paosphere In the beginning, the earth was very hot. Slowly, it cooled down and a layer of air formed around it. Clouds in the air brought rain, which formed oceans and lakes. Now the earth had air, water and soil. It received sunlight, which plants need to make food. Gradually, living beings appeared and developed to what they are today. The Earth—a Living Planet Why is there life on the earth and not on the other planets of the solar system? There is life on the earth because: * It has air, which plants and animals need © Ithas water in the liquid form. * Itis at the right distance from the sun, which makes it neither too hot nor too cold. Had it been as close to the sun as Mercury, it would have been very hot. So hot that its water would have turned into steam. Had it been as far away as Neptune, its water would have frozen to ice. Air The earth is surrounded by a layer of air called the atmosphere. Air is a mixture of gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. Oxygen is needed by plants and animals to breathe. Carbon dioxide is used by plants to make food. And water vapour is needed for rain clouds to form. The atmosphere makes the earth livable in many other ways. It acts as a blanket that traps heat. This does not let the earth become too cold at night. It acts as a shield too. For example, it makes most meteoroids burn up before they hit the ground. ‘The amourt of oxygen in the air decreases as we climb higher. This is why itis difficult to breathe at the top of a high mountain. Water Water is found on the earth in all forms—solid, liquid and gas. As a solid, it is found as ice near the poles. As a gas, itis found as water vapour in air. And it is found in the liquid form in rivers, lakes and oceans, and under the ground. In fact, liquid water and ice cover about three fourths of the earth's surface. 2© Exercivey © ‘A. Oral questions 1.Name the kind of map that shows landforms. 2. Which shows the shapes of the continents correctly—a map or a globe? 3. On a map, what helps us find the distances between places? 4, Shades of which colour usually show lowlands on a map? 5. Which kind of map tells us whether a place is generally hot or cold? 6. On a map, which colour would show higher ground—yellow or brown? B. Fill in the blanks. 1. States and capital cities are shown on a map. 2.To find our way around a city we use a map. 3, A compass rose shows the ‘ona map. 4, The colour blue is used to show in physical maps. 5. If directions are not marked on a map, the south is towards the of the map. 6.1 cm ona map is equal to 100 km on the ground. If two cities on the map are 5 cm apart, the real distance between them is km. a €. Write true or false. 1 A globe always shows the whole earth 2. Ona map, plains are usually shown in green 3. Natural resources are shown in political maps. 4, Roads are usually shown as blue lines on a map. 5. The scale of a map is shown by the compass rose. 6, Maps in an atlas show more detail than a student's globe. 7. Two cities 1,000 km apart are shown 10 cm apart on a map. The scale of the map is 1 cm to 100 km. D. Write G for globe and M for map. Write GM for globe and map. LL It is commonly used on computers and smartphones. 0 2. It is used to study the earth 3. It can show landforms. 4. It shows the true shapes of the continents and oceans. 5. It may or may not show the whole world. QOUU0 6.It cannot show great detail. 10E, Answer these. 1 What is a map? What is a globe? 2. List the differences between maps and globes. 3. Why do we use different colours on a physical map? 4. Why are symbols used on a map? 5. What is the legend of a map? Q Moret Do © Look at the map given below and answer the questions that follow. ter ind fad tee Q Railway ++ Bridge =< Police station PS Building [i Ralay tion AS Pos ofice 70 a. The railway line is to the of the main road. [north south west] b. There are houses to the east and west of the . [pond river railway tine] ¢. The pond is to the of the police station. Teast west south] d. There are more buildings on the bank of the river. [northern southern eastern] e. The jungle is to the of the pond. [north-east north-west south-west] f The police station is to the of the bridge. [north-east south-east south-west} g. Thereisa__to the south-east of the post office. {jungle pond_ police station] h. Aroad passes between the and the {railway station police station post office} (Vales) You will find maps in many places that you visit. For example, you may find you-are-here maps. at different places in a zoo or an amusement park. These can help you a lo around. So, it is a good idea to learn to read maps. Formative AssessmentB. Write true or false. 1. The earth rotates around its orbit. 2. The earth's tilt causes unequal days and nights. 3, Seasonal changes are not felt at the equator. 4, It is summer in the Northern Hemisphere when it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere. Cc 5, At most places on the earth the length of the day decreases after summer. 6. It becomes hot at the poles during summer because they have continuous daylight. LI C. Fill in the blanks. The earth spins from to 2. The path along which the earth moves around the sun is called its 3. The earth takes about 365 days and 6 hours to complete one 4, When the Southern Hemisphere leans towards the sun, itis in the Northern Hemisphere. 5. At places near the it is warm throughout the year. D. Answer these. 1 Why do we have day and night? 2. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Why? 3. Why do we add a day in a leap year? 4. Why do the seasons change? 