MULTIVIBRATORS Aim : a) Study the characteristics of the given Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrators and determine thei frequencies for different R-C } combinations and compare it with the theoretical value, ~b) Trace differentiator and integrator outputs of the waveforms obtained il from the astable, mono and bistable multivibrators.STUDY OF MULTIVIBRATORS nd extended voltage ces with positiye feedback in e. one ON) & other OFF. In - tage of one stage is feedback *. constant of the (circuit determines the a Multivibrator is an oscillator which produces voltages pulses a waveforms, usually occurring periodically. It uses two active devi such a way that the two deviges tend towards opposite states 1. principle, it is a two stage R.C. Coupled Amplifier. The output vol to another stage which sustains the oscillations. R. frequency of the multivibrator. ; {| Multivibrators are switching circuits, which form basic blocks ofall counting and shaping circuits used in nuclear devices. Moreover, they are basis of all digital logical devices such as high speed computers. Some of the other applications are as follows : (Generation of pulses occurring periodically, (ii) Generation of extended waveforms occurring periodically, (iii) Synchronized generation of pulses and extended waveforms, (iv) Frequency multiplication, and (¥) Introduction of time delay... i Multivibrators may be clastified in the following three categories (a) Astable or Free iting My naling Mg This generates Voltage pulges, and voltage extended waveforms occurring at regular intervals, independently i.#/ without any driving or external synchronizing voltage pulse. if (b) Untyibtator or Mondstable Multivibrator ‘This generates voltage pulses and extended waveforms but require one driving pulse for sseneration of each cycle of waveform. aly, (0) Bistable Multivibrator aay’ : Hg ty if ‘Thig also generates voltage pulses and extended waveforms but requires two driving pulses,(one for each half of the output voltage waveform. An experimental set-up of these multivibrators have been laid down on a phenolic board with ait the components and connections visible and accessible conveniently. Points on which measurements to be carried out are marked thereon. Three different exper out with this set-up.EXPERIMENT - 1 Object (i) Study of Free Running Multivibrator, i. the voltage waveforms at dit the effect of R.C. time constant on wave form and frequency. yy ‘fferent electrodes and (ii) Measurement of frequency of oscillation, | Theory | +. The basic circuit diagram of Free Running Multivibrator is shown in Fig, 1. The circuit | consists of two p-n-p switching transistors which are forward biaséd. However, if one transistor | say T; bogins to conduct, the collector voltage drops and this drop appears on the base of Ta due to C). Thus T is being turned OFF and regeneration through C2 drives T; to ON, while T2 | is completely turned OFF. At this point C; had been charged througli'Rs and Tz to almost -9V, { presents a yoltage of -9V at base of Tz. Its discharge‘ path .s'through the conducting transistor T; until T, begins to conduct again. The regeneration now occurs through C2 and the cirouit instantaneously reverses its mode of operation. It remain. ijON position until the capacitor C2 discharges through T2. “hy iu It the time constant RiC; and R2Ci are! lequal, symmetric waves will be obtained. The frequency of free running multivibrator can be\obtained from the following formula. 1 yy fl peste f 1 DOHRC, HRIGIy, . haa Apparatus Required, (i) Multivibrator Set-up, (ii) A measuring dseilloscopeior an ordinary oscilloscope i) pulse iano? z vedigs ay, Cane ene set-up to a. rains it §, Ciniee -9V power supply to the terminals marked on the circuit c) Connect the oscilloscope between the terminals output 1 and ground. Observe the waveform. d) Connect the oscilloscope between the terminals output I] and ground. Observe the ss waveform. ©) Change the values of capacitanee’s C; and Cz through the rotary switch $ and repeat the steps 3 and 4.Observations (i) Draw the waveforms at output I and output II for different values of C; and C2. (ii) Read the frequency of oscillation at output fon a measuring oscilloscope oF in oa - ordinary oscilloscope, count the number of pulses and now apply the pulse signal ae ea bulse generator to the input of oscillascope and try to obtain the same number of pulses on the oscilloscope, The reading of the pulse generator will be the frequency of the running multivibrator. : Calculations 4 Obtain the theoretical frequency of multivibrator from Equation.| for different values of Cy and Cp, Results SetNo.1 h ‘When R= R= - » Theoretical value of the frequency 4 Khz (from calculation) Measured value of the frequency = | Kha nf, til e SetNo.2 i, "a "N My When R; al "hoe Ran iy or ‘Heoreitl valuelbfhe frequency = Kz Meas ure lu ofthe equeney = Khz stig sal ‘i “Hh or ay Ry c= tn ty : Nyy lity Rem a ‘i, Theoretical value of the frequency = Khz Measured value of the frequency = Kha Precautions (3) Before connecting the power supply see that the output of power supply is -9V. (Gi) The ground terminals of power supply must be connected to the ground terminals of free running multivibrator circuit, Questions and Exercises (i) Draw the equivalent circuit when transistor T, is ON and T; OFF.