detect their problem. Punched cards require large storage space since they
cannot be folded.

2.2.2 Keyboard

The keyboard is one of the most commonly used input devices. The computer
keyboard is similar to a typewriter keyboard. The keyboard has keys made up of
letters, numbers, symbols, and special function keys.

A display screen or monitor (Cathode Ray Tube) is used to display the data entered by
the operator with the keyboard. This monitor can also display the results of the
processing as well as messages generated by the computer. A special symbol, called
a cursor, indicates the position on the screen. There are special keys on the keyboard
which allow the cursor to move in up, down, left and right directions. Other
special keys on the keyboard include keys like Tab, Del, Ctrl, Ins, PgUp, PgDn, etc.

Fig. 2.1 The keys on the keyboard include:

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 • A-Z: Used to enter alphabets
• 0-9: Used to enter numbers

• Up, Down, Left, Right (Arrow Keyes): To Move the cursor in the specified
direction
• F1-F12: Special Function Keys
• PgUp/PgDn: To move the cursor up or down by one-page enter:

To move the cursor to a new line

• Shift: A Special key To Select the other option shown normal character on the
same key

•Num Lock: Activates the keypad on the right side of the keyboard. In the normal
mode, this numeric pad works as per the function written below the number on the key

Advantages of the keyboard:

• It is very easy to use a keyboard

• It offers several facilities

• Editing or changing the input data is very easy with the help of the keyboard
• It is relatively Inexpensive

2.2.3 Mouse

Fig. 2.2 Mouse

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The mouse is a pointing device. The mouse is used to control and manipulate cursor
movement on the monitor. The mouse usually has three or four buttons on it and a rollerball
which signals the movements made by the mouse on a flat surface. These movements are
transferred to the system. The mouse is rolled on a flat surface by the user. It can be used
independently, but normally it is used in conjunction with the keyboard to improve the
efficiency of the input operation. The mouse can be used to select data. Also, the mouse
makes it possible to move fast from one part of the screen to the other.

The various types of the mouse in use are

• Mechanical mouse
• Optical mouse
• Opt mechanical mouse
2.2.4 Light Pen

The light pen is a picking device. The light pen contains a photocell placed in a small
tube. This photocell detects the presence of light on the CRT (monitor). The tip of the
pen is moved on the surface of the screen to write or sketch data. The light pen is
especially useful in Computer -Aided Design (CAD) applications.

Fig 2.3 Light Pen

2.2.5 Joy Stick

The position and speed with which the joystick is moved are converted into digital
signals by the use of a lever. These signals are then sent to the computer system. This
in turn controls the movement of the cursor on the screen. The joystick is mainly used in
video game applications.

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 Fig. 2.4 Joy Stick
2.2.4 Track Ball

The trackball uses a hard-sphere to control cursor movement. The bail can be rotated in
any direction by hand and this is translated into a digital signal to control the cursor
movement on the screen.

Fig 2.4 Trackball

2.2.7 Touch screen:

A touch panel is a
transparent plate which is
fitted over the CRT. Input is
registered when a finger
or any other object comes in contact with the plate. There are two types of touch panels:

• Optical touch panels

• Electric touch panels

2.2.8 Digitizer:

A digitizer converts
graphical or
pictorial data into digital
form which can be
directly entered and stored
on a Fig. 2.5 Touch Screen computer. A
digitizer is also called as a graphics tablet. There are two types of digitizers:
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Fig 2.4 A
Scanner, a
Graphics
tablet
(digitizer)

• Image scan
digitizer and
flatbed digitizer

In the image scan digitizer, the entire image is scanned and reproduced automatically.
Therefore, the image scan digitizers are more powerful as compared to flatbed
digitizers. Flatbed digitizers are mainly used in simple drawings, graphs, etc. whereas
image scan digitizers are used for photographs and pictures.

2.2.9 Scanner:

The scanner can directly enter text and images into the computer memory. Therefore,
the duplication work of entering data is eliminated and this also results in increased
accuracy. The speed of data entry also increases. There are two types of
scanners:

1. Optical Scanners
2. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition devices

A. Optical Scanner:

The optical scanner uses a light source and sensor for reading the information on the
paper. It can read characters, pictures, graphics from the paper. The common types
of optical scanners are:

1. The Optical Mark Reader (OMR): This is capable of reading pre-specified

marks made by pencils or pens with the help of light. Light is focused on the
page that is to be scanned. The reflected light pattern is detected by the device.
These types of scanners are normally used where the data is preprinted for
applications. eg. answer papers of the objective tests where the answers are
marked with pencils or preprinted forms.