5. When does the Southern Hemisphere have summer and why? E, Write these in their correct places in the globe below. [east / west] [axis / orbit] - [rotation / revolution] [winter / summer] [poles / equator] Axis North Pole South Pole Equator Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Summer Winter 16 —_—_— — aOQ More teDe © 1. Correct the statements that are incorrect and write them in your exercise book. * a. Days and nights are caused by the revolution of the earth. b, When the Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, the Northern Hemisphere has winter. c.At the poles there is just one sunrise during the year. 2. Each set of pictures belongs to a season. Write the name of the season. ®@es ow @ ¢ 3. Find the answers to the given clues and circle them in the word grid. One has been done for you. Line joining the poles FIR[H] > 0 imaginary ne tht urs hatvay betwen the poles: Season between winter and summer |. Aplanet on which the sun rises in the west Path taken by a planet during revolution ‘The period in which the earth completes one revolution N N India lies in this hemisphere, Caused by the earth’s tilted axis and revolution Season in the Northern Hemisphere when the Southern Hemisphere has spring Australia les in this hemisphere Divide the class into four groups. Each group can make a chart on one of the four seasons. Write about the season and stick or paint pictures showing what happens during that season, What would happen if the earth's axis were vertical and not tilted? Would we have unequal days and nights? Would we have different seasons? @ 8 awn 7 Formative Assessment7. Foresty and Wildlife The different plants that grow naturally in a place are together called the natural vegetation of that place. Natural vegetation depends on things like climate, soil and landform. So, plants in deserts are different from those in wet forests. When we study natural vegetation, we often look at forests. Forests are home to different kinds of animals, trees and smaller plants. Forests of India Depending on climate, soil and landform, forests can be of different types. India has mainly five types of forests. Rainforests Places that get heavy rain throughout the year have dense forests called rainforests. Most of the trees in these forests are evergreen. These trees do not shed all their leaves together. So, they remain green all the year round Monsoon forests Monsoon forests are found in warm places that have wet and dry seasons, Most trees in these forests are deciduous. These trees shed all their leaves and become bare in the dry season. They grow new leaves at the start of the rainy season. Thorn forests Thorn forests are found in very dry places. They have short trees and thorny bushes, which need very little water. ‘Types of forests found in India ‘Mountain forests In the mountains, there are rainforests or deciduous forests on the lower slopes. Higher up, where itis colder, cone- shaped trees called conifers grow. Still higher itis very cold oie forest and only bushes and grasses grow. Evergreen deciduous forest Barren 7If waste is not handled properly, it harms our environment. It pollutes (dirties) land, lakes, rivers and seas. We can do a few things to reduce waste. * Things made of glass, plastic and metals can be recycled. To recycle means to make new things out of waste. We can separate recyclable things from food waste. We can either sell these things to kabadiwallahs or give them to ragpickers. Factories which recycle waste buy waste from kabadiwallahs. In some neighbourhoods in cities, there are bins of different colours for different kinds of waste. Green bins are for food and other waste that rots easily, while blue bins are for recyclable waste, * Paper can be made from waste paper. Recycling paper not only reduces waste, but also saves trees from which paper is made. * We can pile leaves and food waste in pits or bins. When they rot, they turn into compost, which is very good for growing plants. Imagine how nice it would be if every neighbourhood made compost with waste and used it to grow plants! © Plastic bags pollute our surroundings, clog drains and harm animals which go through waste for food. It would be nice if we could stop using these. @ "8 ete eve shan one shi of she paper uses. Germany recycles more than two thirds. You can see thie mark on things that can be recycled. Look around «= PY, your home and make a list of all the things that have this mark. ae 50E. Answer these. 1, How was the Great Wall of China built? 2. Why did the Chinese use fireworks during festivals? 3. Why was silk important for China? 4, Onwhat did the Chinese write before paper came? Were these suitable? 5, How did the Chinese print? OQ Moret De © Fill in a. This Chinese invention helped in spreading knowledge. b. Filled in rockets N__wo__r c. The Chinese madea device to detect these. AR. Used by the Chinese in printing e, Made fromclay P coe N {The bark of this tree was used by the Chinese to make paper, U. ER, am A traveller going around the world 1,500 years ago would have seen many monuments that are still standing today. One of them would be the Great Wall of China, Pictures of some others are given at the back of the book. Cut them out and stick them in your scrapbook. Write the name of each and the place where you would find it. Take a big potato that has been cut in half. With your parent or teacher's help, carve a design on each potato half. These are your printing blocks. Put paint on the design and use your printing blocks to print your design on paper. fez2 Popular food of many kinds eaten all over the world is from China. What are the most popular Chinese dishes available in your town? (Wolves) Confucius was a Chinese teacher who lived around the same time as the Buddha and Mahavir. He taught people to live peacefully and to respect their elders. He also believed that a king should take good care of his people 109 Formative Assessment