扬哥浙江大学2009 2018真题汇总

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1. ýK, ¿Ø@o-‡, ‰ ¡ESâ´›‘ƒ . @@m©“ïÄ”ýK ¦ ES¡¡z! ¤¢ ¡ES,

• ´‡ÀJ˜ ·ÜgC ë•Ö, wnoH! ƒÕnU‹~, üUè .
2. ýKwC›c Òv , , ýK •Ø˜½´€¯, Ï•ùŒ±½¦·‚• ¡/ES!
3. vk‰Y ýK´-y·‚ØäÆS Äå! •ï´þ, vkŸo'ÏLgCãå g•Ñ5˜‡JK•4

<m% ¯ ! ‡rN ´: ES‡±Ö•Ì, ýK•9. ØU " ˜!
4. ïýK‰Y´š~Ø²œ ÀJ! Ï•rýKÑtÃ ÒvkES Äå , ¤±@@ïýK‰Y <

•¬‰@oA‡K. XJš‡ïýK‰Y, xïÆ‡3›˜± .
5. Ø‡•w˜‡Æ ýK, O Æ •ww. Ï•õ„K’½v€?!
xMŠ:
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1. kOy´ÆSÄå , ‡›½˜‡·ÜgC Oy(ØUõ•ØU ), ÃØ ºe…, 7L‡ ¤ U

Oy. Ž ? @Òk ¤²U Oy, ²U !
2. ¢, Ò´`‡lÄ: ‘ m©Æ, =¦{ü, •‡@@ýýÃ ˜H! ƒÕúpÃ$.
3. j± .Ò´±ƒ±ð, P4: 1zpöŒÊ›!
2w:
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Œ‡êÆ©Û6†5 ®ŒÆ‡p “ê6Àª‘Ñkí!
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1. P ´ê•, 3 n ‡C õ‘ª‚ P [x1 , · · · , xn ] ¥Ú\é1 k ‡C f, de ªf½Â:

!
∂ X X
ai1 ···in xi11 · · · xikk · · · xinn = ik ai1 ···in xi11 · · · xikk −1 · · · xinn .
∂xk i1 ···in i1 ···in
Ù¥ ai1 ···in ´ê• P ¥ ?¿ê.

∂
(1) y²: 3 e "Š õ‘ª 8Ü´ n − 1 ‡C õ‘ª‚ P [x1 , · · · , xk−1 , xk+1 , · · · , xn ];
∂xk
(2) f (x1 , · · · , xn ) ´˜‡ m gàgõ‘ª, y²:
n
X ∂f
xk = mf (x1 , · · · , xn ).
∂xk
k=1
Tª¡•î.ð ª. ‡ƒ, y²: é?¿ ê m, ÷vî.ð ª õ‘ª7• m gàgõ‘ª.
2.  
2a1 b1 a1 b2 + a2 b1 ··· a1 bn + an b1
 
 a2 b1 + a1 b2 2a2 b2 ··· a2 bn + an b2 
A= .
 
.. .. ..

 . . . 

an b1 + a1 bn an b2 + a2 bn ··· 2an bn
OŽ A 1 ª.
3.  
1 −1 0 −1 −2
 
 −1 2 1 3 6 
A=
 0
.
 1 1 2 4 

0 −1 −1 1 2
R5×2 L«¢ê• R þ¤k 5 × 2 Ý |¤ ‚5˜m, W = {B ∈ R5×2 | AB = 0}, y²: W ´ R5×2
f˜m, ¿¦Ñ§3 R þ‘ê.
4. α, β, γ, δ ´¢ê, ‰Ñ•3˜‡gêØ‡L 2 ¢Xêõ‘ª f (x) ¦ ÷v f (−1) = α, f (1) =

β, f (3) = γ, f (0) = δ ¿‡^‡.
5. x, y ´ü‡š"¢ê, Φ, Ψ ´¢ê•þ,‡ n ‘‚5˜mþ ü‡‚5C†, ÷v Φ ◦ Ψ = xΦ + yΨ, y

²:
Φ ◦ Ψ = Ψ ◦ Φ.
ùp Φ ◦ Ψ L« Φ † Ψ lm † ‚5C†Ü¤.
6. A ´˜‡ n ¢é¡Ý , y²: •3,‡¿©Œ ¢ê a, ¦ Rn 'u$Ž (α, β) = αT (A + aE)β ¤

T
˜‡îª˜m, Ù¥ α L« •þ α =˜, E ´ n ü Ý .
7. A ń E• , "´ A k -A Š, ¦y: • (Ak ) = n − k.
8. ^ C†òÝ  
−1 3 −3
 
A=
 3 −1 −3 

−3 −3 5
z¤é Ý , ¿¦ A3 + 3A2 + 4A + 6E, Ù¥ E ´ 3 ü Ý .
4
9. é n ‘îª˜m V þ ‚5C† ψ, e•3 ½ ü •þ η ∈ V, ¦é α ∈ V , k ψ(α) = α − 2(α, η)η, K
¡ψ ´V þ º¡‡ , ψ 3 V IO Äe Ý ¡•º¡‡ Ý . y²: n ¢• A ´º¡‡
T n T
Ý …= •3ü •þ w = (w1 , · · · , wn ) ∈ R , ¦ A = En − 2ww .
10. A ń E• ,
(1) y²: A • õ‘ª u A A Ý λE − A •pgØCÏf;
(2) ¦  
−1 −2 6
 
A=
 −1 0 3 

−1 −1 4
• õ‘ª.
5
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1. õ‘ª f1 (x), · · · , fk (x) •ŒúÏª u 1, A ∈ P n×n , X ∈ P n×1 . ¦y: XJéu 1 6 i 6 k, o¤á

fi (A)X = 0, K X = 0.
             