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 2. Optical Character Reader: The Optical Character Reader (OCR) can read
alphabets, characters, and numbers printed on paper. These characters can be
either handwritten or typed. However, special fonts are required to be used
while typing. In the case of handwritten data, the characters have to be of
standard predefined size. The OCR reads each character as a collection of
pixels. The light which is reflected from the page to be scanned is converted into
binary data.
OCRs are available in various sizes and speeds. These devices are expensive
and are mainly used in processing where the data volumes are large.

Fig 2.7 Bar Code

The bar code reader is a

device that reads barcoded data.
Data that is coded in the form of light or dark lines (bars) is a bar code. Bar code
readers are normally used in applications like labeling of products in retail shops,
supermarkets, etc. A laser beam scanner is used to read the bar code.

The most commonly used bar code is the Universal Product Code (UPC). In this code,
the bars are coded as 10 digits. The first five digits define the manufacturer or supplier,
and the remaining five digits denote the actual product of the manufacturer.

b) Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR):

A special type of input device, this mainly finds application in banking areas. Magnetic
ink is used to encode the characters to be read. This ink contains iron oxide particles.
When a cheque is presented in the bank, the amount is encoded by the bank employee
in the lower right corner and the cheque is then processed with MICR. Special character
sets like E13B and CMC7 are used by these devices to encode data. The E13B has
four special characters and the digits 0-9. The CMC7 has five special characters, digits
0-9, and all alphabets.

The advantages of using MICR are that they speed up data entry, and even roughly
handled cheque can be processed relatively easily. However, among the limitations are
that special type of magnetic ink is required for. Encoding characters and only a limited
number of digits and characters are available for encoding.

2.2.10 Voice Recognition Systems:

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This system allows the user to talk with the computer. The Voice Recognition System
consists of a microphone or telephone into which the operator speaks. The speech is
converted into electrical signals. The signal is input as the voice of the operator. This is
matched with an already entered pre-stored pattern of words called vocabulary. When
the closest match is found the word is recognized. Since each operator may have a
different style of speaking, all Voice Recognition systems are highly operator
dependent. Also, a separate vocabulary for each operator is required to be maintained.
The advantages of the Voice Recognition systems are that they reduce the cost of data
entry. Also, the operator can move freely while talking to the comp uter.

Fig. 2.8 Voice Recognition

Topic 3: Output
Devices

The output
device allows
the
compute to
communicate with the outside world by accepting data from the computer and
transforming it into a user-readable form.

The various types of output devices are:

2.3.1 Printers:

A printer produces the output from the computer on the paper. It is the most commonly
used output device. The printers produce a hard copy i.e. a permanent copy of the
results which can be stored and read later. Printers are classified as:
a) Impact Printer
b) Non-Impact Printer

A. Impact Printer

Impact printers are similar to typewriters. They use a hammer to strike a character against
an inked ribbon and the impact of the hammer causes the image of the character to be
printed on paper. E.g. Dot matrix printers, line printers, daisy wheel printers

Advantages of impact printers:

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• Their functioning is relatively easy
• Multiple copies can be produced at the same time with the help of carbon paper.
• Impact printers are noisy in operation and are subject to wear and tear of
mechanical parts.

Types of impact printers:

1) Dot Matrix Printers

Dot-matrix printer prints each character as a pattern of dots. The printer has a printer
head with a matrix of pins (needles). Typical heads have a matrix of 7 rows and 9
columns. These pins produce a pattern of dots to form the individual characters.

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 These printers are relatively low in cost and print at speeds of 50-500 characters
per second. The programmer can also define the shape of characters for this printer.
Therefore, it is possible to print many special characters, characters in various sizes as
well as charts and graphs on such printers. Dot-matrix printers are very commonly
used in most c omputer systems.

Fig.
2.8
A
dot

matrix printer, a daisy wheel, and a daisy wheel printer

2) Daisy Wheel Printer:

These printers are also called as letter-quality printers. These printers have a daisy
wheel with several petals. A character is embossed on each wheel. There is a motor
that spins the wheel at a fast rate. When the desired character is brought to the correct
position, a hammer strikes the petal to produce the output. Thus, these printers are
impact printers. The letter quality of these printers is much superior as compared to the
dot matrix printers. But they are slow and typically print in the range of 10-50
characters per second.