~ SSS $$ Gi) What will happen to the frequency when the values of capacitors C; and C2 are changed? (iii) Can we use ordinary transistor in place of switching transistor? If no, why? EXPERIMENT - I ; Object Study of an unvibrator or monostable multivibrator. Theory This model uses two p-n-p switching transistor (2N2905) Ty and T2. The basic circuit is OFF. When a positive pulse of sufficient|amplitude is applied at the input, T; goes to cut off and the potential at the collector of T; ‘will rise. The charging of C; will increase the base voltage of T2 which makes T.'to cohduet and the output voltage drops. Regeneration occurs through common emitter connection and ‘Ty is held OFF as long as T is ON. However; Ci discharges through Rs, the base-emitter impedance of T and R2. The base voltage of T> slowly drops until T2 reaches cut off we ‘at the same'time T; starts conducting. Thus, unless the input pulse is too Jong, the output pulse width and amplitude are independent of the input. Apparatus required md ii) Oscilloscope, (i) Muttivibrator setup, i I Procedure) (i|||Connect the set-up to the a.c, mains, ,, (i) Cotnect the power supply terminals to the univibrator and free running multivibrator |, lrcuits with proper potarities i sul i: ii) Cbhnect the output | of free running multivibrator to the input of univibrator, (Ground ‘herminal of free running to the ground terminal of univibrator), e % (Gs) Atthe output of the univibrator connect an oscilloscope and observe the wave form. Observs ions Draw the wave shape of the output of univibrator, iscussions If rectangular waveform is not observed discuss is wuss the ieasons of not gett rectangular waveform, eePrecautions (i) Before connecting the power supply, check the output voltage wit it should be -9V. ii) Ground of the power supply must be connected to the grounds of the ot th the help of multimeter, its. cil Questions and Exercises (i) Can we get any output from univibrator, if the outp connected? If no, why? Why do we get only one pulse for each trigger? ut of free running multivibrator is not Explain the working of the univibrator. EXPERIMENT - Ill 1 Object ' Study of bistable multivibrator. Theory ‘The model uses two p-n-pl/SWitching, transistors (2N2905) and two crystal diodes (N34). The circuit diagram igjshoyn in Fig. 3. Note that the output of cach amplifier is directly coupled to the inputofthe other amplifier. Because of the symmbry Of he circuit, the quiescent current in each amplifier will be the same. Suppose tit thet!is a minute fluctuation in the current Iy, If; increases, the voltage atthe collector of T; will decrease and this will then decrease the voltage at the base of Tz, This change in yoltage’ at baséjof T2 will be amplified and inverted by T2 and the collector voltage will incréase (i.e.\|mor ineBative). Hence the voltage at the base of T; will become more negative #lidvas'la consequence the current I; will increase still further. This cycle of events repeats itself. The durrent Iy continues to increases and the current Iz continues to decrease und the eeu moving progressively further aay from its inital condition. This action takes places beeaise"of thé regenerative feedback incorporated into the circuit and will occur only of the 'op gain of the circuit is larger than unity. So, in order that a flip-flop be in a stable state, it \Wwould be sufficient either that one of the devices be OFF or that one be ON and nearby the full supply voltage will appear across the transistor that is OFF. ____ In Fig, 3 Ts is conducting heavily with its eollector at very low potential and Ty is timed OFF with its collector at approximately -9V. The base of T) is held below threshold because of the low voltage at the collector of T2 and voltaye divider action of Ra = Rs. The input steering diodes are both reverse biased but D} will require -9V (approximately) signat to tum ON where as Da has only at low collector voltage of Ta reverse bi Ifa positive pulse of sufficient amplitude is applied at the im i a a :put it will pass throug and be applied through C; at the base of T). This will make T, slightly eondiitins a current in collector will flow and ultimately in the end T, will eoucluct heavily while Ts will beih OFF, For the second pulse or trigger Dy will pass and Tz will start conducting and if continuously triggers are applied pulse output will be observed Apparatus Required (i) Multivibrator Set-up, ' Gi) Oscilloscope, My Procedure (i) Connect the set-up to the a.c. mains. ha (ii) Connect the power supply to the free running multivibrator as well as to the bistable multvibrator ii) Connect output I of free running multivibrator to|the input of bistable multivibrator (Ground of free running must be connected to the's ‘ground, of bistable multivibrator) (iv) To observe the output connect the oscilloscope at the output terminals of bistable multivibrator, | aff May Observations i yt ‘Trace the ngut wave and ou ree! the same setting of the oscilloscope. Results sl For each input, ihe ibe there is a square pulse at the output (This can be inferred from the rwotraces). yy, fl Precautions, li, iy “a Befo!Gomn ing poe supply, check the output voltage with help of multimeter, it shouldbe -9V. bei2Y, Giy igo of the power supply must be connected to the grounds of the other circuits. My, Quek anid Exercises a ele the operation of bistable multivibrator. by yo" for each input trigger only pulse is generated in the bistable nmultivibrator? ii) Can we operate this bistable multivibrator as pulse generator? (iv) What type of wave shape will you obtain, if the output of bistable multi differentiated through an R.C. combination? ibrator isaawooy S391A3S 2 INSWUINeS o1suNaI0s @eorrastt ® @xseor@Hil @)n6- 1 1naino! 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