2 1 0 0 3 2 −1
             
3 1 2 −1 8 5 4
2. β1 =  3  , β2 = 2 , β3 = −1 , β4 =  2  . α1 =  3  , α2 =  2  , α3 = −4 ´d
           
             
−1 0 −1 2 −3 −2 −2
β1 , β2 , β3 , β4 Ü¤ ‚5˜m V = L(β1 , β2 , β3 , β4 ) ˜|Ä (I).
(1) ¦ÑT˜m V d β1 , β2 , β3 , β4 ¥˜Ü©•þ|¤ ˜|Ä (II);
(2) ¿¦ÑdÄ (I) Ä (II) LÞÝ ;
(3) ¦Ñ {β1 , β2 , β3 , β4 } ¥ØKÄ (II) •þ , •{•þ βi 3Ä α1 , α2 , α3 e ‹I.
3. ‚5•§| (
x1 − x2 − x3 + x4 = 1;
x1 + x2 − 3x3 + x4 = 1.
(1) ¦T•§| Ï);
(2) ¦ N)8Ü•þ 4Œ‚5Ã'|.
4. Φ, Ψ ´,ê•þ n ‘‚5˜mþ ü‡‚5C†, ÷v Φ ◦ Ψ = Ψ ◦ Φ, …•3 êN ¦ ΦN = 0

•"‚5C†, y² Φ + Ψ •Œ_‚5C† ¿©7‡^‡´ Ψ •Œ_‚5C†.
5. A ń ¢é¡Ý , y²•3˜ Ý Bi (i = 1, · · · , s) ¦ A = λ1 B1 + λ2 B2 + · · · + λs Bs .
2
(`²: ˜‡Ý B ¡•˜ Ý , XJ B = B.)
6. ^ C†òÝ  
1 2 2
 
A=
 2 1 2 

2 2 1
z¤é Ý , ¿¦ A3 + 3A2 + 4A + 6E, Ù¥ E ´ 3 ü Ý .
7. f (x) ÉXê˜ õ‘ª, é?¿ ê n k f (n) „´ ê, y² f (x) XêÑ´knê, Þ~`²•3

Ø´ Xê õ‘ª÷vé?¿ ê n k f (n) „´ ê.
8. a, b ´?¿ü‡Eê, ŠâØÓ a, b, ¦ n þn Ý
 
a b ··· b b
0 a ··· b b
 
 
.. .. .. ..
 
A=
 
 . . . .

0 0 ··· a b 
 

0 0 ··· 0 a
• õ‘ªÚe (Jordan) IO..
9. α1 , · · · , αk ´î¼˜m V ¥ ˜|üü ü •þ, α ´ V ¥?¿˜‡•þ. y² Bessel Ø ª:

k
X
(α, αi )2 6 |α|2 .
i=1
6
k
X
¿y²•þ β = α − (α, αi )αi †z‡•þ αj Ñ .
i=1
10. E‚5˜m V k‚5C† A, … A A õ‘ª f (λ) = (λ − λ1 )r1 (λ − λ2 )r2 . y²: Šf˜m Vλi =
ker(A − λi id)ri (i = 1, 2) þ• A−ØCf˜m.
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1. XJ (x2 + x + 1) f1 (x3 ) + xf2 (x3 ) , … n • A k˜‡A Š u 1, y² f1 (A), f2 (A) ÑØ´Œ_Ý

2. )e •§|: 

 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 6;

 x2 + x2 + x2 + x2

= 10;
1 2 3 4


 x1 + x2 + x3 + x34
3 3 3
= 18;
 4
x1 + x42 + x43 + x44

= 34.
3. n • A Š‘Ý A∗ , n > 2 ž, y²:
(A∗ )∗ = |A|n−2 A.
4. n • A ÷v
AT A = E, |A| = −1.
y² A + E ´ØŒ_Ý .
5. ei = (0, · · · , 0, 1, 0, · · · )T , i = 1, 2, · · · n ´î¼˜m Rn ~^Ä, ˜‡Ý P ¡•˜†Ý bX•3

1, 2, · · · n ˜‡ ü i1 , i2 , · · · , in ¦ Ý P = (ei1 , ei2 , · · · , ein ), ~X
 
0 0 1 0
 
 1 0 0 0 
 
 0 0 0 1 
 
0 1 0 0
!
A1
Ò´˜‡o ˜†Ý . bX n • A • u r, y²•3˜†Ý P ¦ P AP = , Ù¥ A1
A2
• u r.
6. V = {a + bx + cx2 | a, b, c ∈ R} ´¢ê•þn‘‚5˜m, ½Â
T (f (x)) = 2f (x) + xf 0 (x).
y² T ´ V þ ‚5C†, ¿¦ÙA ŠÚA •þ.
7. B ´¢ê•þ n × n Ý , A = B T B, é?¿˜‡Œu" ~ê a, y² (α, β) = αT (A + aE)β ½Â Rn

˜‡SÈ¦ Rn ¤•î¼˜m. Ù¥ αT L« •þ α =˜, E ´ n ü Ý .
8. Áy²÷v Am = En n • A Ñƒqu˜‡é Ý .
9. b A = (aij )n×n ´Œ ½Ý , y²÷v X T AX = 0 ¤k X |¤ Rn n − r(A) ‘f˜m.
10. ®•Ý  
2 −4 2 2
 
 −2 0 1
3 
A=
 −2
.
 −2 3 3 

−2 −6 3 7
¦Ý P , ¦ P −1 AP •e (Jordan) IO..
8
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!
0 E
1. E ń ü Ý ,M = , Ý A ÷v AT M A = M, y² A 1 ª u 1.
−E 0
2. A ń ˜ Ý ÷v:

1 A = A1 + A2 + · · · + As ,

2 r(A) = r(A1 ) + · · · + r(As ).
y²¤k Ai Ñƒqu˜‡é Ý , Ai A ŠƒÚ uÝ Ai •.
3. φ ´ n ‘îª˜m C†, y² φ •õŒ±L«• n + 1 ‡º¡‡ EÜ.
4. A ń EÝ , y²•3~ê‘ u" õ‘ª g(λ), h(λ) ¦ g(A) ´Œ±é z Ý , h(A) ´˜

"Ý , … A = g(A) + h(A).
5.  
3 2 −2
 
A=
 k −1 .
−k 
4 2 −3
(1) k •ÛŠž, •3 P ¦ P −1 AP •é Ý ? ¿¦Ñù Ý P Úé Ý ;

(2) ¦ k = 2 žÝ A Jordan IO..
6. - g.
m
X
f (x1 , · · · , xn ) = (ai1 x1 + · · · + ain xn )2 .
i=1
(1) ¦g g. • ;
(2) aij þ•¢ê, ‰Ñg g.• ½ ^‡.
7. - V Ú W ´• K þ ‚5˜m, HomK (V, W ) L« V W ¤k‚5N |¤ ‚5˜m. y²: é

HomK (V, W ), e Imf ∩ Img = {0}, K f Ú g 3 HomK (V, W ) ¥´‚5Ã' .
8. -‚5˜m V = Imf ⊕ W, Ù¥ W ´ V ‚5C† f ØCf˜m.