Fig. 2.9 later version of a daisy wheel printer

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3) Line Printer:

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Line printers are very fast printers that print at speed of 200-2500 lines per minute.
These printers are impact printers and normally have 132 print positions per line.
Different types of character sets are available for different printers. Line printers are
normally used in applications where large volumes of data are to be printed.

Fig 2.10 Line printer

The two types of line printers are:

(i) Drum printers

This consists of a metallic cylinder. On the surface of

this drum, there are characters in bands. Each
column or band on the drum contains all the characters. Opposite to each band, there
is a hammer located behind the paper. The drum rotates at a fast rate. The hammer
strikes the paper along with the inked ribbon and produces the output. One line is
printed in each revolution of the printer.

Fig 2.11 Drum

printer

( ii) Chain printers

In the chain
printers, there is
one print hammer for
each print position on
a line. There is a
fast- moving
chain called the
print chain. When this
chain rotates, the
print hammer and the inked ribbon strike the paper against the proper character on the
chain.

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 Fig 2.12 Chain printer

b) Non-Impact Printer

They use thermal, chemical, electrostatic, and inkjet technologies for printing as against
the hammer mechanism of impact printers. E.g. Laser printers, DeskJet printers.

Inkjet Printer:

An inkjet printer is a non-impact printer. It prints characters by spraying ink from tiny
nozzles onto the paper. A special type of ink which has a high iron content is used. This
ink is charged electrically when it comes out of the nozzle. This ink is absorbed by the
paper and dries instantly. The output of the inkjet printer is of superior quality. Also, it is
possible to obtain a colored output. Several character styles and sizes are available.
However, being a non-impact printer, it is not possible to prepare carbon copies with
this printer.

Fig 2.13 InkJet Printer

Laser Printers:

These printers are used where a very superior quality output is desired. The
image is created on a photosensitive drum; with a laser beam. The laser is turned on
and off when it moves back and forward across the drum. It leaves a negative charge
on the drum to which a positively charged black toner powder sticks. When the paper
rolls by the drum, the ink is transferred to the paper. Laser printers have a buffer
memory to store entire pages and hence their speed is very fast. The biggest advantage

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of these printers is that no mechanical movement is involved, therefore they are
noiseless in operation. Howe ver, there are comparatively expensive.

Fig 2.14 Laser printer

2.3.2 Plotter:

A plotter is an output device used in applications where printouts of graphs and

drawings are required. Plotters are of two types:

Fig 2.15 Plotter

1) Flatbed i.e. X-Y plotter:

This plotter plots on a paper which is fixed on a rectangular flatbed table. One recording
pen moves in the x-direction and one in the y-direction to plot on the paper. Color
plotting is also possible by using pens of different colors.

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 Fig 2.16 Plotter

2) Drum Plotter:

In this plotter, the paper on which

the output is to be obtained is
placed over a drum. The drum
rotates back and forth to produce
motion. The pen is mounted
horizontally across the drum and the
horizontal motion of the pen is
achieved with the help of the pen
holder. The drum and the holder move simultaneously to produce output. Multicolored
printing is possible by changing pens.

The speed of plotters is very slow. Therefore, normally the output is first sent to some
secondary storage device like magnetic tape and then directed to the plotter.

Fig 2.17 Plotter

2.3.3 Video Display Terminal:

• CRT:

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An electron beam is moved across a phosphor-coated screen to produce the image.
The CRT can be monochrome or colored. This screen normally has 25 lines and 80
characters.

Fig 2.18 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

• Flat Panel Display :

The most common flat panel display is the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). This does not
have a picture tube. The other type of display is the gas plasma screen.

Fig 2.19. Screen - Flat Panel Display & Monitor

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• The Video Display Terminal:

Fig 2.20 Video Dsiplay Terminal

The
most

popular output device indirect access processing is the Video Display Terminal. These
terminals display information instantaneously. The monitor and the keyboard together
are called a terminal. The types of terminals are:

Dumb Terminal:
This is a combination of a keyboard and monitor which can send or receive data but
cannot process the data.

Fig 2.21 Dumb Terminal

Smart
Terminal: A
smart terminal has
an inbuilt

microprocessor. It can perform arithmetic, logic, and control functions. They also have
some memory capacity. So they can store the data before sending it to the processor.
They can also control the cursor movement.

