Electronic Design

Analog signals

Minh Thuy LE
Department of Instrumentation and Industrial Informatics (3I),
School of Electrical Engineering (SEE),
Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), Vietnam

thuy.leminh@hust.edu.vn

10/2022 1
Contents
1. Signals definition and representation
2. Frequency Spectrum of Signals
3. Analog and Digital Signals

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Signal Definition & Representation
• signal – contains information
• e.g. voice of radio announcer reading the news

• process – an operation which allows an observer to

understand this information from a signal 1quan hoat dong ma cho phep
sat de hieu thong tin
nay tu signal
• generally done electrically noi chung duoc thuc hien bang dien

• transducer – device which converts signal from non-

electrical to electrical form bien doi, dau do
• e.g. microphone (sound to electrical)

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Signal Definition & Representation
• Signal representation Trinh bay tin hieu
o Thevenin form – represent the signals via voltage
source 𝑣𝑆 (𝑡) and series resistance 𝑅𝑆
▪ Preferable 𝑅𝑆 is small
o Norton form – represent the signals via current
source 𝑖𝑆 (𝑡) and parallel resistance 𝑅𝑆
▪ Preferable 𝑅𝑆 is high

Figure 1: Two alternative representations of a signal source: (a) the

Thévenin form; (b) the Norton form.
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Spectrum of Signals Quang pho cua tin hieu

xac dinh do
• spectrum – defines the a time-domain signal in manh cua
thanh phan
terms of the strength of harmonic components dieu hoa
qua thoi
• decomposition – of a periodic function into the gian
(possibly infinite) sum of simpler oscillating
functions ham tuan hoan thanh tong cua cac ham dao dong don gian hon
⇒ Fourier series representation of a periodic signal
𝑓 𝑥 : ∞
𝑎0
𝑓 𝑥 = + ෍ [𝑎𝑘 cos 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑏𝑘 sin(𝑘𝑥)]
2 (1)
𝑘=1
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎𝑘 = න 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑘 ≥ 0 , 𝑏𝑘 = න 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑘 ≥ 1
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋

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Spectrum of Signals
• Example 1:
The square wave signal below can be represented as:
∞
𝑎0
𝑓 𝑥 = + ෍ [𝑎𝑘 cos 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑏𝑘 sin(𝑘𝑥)] (2)
2
𝑘=1
4𝑉𝑎 1 1
= [sin 𝜔0 𝑡 + sin 3𝜔0 𝑡 + sin 5𝜔0 𝑡 + ⋯ ]
𝜋 3 5

Figure 2:
Periodic
square
wave

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Spectrum of Signals
• Example 1:
Therefore, we have the frequency spectrum (also called
as line spectrum) duong / dai quang pho

Figure 3: The frequency spectrum (also known as the line spectrum) of

the periodic square wave of Fig. 2
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Spectrum of Signals
• Root Mean Square of a Fourier series:
Root mean square magnitude over a period of time 𝑇 of
a function 𝑓(𝑡) is given by:
1
𝑡0 +𝑇 2
1
𝐹𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑓 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 (3)
𝑇 𝑡0
Therefore, the RMS of a Fourier series is:
2 ∞
𝑎0 1
𝐹𝑟𝑚𝑠 = + ෍ 𝑎𝑘2 + 𝑏𝑘2 (4)
4 2
𝑘=1
Note: Fourier Transform can be applied to a non-periodic
function of time, but it will yield a continuous frequency
spectrum.
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Analog and Digital Signals
• analog signal – is
continuous with respect to
both value and time
• discrete-time signal – is a. Analog signal
continuous with respect to
value but sampled at
discrete points in time
• digital signal – is quantized b. Discrete-time signal
(applied to values) as well
as sampled at discrete
points in time
c. Digital signal
Figure 4: Different types
9
21/03/2023 Analog Design – Le Minh Thuy of signals
Analog and Digital Signals

• Question: Are digital and

sampling binary synonymous?

quantization
Luong
tu hoa

Figure 5: Relations between three types of signal

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Exercise
• Exercise 1: prove equation (2)
• Exercise 2: calculate the RMS of (2)
• Exercise 3: find the Fourier series of these two
signal (Amplitude of the signal = 1), calculate
the RMS

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