(1) y²: W ⊆ ker f ;
(2) y²e V ´k•‘‚5˜m, K W = ker f ;
(3) Þ~`², V ´Ã•‘ , ŒUk W ⊆ ker f, … W 6= ker f.
9. -  
1 0 −1 2 1
 
 −1 1 3 −1 0 
A=
 −2
.
 1 4 −1 3 

3 −1 −5 1 −6
(1) ¦ 5 × 5 •• 2 Ý M, ¦ AM = 0 ("Ý );
(2) bX B ´÷v AB = 0 5×5 Ý , y²: • rank(B) 6 2.
10. - T ´k•‘‚5˜m V þ ‚5C†, W ´V T −ØCf˜m. @o, T |W • õ‘ª ØT

• õ‘ª.
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1. !
0 En
A= , L = {B ∈ M2n (R) | AB = BA}.
En 0
y² L • M2n (R) f˜m¿OŽÙ‘ê.
2. !
0 En
A= .
En 0
ž¯ A ´ÄŒé z¿‰Ñnd. e A Œé z• C, ‰ÑŒ_Ý P, ¦ P −1 AP = C.
3. • A A õ‘ª•
f (λ) = (λ − 2)3 (λ + 3)2 .
ž‰Ñ A ¤kŒU Jordan IO..
4. η1 , η2 , η3 • AX = 0 Ä:)X, A • 3 1 5 ¢Ý . ¦y: •3 R5 ˜|Ä, Ù•¹ η1 + η2 + η3 , η1 −

η2 + η3 , η1 + 2η2 + 4η3 .
5. X, Y ©O• m × n Ú n × m Ý , Y X = En , A = Em + XY, y² A ƒqué Ý .
6. A • n ‚5˜m V ‚5C†, λ1 , λ2 , · · · , λm • A ØÓA Š, Vλi •ÙA f˜m. y²: é?¿

V f˜m W , k
W = (W ∩ Vλ1 ) ⊕ · · · ⊕ (W ∩ Vλm ).
7. Ý A, B þ• m × n Ý , AX = 0 † BX = 0 Ó), ¦y A, B d. e A, B d, ´Äk AX = 0 †
BX = 0 Ó)? y²½Þ‡~Ä½.
8. y²: A ½ ¿©7‡^‡´•3• Bi (i = 1, 2, · · · , n), Bi ¥– k˜‡šòz, ¦

n
X
A= Bi BiT .
i=1
9. ½Â ψ • [0, 1] n • N|¤ îª˜m ëYN , ¦ ψ(0) •1ã Ý , ψ(1) •1 a

Ý . y²: •3 T0 ∈ (0, 1), ¦ ψ(T0 ) òz.
10. g, h •Eê• C þ n ‘‚5˜m V ‚5C†, gh = hg. ¦y g, h kú A •þ. eØ´3Eê•

C þ ´3¢ê• R þ, K(Ø´Ä¤á? e¤á, ‰Ñnd; Ø¤áÞÑ‡~.
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1. A(t) Ý ˆ ƒëYŒ‡, 1 ªð• 1, A(0) = E, ¦y: A0 (0) ,• 0. (¦ ´éˆ ƒÕá¦ )
2. ‚5˜mþ (a1 , a2 , · · · , as ) † (b1 , b2 , · · · , bt ) ´ü‡‚5Ã'•þ|, (a1 , a2 , · · · , as ) = (b1 , b2 , · · · , bt )A, y:
n − t − r(A) 6 s 6 min{r(A), t}.
3. f : v → w •‚5÷N
1 ∀ α ∈ w, f −1 (α) = β + ker(f ) ( β • v þ?˜‡•þ÷v f (β) = α );

2 ·
½Â¦{Úê¡½Â \{:
y²: v/ ker(f ) = {β + ker(f ) | β ∈ v} ¤˜m;
3 ·
½ÂÓ N , y²: v/ ker(f ) † Im(f ) Ó .
4. ˜m V þ ‚5C† f , Œ±é f˜m U, W , ¦ f 3 U þ•Œ_‚5C†, 3 W þ•˜"‚5C†,

… V = U ⊕ W.
5. ∃ b 6= 0, Ax = b, y²: A∗ x = b k) ¿‡^‡•
r(A) = n − 1.
6. ¤k C† ¤ G
1 G 'u‚5C†
Ü¤Ú_C†µ4;
2 G •k•8„´Ã•8;

3 G ´Ÿo“ê(
.
7. A •é¡ , A3 − 6A2 + 11A − 6 = 0 (I). ¦
max max λ1 x21 + λ2 x22 + λ3 x23 .

A kxk=1
1˜‡4ŒŠ´é¤k÷v I Ý A .
8. f (x) •˜õ‘ª, g(x) ´ A • õ‘ª, y²: f (A) Œ_ ¿‡^‡´
(f (x), g(x)) = 1.
9. lim An = 0 ⇐⇒ A ¤kA Š |λ| < 1.

n→∞
10. V‚5¼ên.n.,

1 ••f˜m'u±þ½Â $Ž ¤˜m?