Fig 2.22 Smart Terminal

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Intelligent Terminal: This type of terminal also has an inbuilt microprocessor which can
be programmed by the user. These terminals also have limited processing capability.
They can communicate with other terminals and processors.

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2.3.4 Computer Output Microfilm (COM):

This technology is used to record the computer output as microscopic filmed images.
Information is recorded on a roll of microfilm. A microfilm recorder displays the
information onto a screen. An inbuilt camera then takes pictures of this information. A
microfilm reader is used to view this information. COM devices are normally used in
applications where there are large volumes of data.

COM devices are much faster than normal printers. Also since the size of these films is
very small the space required for storage is very less as compared to printed output.
However, since COM systems are highly sophisticated, they are relatively expensive
and are mainly used where there are high volumes of data.

Fig 2.23 Computer Output Microfilm

5. Assessment Tasks

Chapter 1

Self-Assessment Questions 1.

Identify the following statements.

1. The set of instructions that performs various operations.
2. The root word of the computer.
3. Give 3 examples of input data.
4. Give 2 examples of the Operating System.
5. Referred to as the problem-oriented languages (POL).
6. It is also known as data processors.
7. If the source program contains errors, it will be freely executed until at the
end of the execution of the program. What type of translator is this?
8. It is the machinery itself.

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 Answer the following briefly.
9. Give the functions of the Computer.
10. Define a computer in your words.
11. What is Software?
12. What is Computer Programming?
13. Describe the difference between the assembly language and machine
language.

Self-Assessment Questions 2.

Match column A with column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer.
A B
1. Very Large-Scale Integration a. First Generation
2. Vacuum Tube Technology b. Sixth Generation
3. Stored Program c. Seventh Generation
4. Superconductor Technology d. Fifth Generation
5. Semiconductor Technology e. Second Generation
6. The use of Nano Technology f. Fourth Generation
7. Artificial Technology g. Third Generation
8. (64-Bit Register) Processors h. Ninth Generation
9. Nanometer Ice Lake CPU i. Eighth Generation

Answer the following:

10. It has improved memory technologies and energy-efficient chipsets.
11. It is extremely low power Y-series processors.
12. Based on your understanding, what is Artificial Intelligence?

13. If you have the chance to develop a computer, what features will you add?
Defend your answer.
14. What is the concept of the stored-program?
15. Among the computers discussed in the first generation, which do you think is the
most efficient? Explain.
16. Which do you prefer machine language or assembly language? Explain your
answer.

Self-Assessment Questions 3.

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 Answer the following:
1. It is a type of computer that processes information with quantities using digits.
2. This is the combination of analog and digital computers.
3. A type of computer that is more powerful than microcomputer but less powerful
than a mainframe.
4. It has large storage and high computing speed but relatively lower than the
supercomputers.
5. Microcomputers are generally referred also as to this one.
6. A computer that is used for soil testing, drip irrigation, medical scanning, traffic
signals, spacecraft, rocket technology.
7. Type of computer which is smaller than a notebook computer.
8. This type of computer is operated by measuring instead of counting.
9. This computer is developed to meet the requirements of several areas such as
simulation, solving mathematical equations, payroll, and personnel database.
10.This computer accepts input and produces output as discrete signals
representing high (on) or low (off) voltage state of electricity.
11.Explain in brief the definition of a Hybrid Computer.
12.If you are going to choose between analog and digital computers, which of the
two will you choose? Why?
13.Give your opinion on the rapid change in our computer today.
14.Between the laptop and the desktop computer, which do you prefer to use?
Explain.
15.Describe a supercomputer in your own words.

Self-Assessment Questions 4.

Answer the following:

1. When you are in the field of experiments, what application of computer are you in?
2. This is the age of information.
3. This is all based on the computer.
4. If your field was in record keeping, budgets, reports, and inventory, what
application are you in?
5. This is the major area where computers find vast applications.

Answer the following if is True or False

6. Mathematical calculations and weather forecasting are in the areas of Scientific,

Engineering, and Research.
7. The computer makes our life inexpedient.

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 8. Computers are nowadays also used in entertainment areas like movies, sports,
advertising.
9. Payroll, invoicing, accounts are all areas of medicine. Answer the following:
10. As a student, how will apply new technologies brought by computer to your life?
11. List computer applications that made very efficient in the field of medicine?
Defend your answer.
12. What is the role of computers in modern life?
13. How the computer has helped us in the field of education?
14. How the computer has helped us in the field of business?

