Numbering System: Hilmi Sanusi

KL 2013: Elektronik Digit

Numbering System

Few questions that need some answer in this topic

1. why do we need to learn digital logic
2. why digital logic is using binary system
3. how does it related to numbering system

1. Digital logic is the basis of all computer system. In order to understand how
computer works, interfacing and others, we have to have some basic
understanding about digital logic. In the old days, digital logic will use switching
theory as the logic arithmetic, but it is no longer useful because we already have
logic gates to substitute all relays.
2. The binary system was used because relay was implemented to realize the
switching theory to produce AND, OR and NOT gate. In addition, relay can only
represent two condition; ON and OFF or Logic 1 or Logic 0. Since every number
is in binary, we have to change everything into a binary numbering system,
including the way we count and perform math operation.
3. Since we need to perform math operation in binary, we have to go back to
numbering system so that we know how to perform math operation. Then, our
journey into numbering system begins!

Review on Numbering system

1. conversion of numbering system

2. negative number
3. math operation
4. other code of numbering system

Numbering system

Consider any numbering system – decimal system. 1234 is one thousand two hundred
thirty four or 1.10^3 + 2.10^2 + 3.10^1 + 4.10^0. This can be written as:

Where N is the number and R is the basis of the numbering system. For example
 Numbering System: Hilmi Sanusi

Then, in order to perform the conversion from one numbering system to the other we can
do multiple division as:

Or simply as

R N
R Q1 a0
R Q2 a1
R Q3 a2

R Qn-1 an-1
R Qn an

The same thing can be performed on the fraction based on the basis R, as;

This can be shown as

 Numbering System: Hilmi Sanusi

Example

Or

Negative number representation

Up to this point we use unsigned positive number. In order to perform math operation, we
will first look at the negative number. This is because we can perform

N1 – N2 = N1 + (-N2)

The negative number is generally known as 2’s complement. In some other

representation, a negative sign at the Most Significant Bit (MSB) of the number will
represent the negative number (usually a 0 will indicate +ve number and –ve is a negative
number). This also true for 2’s complement number, so we need one extra bit for any
representation of binary number.

This is shown by:

 Numbering System: Hilmi Sanusi

Math Op

Arithmetic operations in digital system are usually done in binary because we can design
such circuit to perform the operation.

Basic addition in binary

0+0= 0
0+1= 1
1+0= 1
1+1= 0  carry 1 or in other form 1 0

Basic subtraction

0–0= 0
0–1= 1 borrow 1 from the higher bit column
1–0= 1
1–1= 0

Basic multiplication

0x0= 0
0x1= 0
1x0= 0
1x1= 1
 Numbering System: Hilmi Sanusi

Other codes

Some tome we need other code to simplify the problem, for that purpose other code is
needed. Then we will need a conversion to the code.