2 ••f˜m¹uÙ Ö.
11
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1. ( 15©) ®•Ý A ń ØŒ_• , E ´ü Ý , A∗ ´ A Š‘Ý . y²–õ•3ü‡š"Eê

∗
k, ¦ kE + A •ØŒ_Ý .
2. ( 15©) P[x] ´ê• P þ ˜ õ‘ª N, f1 (x), f2 (x), · · · , fn (x)Úg1 (x), g2 (x), · · · , gm (x) ´ P[x] ¥
ü|õ‘ª, …§‚)¤ f˜mƒÓ, y²:
(1) P[x] Ø´Tê• P þ k•‘‚5˜m.
(2) f1 (x), f2 (x), · · · , fn (x) •ŒúÏf u g1 (x), g2 (x), · · · , gs (x) •ŒúÏf.
3. ( 15©) R[x]n+1 ´gê u un ¢Xêõ‘ª N, f (x) ´ n gõ‘ª. y²: é R[x]n+1 ¥ ?¿

õ‘ª g(x), o•3~ê c0 , c1 , · · · , cn ¦
g(x) = c0 f (x) + c1 f 0 (x) + · · · + ck f (k) (x) + · · · + cn f (n) (x),
Ù¥ f (k) (x) ´ f (x) k ê.
4. ( 15©) k ´ ê, α ´ x4 + 4kx + 1 = 0 ˜‡Š, ¯
Q[α] := {a0 + a1 α + a2 α2 + a3 α3 | ai ∈ Q}
´Ä´ê•? XJ´, ž‰ƒy². bXØ´, ž`²nd. Ù¥ Q ´knê•.
5. ( 15©) V1 , V2 ´ n ‘‚5˜m V ü‡f˜m, …§‚ ‘êƒÚ u n. y²: •3 V þ ‚5C†

T, ¦ ØÚ”©O u V1 ÚV2 .
T
     
a b c −1 −2 −1 a − 2b b−3 −c
_Ý ´ A−1 = 
     
6. ( 15©) ®•Ý A = 
 d e f 

 −2 1 , B =  d − 2e
0   e − 3f .
−f 
h x y 0 −3 −1 h − 2x x − 3y −y
¦Ý X ÷v
−1 −1
X + B(AT B 2 )−1 AT = X A2 (B T A)−1 B T (A + B).
7. ( 15©) - T ´î¼˜m V þ ‚5C†, T∗ ´ T Š‘‚5C†, =é?¿ v, w ∈ V k hT(v), wi =

∗
hv, T (w)i.
(1) V •k•‘î¼˜m, T 3˜|ü Ä(½¡•IO Ä)e Ý • A ž, ¦ T∗ 3TÄe
Ý .
(2) y²: (Im(T∗ ))⊥ = ker(T).
8. ( 15©) Áy²: ½Ý A ¥ýéŠ•Œ ƒŒ±3Ìé ‚þ .
9. ( 15©) T Éê•þ n ‘‚5˜m V ‚5C†, ÷v Tk = idV ( V þ ð ‚5C†), Ù¥ 1 6 k 6 n,

y² T 7,Œ±é z.
10. ( 15©) k•‘‚5˜m V kü‡š²… f˜m V1 , V2 ¦ V = V1 ⊕ V2 , W • V ?¿f˜m. y²

(1) (W ∩ V1 ) + (W ∩ V2 ) ´ W f˜m, W ´ (W + V1 ) ∩ (W + V2 ) f˜m.
(2) û˜m W/(W ∩ V1 + W ∩ V2 ) ‘ê uû˜m ((W + V1 ) ∩ (W + V2 ))/W ‘ê.
(3) |^þã(Øy² W = (W ∩ V1 ) ⊕ (W ∩ V2 )¿©7‡^‡´W = (W + V1 ) ∩ (W + V2 ).
12
8. úôŒÆ 2009 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û
o
1. (z ZK 10 ©, 40 ©) OŽ
1
(1) dx (ab 6= 0).
a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x
Rx t2
0
e 2 cos tdt − x
(2) lim x .
x→0 (e − 1)2 (1 − cos2 x) arctan x
Z +∞
ln x
(3) dx.
0 1 + x2
ZZ
(4) (x + y)sgn(x − y)dxdy. Ù¥ D = [0, 1] × [0, 1].
D
f 0 (x) 1
2. ( 15 ©) XJ f (x) 3 x0 , •SŒ , … lim = . y²: f (x) 3: x0 ? 4 Š.
x→x0 x − x0 2
x2 y2 z2
3. ( 15 ©) f (x, y, z) Ll : O(0, 0, 0) ý ¡Σ: + + = 1 (a, b, c > 0) þ: P (x, y, z) ? ƒ
a2 b2 c2
²¡ ål. ¦1ã-¡È©: ZZ
ds
.
f (x, y, z)
Σ
4. ( 20 ©) f (x) 3 [a, b] þëY, … min f (x) = 1. y²:

x∈[a,b]
! n1
Z b
dx
lim = 1.
n→∞ a (f (x))n
5. ( 20 ©) é?¿ a > 0, f (x) 3 [0, a] þiùŒÈ, … lim f (x) = C. y²:

x→+∞
Z +∞
lim+ t e−tx f (x)dx = C.
t→0 0
| sin x|
6. ( 20 ©) y² f (x) = 3 (0, 1) † (−1, 0) þþ˜—ëY, 3 (−1, 0) ∪ (0, 1) ¥Ø˜—ëY. (5: ¡
x
y = f (x) 38Ü D (D ⊂ R) þ˜—ëY´•: é ∀ ε > 0, •3 δ > 0, ¦ é x0 , x00 ∈ D, |x0 − x00 | < δ ž,
k f (x0 ) − f (x00 ) < ε)

7. ( 20 ©) f (x) 3 [a, b] þŒ , ¼ê f 0 (x) 3 [a, b] þüNeü, … f 0 (b) > 0. y²:

Z b 2
cos f (x)dx 6 .

f 0 (b)

a
13
o
1. (z K 10 ©, 60 ©) OŽe 4•ÚÈ©
(n+1)2
X 1
(1) lim √ .
n→∞ k
k=n 2
ZZ
(2) y sin(xy)dxdy.
[0,π]×[0,1]
ex sin x − x(1 + x)
(3) lim .
x→0 sin3 x
ZZ
(4) OŽ zdxdy. Ù¥ Σ ń / {(x, y, z) : x, y, z > 0, x + y + z = 1}, Ù{••† (1, 1, 1) ••ƒÓ.
Σ
Z 2π √
(5) 1 + sin xdx.
0
Z 1
ln(1 + x)
(6) dx.
0 1 + x2
2. ( 15 ©) an = sin an−1 , n > 2, … a1 > 0, OŽ:
r
n
lim an .
n→∞ 3
f (x) f (x)
3. ( 15 ©) ¼ê f (x) 3 (−∞, +∞) þëY, n •Ûê. y²: e lim = lim = 1, K•§
x→+∞ xn x→−∞ xn
f (x) + xn = 0
k¢Š.
4. ( 20 ©) y²
Z +∞
sin xy
dy
0 y
3 [δ, +∞) þ˜—Âñ (Ù¥ δ > 0).
5. ( 20 ©) f (x) ëY, y² Poisson úª:

Z Z 1 p
f (ax + by + cz)dS = 2π f a2 + b2 + c2 t dt.
−1
x2 +y 2 +z 2 =1
6. ( 20 ©) {an }n>1 , {bn }n>1 •¢êê , ÷v

1 lim |bn | = ∞;
n→∞
( )
n−1
1 X

2 bi+1 − bi k..
|bn | i=1
n>1
an+1 − an an
y²: e lim •3, K lim ••3.
n→∞ bn+1 − bn n→∞ bn
14
o
1. (z K 10 ©, 60 ©) OŽK
tan x − sin x
(1) lim .
x→0 sin x3
ZZ
(2) [x + y]dxdy, Ù¥ [α] L« α êÜ©.
[0,2]×[0,2]
Z x2
sin xy
(3) F (x) = dy, x > 0, ¦ F 0 (x).
x y
ZZ
(4) OŽ y(x − z)dydz + x2 dzdx + (y 2 + xz)dxdy. Ù¥ Σ ´ x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x = a, y = a, z = a
Σ
ù8‡²¡¤Œá•NL¡, {•••á•NL¡ ý.
Z 1
ln x
(5) dx.
0 1−x
Z 1
arctan x
(6) √ dx.
0 x 1 − x2
2. ( 15 ©) ¼ê
xy


p , (x, y) 6= (0, 0);
x 2 + y2
f (x, y) =

0, (x, y) = (0, 0).
Áy: f (x, y) 3²¡ R2 þëY, ê fx0 (x, y), fy0 (x, y) k., f (x, y) 3 : (0, 0) ?ØŒ‡.
3. ( 15 ©) f (x) ´ [a, a + 1] ( a •~ê) þ ëY Š¼ê, P M = max f (x). y²:

x∈[a,a+1]
s
Z a+1 n
n

An = f (x) dx
a
'u n üN4O, … s
Z a+1 n
n

lim f (x) dx = M.
n→∞ a
x −x
e −e
4. ( 15 ©) shx · shy = 1, Ù¥ shx = . OŽ
2
Z +∞
y(x)dx.
0
5. ( 15 ©) ?Ø?ê
∞
X (−1)n
n=1
(1 + x2 )n
3 (−∞, +∞) þ Âñ5Ú˜—Âñ5.
6. ( 15 ©) a1 , b1 •?¿À½ ¢ê, an , bn ½Â•:

 Z 1
an = max{bn−1 , x}dx, n = 2, 3, · · ·


Z 01
n = 2, 3, · · ·

bn =
 min{an−1 , x}dx,
0
√ √
Áy: lim an = 2 − 2, lim bn = 2 − 1.
n→∞ n→∞
15
7. ( 15 ©) a1 ∈ (0, 1), … an+1 = an (1 − an ), n > 1, y²:
lim nan = 1.
n→∞
16
o
Z 1
1. ( 15 ©) n• ê, fn (x) = (1 − t2 )n cos xtdt, x ∈ R. y²:
−1
x2 fn (x) = 2n(2n − 1)fn−1 (x) − 4n(n − 1)fn−2 (x), n > 2.

x+y f (x) + f (y)
2. ( 15 ©) f 3 [0, 1] þëY, …é?¿ x, y ∈ [0, 1] k f 6 . y²:
2 2
Z 1
1
f (x)dx > f .
0 2
3. ( 20 ©) ¢ê λ, |λ| < 1, ¦ Z π
f (λ) = ln(1 + λ cos x)dx.
0
4. ( 20 ©) ¼ê f : R+ → R, ai (i > 0) •¢ê, …é¿©Œ x, k

a1 an
f (x) = a0 + + ··· + n + ···
x x
∞
X
y²: f (n) Âñ ¿‡^‡´ a0 = a1 = 0.
n=1
5. ( 20 ©) XJ?¿ ε > 0, •3 N , n, m > N ž, k |xm − xn | < ε, K¡ê {xn } • Cauchy ê . y²:

¼ê f 3k.«m A þ˜—ëY ¿‡^‡´é A ¥?¿ Cauchy ê {xn }, ê {f (xn )} • Cauchy ê
.
6. ( 30 ©) f (x) 3 x = 0 •SkëY ˜ ê, … f 0 (0) = 0, f 00 (0) = 1. ¦
f (x) − f (ln(1 + x))

lim .
x→0 x3
7. ( 30 ©) ¢ê λ > −4, ê {xn } ÷v
λ x2
x1 = , xn+1 = x1 + n , n > 1.
2 2
Á?Øê {xn } Âñ5.
17
o
1. (z K 10 ©, 40 ©)
sin x − arctan x
(1) lim .
x→0 tan x − arcsin x
Z π
cos 4θ
(2) dθ.
0 1 + cos2 θ
n √ o
D = (x, y)x2 + y 2 6 3, x > 0, y > 0 , [1 + x2 + y 2 ] L«Ø‡L 1 + x2 + y 2

(3) •Œ ê, OŽ
ZZ
-È© xy[1 + x2 + y 2 ]dxdy.
D

1 1 1
(4) Sn = √ 1+ √ + ··· + √ . ¦ lim Sn .
n 2 n n→+∞
2. ( 10 ©) Øy´Ä•3½Â3 R þ ëY¼ê¦
f (f (x)) = e−x .
3. ( 15 ©) ?Ø¼ê‘?ê
+∞ √ √
X n+1− n
n=1
nx
Âñ5†˜—Âñ5.
4. ( 15 ©) Z þ•
f (x), g(x), ϕ(x) [a, b] þ ëY¼ê, … g(x) •üN4O , ϕ(x) > 0, Óžéu?¿
x
x ∈ [a, b], k f (x) 6 g(x) + ϕ(t)f (t)dt. y²: éu?¿ x ∈ [a, b], Ñk
a
Rx
ϕ(s)ds
f (x) 6 g(x)e a .
Z π
2
5. ( 5 ©) (1) lim sinn xdx = 0;
n→+∞ 0
Z π
2
( 10 ©) (2) lim sin xn dx = 0.
n→+∞ 0
6. ( 5 ©) (1) E˜‡34«m [−1, 1] þ??Œ‡ ¼ê, ¦ § ¼ê3 [−1, 1] þÃ.;