Self-Assessment Questions 5.
Answer the following if is True or False
1. Accuracy of a computer does not decrease with age.
2. The speed of a computer is measured in terms of the number of instructions that it
can perform or execute in a minute.
3. Storage capable of storing large amounts of data in their storage devices.
4. The number of instructions a computer can process in a given time.
5. Computers can perform the same task repeatedly & with the same accuracy
without getting tired.
6. Computers can be instructed to perform complex tasks automatically. 7.
Computers reduce the amount of paperwork and human effort. Answer the
following
8. Give the measurements used in measuring instruction that can be performed by a
computer.

9. Give at least 5 disadvantages of the computer and explain how it makes it awful.

Self-Assessment Questions 6.
Answer the following
1. Based on the discussion, give 5 characteristics of Human and 5 characteristics of
a computer.
2. How will you compare the control unit of human to computer?
3. What are the similarities between humans and computers?
4.. what is the difference between human memory and computer memory?

Self-Assessment Questions 7.

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 Answer the following
1. A system that is made up of more than one element or part was each element
performs a specific function
2. Devices that are used to feed programs and data to the computer.
3. The brain of the computer.
4. Manages and coordinates the entire computer system.
5. It is also known as the Main Memory Unit.
6. It executes the instructions and performs all the calculations and decisions
7. It is the medium of communication between the computer and the user.
8. The unit of computer which gives the result of process and computation. 9-10.
Give at least 2 functions of the Primary Storage Unit.

11. Define Computer System.

12. Discuss the importance of CPU.

13. What is ALU?

14. What is the Main Memory?

15. What is the use of a computer system unit?

Chapter 2

Self-Assessment Questions 1.

Fill in the blanks

a) ________________is an example of a picking device.

b) ________________is an example of a pointing device.
c) A digitizer is also a ____________________.

2. Give the full form of the following.

a) MICR
b) OCR
c) OMR

3. Match the following.

A
a) Punch card
b) Bar code
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c) Joystick
d) Floppy Disk

1) Computer games
2) Output devices
3) Hollerith Code
4) Universal Product Code (UPC)

4 . True or False
1. The keyboard is Not one of the most commonly used input devices.
2. The light pen contains a photocell placed in a small tube.
3. The trackball uses a soft sphere to control cursor movement.
4. The mouse is not used to control and manipulate cursor movement on the monitor.
5. OMR is the type of scanner that is normally used where the data is pre-printed for
applications.

5 . Essay
Write 5to10 sentences on what you have learned about the input device.
Self-Assessment Questions 2.

Answer in brief.
1. What is the terminal? Name any two types of terminals.
2. What is an impact printer? Name one impact printer.
3. Differentiate Flat Panel Display and The Video Display Terminal.
4. Identify the 2 plotters and give the function/use.

True or False
1. Output devices are the devices used to send data from a computer to other devices
or uses.
2. Dot-matrix printer is used to hammer to strike a character against an inked ribbon and
the impact of the hammer causes the image of the character to be printed on paper.

3. Liner printer, print at speed of 150-200 lines per minute.

4. Daisy wheel printer is also called as letter-quality printers.
5. Drum printers consist of a metallic cylinder.

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Essay
Write 5to10 sentences on what you have learned about the output device.

Self-Assessment Questions 3.

Answer the following:

1.Define: Peripheral Devices, Input Devices, Output Devices
2.Write Short notes on Punched Cards, Keyboard, Optical Scanner, Plotter.
3.What are impact printers? Describe any two types of impact printers.
4.What is COM?
5.Describe the various types of computer terminals.

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 9. References

Goodman, Paul. 2020. “Computer Basics: What Is an Output Device? 10 Examples.”

https://turbofuture.com/computers/Computer-Basics-10-Examples-of-Output- Devices.

TM
Intel. 2020. “9th Generation Intel® Core Desktop Processors Brief.”
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/docs/processors/core/9th-
gencore-desktop-brief.html: 10.

K.Sinha, Pradeep, and Priti Sinha. 2006. Computer Fundamentals.

KS3 Computing Resources. 2020. “Input Devices GCSE Computer Science

Resources.” https://teachcomputerscience.com/input-devices/.

Miley, Jessica. 2019. “Intel’s 10th Generation 10 Nanometer Ice Lake CPU Is Here.”
https://interestingengineering.com/intels-10th-generation-10-nanometer-ice-
lakecpu-is-here.

Sumathi, P. 2017. Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University Introduction to

Computer Applications.

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