( 15 ©) (2) ¼ê f (x) 3 (a, b) SŒ , y²•3 (α, β) ⊂ (a, b), ¦ f 0 (x) 3 (α, β) Sk..
7. ( 15 ©) ¼ê f (x, y) ü‡·Ü ê fxy (x, y), fyx (x, y) 3 (0, 0) NC•3, … fxy (x, y) 3 (0, 0)
?ëY. y²:
fxy (0, 0) = fyx (0, 0).
X ln p
8. ( 20 ©) ®•éu¢ê n > 2, kúª = ln n + O(1), Ù¥¦Ú´é¤kØ‡L n ƒê p ¦Ú. ¦
p
p6n
y:
X1 1
= C + ln ln n + O .
p ln n
p6n
Ù¥¦Ú•´é¤kØ‡L n ƒê p ¦Ú, C ´,‡† n Ã' ~ê.
18
o
1. (z K 10 ©, 40 ©)
(1) ¦
x−1 √
e 2 − x
lim .
x→1 ln2 (2x − 1)
(2) ¦
t2
Z
dt.
(1 − t)2013
(3) ¦ ZZ
2
+xy+y 2 )
e−(x dxdy.
R2
(4) ¦ ZZ
x3 dydz + y 3 dzdx + z 3 dxdy.
S
2 2 2
Ù¥ S • x + y + z = 1 þŒ¥¡eý.
2. (1) ^4«m@½ny²k•CX½n.
(2) ^k•CX½ny²: é [a, b] þëY¼ê f (x), f (x) > 0, •3~ê c, c > 0, ¦ f (x) > c, x ∈ [a, b].
3. 
xy

 , (x, y) 6= (0, 0);
f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 )α
0,

(x, y) = (0, 0).
¦÷v^‡ α, ¦ f 3 :÷v
(1) ëY;
(2) Œ‡;
(3) •• ê•3.
4. Ú¼ê
∞
X ln(1 + n2 x2 )
, x ∈ [0, 1].
i=1
n3
y²Ùé x ˜—Âñ¿©ÛÙëY5!ŒÈ5ÚŒ‡5.
5. f (x) Œ‡, K f 0 (x) ŒÈ ¿‡^‡´: •3ŒÈ¼ê g(x), st

Z x
f (x) = f (a) + g(t)dt.
a
6. ˜mNÈ• V Ω, X0 ∈ Ω, 0 < α < 3, y²:

Z
X − X0 α−3 dX 6 CV α3 .

Ω
Ù¥ C † α k'.
7. f (x) 3 [0, 1] üN, y²:

Z 1
sin xy π
lim f (x) dx = f (0+).
y→+∞ 0 x 2
8. f (x) 3 [a, +∞) ˜—ëY, …é?¿ ξ > 0, S {f (nξ)} 4••3, ¦y: lim f (x) •3.
x→∞
19
o
1. ¦4•
(n2 + 1)(n2 + 2) · · · (n2 + n)
lim .
n→∞ (n2 − 1)(n2 − 2) · · · (n2 − n)
2. ¦ Z x
1 −t2 1 1 1
lim e dt + − 4 .
x→0+ x5 0 3 x2 x
3. I
y x
I(r) = dx − 2 dy,
L x2 + y 2 x + y2
2 2 2
Ù¥ L • x + xy + y = r , ••. ¦ lim I(r).
r→∞
4. ¦ Z 0
1
sin ln dx.
e2nπ x
5. • Riemann ¼ê ëY5, Œ‡5ÚŒÈ5.
6. f •½Â3,«• D ⊂ Rn þ ˜‡¼ê, k˜ ëY ê, … êk..

(1) e D •à«•, y²: f ˜—ëY.
(2) • D Ø´à«• œ¹.
7. {fn } ´ R þ ¼ê , …é?¿ x ∈ R, {fn (x)} k.. y²: •3˜‡m«m (a, b), ¦ {fn (x)} 3T«
mþ˜—k..
8. (1) y² Γ(s) 3 (0, ∞) SÃ¡gŒ‡.

(2) y² Γ(s), ln Γ(s) Ñ´î‚à¼ê.
9. f 3R þ Œ‡, f, f 0 , f 00 þ > 0, …•3 c > 0 ¦ f 00 (x) 6 cf (x). y²:

(1) lim f 0 (x) = 0.
x→−∞
(2) •3~ê a, ¦ f 0 (x) 6 af (x), ¿¦Ñ a.
10. y² Fejer ½n.
11. f 3 [A, B] þ Riemann ŒÈ, 0 < f < 1, éu?¿ ε > 0, E˜‡¼ê g ¦

(1) g ´˜‡ F¼ê, Š• 0 ½ 1.
(2) éu ∀ [a, b] ⊂ [A, B],
Z b
[f (x) − g(x)]dx < ε.

a
20
o
1. (z K 10p©, 40 ©)
n
(n + 1)(n + 2) · · · (n + n)
(1) lim .
n→∞ n
Z π
2 sin(2n + 1)x
(2) dx ( n •g,ê).
0 sin x
ex sin x − x(1 + x)
(3) lim .
x→0 cos x ln(1 − 2x)
ZZ
2 2
(4) x(1 + yex +y )dxdy, «• D L«d y = x3 , x = −1, y = 1 ¤Œ¤ «•.
D
2. (z K 10 ©, 20 ©)
(1) A, B L«ê8, E = A ∪ B, ¦y:
sup E = max(sup A, sup B).

1
(2) ®•ê xn > 0, lim xn · lim = 1, ¦y: {xn } Âñ.
n→∞ n→∞ xn
3. ( 15 ©) ^k•CXy²: k.ê 7kÙÂñ f .
4. ( 15 ©) f (x) ´½Â3 (a, b) þ ¼ê, éu (a, b) þ ?¿ÂñS {xn }, Ñk4• lim f (xn ) •3, y
n→∞
² f (x) 3 (a, b) þ˜—ëY.
Z +∞
5. ( 15 ©) f (x, y) ´½Â3 [a, b] × [c, +∞) þ ëY¼ê, I(x) = f (x, y)dy ´ [a, b] þ ëY¼ê, y²
c
I(x) 3 [a, b] þ˜—Âñ.
∞
X 1 3
6. ( 15 ©) ¦¼ê Fp“Ðmª, ±Ï´ 2π 3 (−π, π) þ, f (x) = x ; ¿¦?ê 6
Ú.
n=1
n
Z b
1
7. ( 15 ©) f (x) 3 [a, b] þ˜ ëYŒ , A = f (x)dx, y²:
b−a a
Z b Z b
(f (x) − A)2 dx 6 (b − a)2 |f (x)|2 dx.
a a
8. ( 15 ©) ϕ(x) ´ëY¼ê, ¼ê fn (t) ´ [a, b] þ ëY¼ê, K(x, t) ´ëY¼ê, ½Â

Z b
f0 (t) = ϕ(x), fn (x) = ϕ(x) + K(x, t)fn−1 (t)dt.
a
y²¼ê fn (t) Âñu˜‡ëY¼ê.
21
o
1. (z K 10 ©, 40 ©) OŽe¡ˆK
1 − (cos x)sin x
(1) lim .
x→0 x3
√
Z
(2) 1 + sin xdx.
ZZ
(3) (x2 + y 2 )dxdy.
x2 +4y 2 61
π
(4) ò f (x) = − x 3 (0, π) þÐm¤{u?ê.
2
2. ( 10 ©) |^ ε − N Šóy²
1
lim (−1)n +
n→∞ n
Ø•3.
3. ( 10 ©) ¦ f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 − xy 3«• |x| + |y| 6 1 þ •ŒŠ†• Š.
4. ( 15 ©) (1) Qãk•CX½n;
(2) |^k•CX½ny²þ(.•35½n.
Z ∞
5. ( 15 ©) f (x) ´ (1, +∞) þ üN¼ê, f (x)dx Âñ, y²:
1
lim f (x) = 0
x→+∞
¿…
1
f (x) = o (x → +∞).
x
6. ( 15 ©) f (x) é?¿ g,ê n Ú?¿ x ∈ (−∞, +∞) Ñk

n
X (−1)k k 1
(x) − |x| 6 |x|n+1 .

(2k)! (2n + 2)!
f
k=0
¦ f (x) )ÛLˆª¿y² f (x) 3 R þ˜—ëY.
7. ( 15 ©) ¦¹ëþÈ©
Z 1
1 1
sin dx
0 xα x
˜—Âñ«m.
f (x) 3 R þëYŒ‡, f (0) = 0. ¿… f 0 (x) 6 f (x) é?¿

8. ( 15 ©) x ∈ R ¤á. y²:
f (x) ≡ 0.
9. ( 15 ©) k.ê {xn }, ÷v
lim xn = A < B = lim xn , lim (xn+1 − xn ) = 0.

n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
y² {xn } à: NTÐ ¤ [A, B].
22
o
1. ( 40 ©) OŽe¡ˆK
(1) ¦4•
n−1
X
k kπ
lim 1+ sin .
n→∞ n n2
k=1
(2) ¦
ln(1 + x + x2 ) + arcsin 3x − 5x3
lim .
x→0 sin 2x + tan2 x − (ex − 1)5
(3) ¦
Rxdydz + (z + R)2 dxdy
ZZ
p .
x2 + y 2 + z 2
Σ
2 2 2 2
Ù¥ Σ • x + y + z = R eŒ¥¡ þý, R •˜~ê.
2. ( 10 ©) (1) ^4•½ÂQã lim f (x) 6= +∞.

x→+∞
x sin x
(2) lim √ 6= +∞.
x→+∞ x+1
3. ( 10 ©) y²k.48þ k•CX½n.
4. ( 15 ©) ¼ê {fn (x)} 3 (a, b) þ˜—ëY, ¿… fn (x) ˜—Âñu f (x). y² f (x) 3 (a, b) þ˜—ëY.
5. ( 15 ©) E½öy²´Ä•3¼ê f (x) :
(1) f (x) 3 [0, 1] þëY, 3 (0, 1) SŒ , f (x) 3 (0, 1) SkÃê‡":, …é?¿ x ∈ (0, 1) Ø•3 x ¦
0
f (x) = f (x) = 0.
(2) bX f (0) Ú f (1) ÑØ u 0, ¯þã f (x) ´Ä¤á?
6. ( 15 ©) f (y) 3 [0, 1] þëY, …


y(1 − x), y < x;
K(x, y) =
x(1 − y), y > x.
1
d2 u
Z
- u(x) = K(x, y)f (y)dy, ¯ u(x) 3 [0, 1] þ´ÄëY¿…¦ .
0 dx2
∞
X
7. ( 15 ©) ?ê nan Âñ, ½Â xn = an+1 + 2an+2 + · · · + kan+k + · · · , (n = 1, 2, · · · ).
n=1
(1) ¯ xn ´Äk¿Â?
(2) ¦y lim xn = 0.
n→∞
8. ( 15 ©) ¼ê8Ü dk f
S= f (x) sup xm k < +∞, m, n ∈ N .

x∈R dx
e f (x) ∈ S, ¦y
fˆ(x) ∈ S
Z +∞ Z +∞
Ù¥ fˆ(x) = f (t)e−ixt dt, f (x) = fˆ(t)eixt dt.
−∞ −∞
9. ( 15 ©) f (x) 3 (0, +∞) þëYŒ‡, …•3 L > 0, ¦ é ∀ x, y ∈ (0, +∞) Ñk
|f 0 (x) − f 0 (y)| < L|x − y|.
y²: (f 0 (x))2 < 2Lf (x).
23

扬哥浙江大学2009 2018真题汇总

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扬哥浙江大学2009 2018真题汇总

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2. ýKwC›c Òv , , ýK •Ø˜½´€¯, Ï•ùŒ±½¦·‚• ¡/ES!

3. vk‰Y ýK´-y·‚ØäÆS Äå! •ï´þ, vkŸo'ÏLgCãå g•Ñ5˜‡JK•4

4. ïýK‰Y´š~Ø²œ ÀJ! Ï•rýKÑtÃ ÒvkES Äå , ¤±@@ïýK‰Y <

5. Ø‡•w˜‡Æ ýK, O Æ •ww. Ï•õ„K’½v€?!

1. kOy´ÆSÄå , ‡›½˜‡·ÜgC Oy(ØUõ•ØU ), ÃØ ºe…, 7L‡ ¤ U

2. ¢, Ò´`‡lÄ: ‘ m©Æ, =¦{ü, •‡@@ýýÃ ˜H! ƒÕúpÃ$.

3. j± .Ò´±ƒ±ð, P4: 1zpöŒÊ›!

1 úôŒÆ 2009 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 4

2 úôŒÆ 2010 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 6

3 úôŒÆ 2011 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 8

4 úôŒÆ 2012 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 9

5 úôŒÆ 2014 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 10

6 úôŒÆ 2015 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 11

7 úôŒÆ 2016 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKp “ê 12

8 úôŒÆ 2009 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 13

9 úôŒÆ 2010 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 14

10 úôŒÆ 2011 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 15

11 úôŒÆ 2012 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 17

12 úôŒÆ 2013 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 18

13 úôŒÆ 2014 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 19

14 úôŒÆ 2015 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 20

15 úôŒÆ 2016 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 21

16 úôŒÆ 2017 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 22

17 úôŒÆ 2018 cïÄ)\Æ•ÁÁKêÆ©Û 23

1. P ´ê•, 3 n ‡C õ‘ª‚ P [x1 , · · · , xn ] ¥Ú\é1 k ‡C f, de ªf½Â:

Ù¥ ai1 ···in ´ê• P ¥ ?¿ê.

Tª¡•î.ð ª. ‡ƒ, y²: é?¿ ê m, ÷vî.ð ª õ‘ª7• m gàgõ‘ª.

4. α, β, γ, δ ´¢ê, ‰Ñ•3˜‡gêØ‡L 2 ¢Xêõ‘ª f (x) ¦ ÷v f (−1) = α, f (1) =

5. x, y ´ü‡š"¢ê, Φ, Ψ ´¢ê•þ,‡ n ‘‚5˜mþ ü‡‚5C†, ÷v Φ ◦ Ψ = xΦ + yΨ, y

6. A ´˜‡ n ¢é¡Ý , y²: •3,‡¿©Œ ¢ê a, ¦ Rn 'u$Ž (α, β) = αT (A + aE)β ¤

7. A ´n E• , "´ A k -A Š, ¦y: • (Ak ) = n − k.

1. õ‘ª f1 (x), · · · , fk (x) •ŒúÏª u 1, A ∈ P n×n , X ∈ P n×1 . ¦y: XJéu 1 6 i 6 k, o¤á

4. Φ, Ψ ´,ê•þ n ‘‚5˜mþ ü‡‚5C†, ÷v Φ ◦ Ψ = Ψ ◦ Φ, …•3 êN ¦ ΦN = 0

7. f (x) ´EXê˜ õ‘ª, é?¿ ê n k f (n) „´ ê, y² f (x) XêÑ´knê, Þ~`²•3

• õ‘ªÚe (Jordan) IO..

9. α1 , · · · , αk ´î¼˜m V ¥ ˜|üü ü •þ, α ´ V ¥?¿˜‡•þ. y² Bessel Ø ª:

1. XJ (x2 + x + 1) f1 (x3 ) + xf2 (x3 ) , … n • A k˜‡A Š u 1, y² f1 (A), f2 (A) ÑØ´Œ_Ý

3. n • A Š‘Ý A∗ , n > 2 ž, y²:

5. ei = (0, · · · , 0, 1, 0, · · · )T , i = 1, 2, · · · n ´î¼˜m Rn ~^Ä, ˜‡Ý P ¡•˜†Ý bX•3

T (f (x)) = 2f (x) + xf 0 (x).

y² T ´ V þ ‚5C†, ¿¦ÙA ŠÚA •þ.

7. B ´¢ê•þ n × n Ý , A = B T B, é?¿˜‡Œu" ~ê a, y² (α, β) = αT (A + aE)β ½Â Rn

9. b A = (aij )n×n ´Œ ½Ý , y²÷v X T AX = 0 ¤k X |¤ Rn n − r(A) ‘f˜m.

3. φ ´ n ‘îª˜m C†, y² φ •õŒ±L«• n + 1 ‡º¡‡ EÜ.

4. A ´n EÝ , y²•3~ê‘ u" õ‘ª g(λ), h(λ) ¦ g(A) ´Œ±é z Ý , h(A) ´˜

(1) k •ÛŠž, •3 P ¦ P −1 AP •é Ý ? ¿¦Ñù Ý P Úé Ý ;

7. - V Ú W ´• K þ ‚5˜m, HomK (V, W ) L« V W ¤k‚5N |¤ ‚5˜m. y²: é

8. -‚5˜m V = Imf ⊕ W, Ù¥ W ´ V ‚5C† f ØCf˜m.

10. - T ´k•‘‚5˜m V þ ‚5C†, W ´V T −ØCf˜m. @o, T |W • õ‘ª ØT

ž¯ A ´ÄŒé z¿‰Ñnd. e A Œé z• C, ‰ÑŒ_Ý P, ¦ P −1 AP = C.

ž‰Ñ A ¤kŒU Jordan IO..

4. η1 , η2 , η3 • AX = 0 Ä:)X, A • 3 1 5 ¢Ý . ¦y: •3 R5 ˜|Ä, Ù•¹ η1 + η2 + η3 , η1 −

5. X, Y ©O• m × n Ú n × m Ý , Y X = En , A = Em + XY, y² A ƒqué Ý .

6. A • n ‚5˜m V ‚5C†, λ1 , λ2 , · · · , λm • A ØÓA Š, Vλi •ÙA f˜m. y²: é?¿

8. y²: A ½ ¿©7‡^‡´•3• Bi (i = 1, 2, · · · , n), Bi ¥– k˜‡šòz, ¦

9. ½Â ψ • [0, 1] n • N|¤ îª˜m ëYN , ¦ ψ(0) •1˜a Ý , ψ(1) •1 a

10. g, h •Eê• C þ n ‘‚5˜m V ‚5C†, gh = hg. ¦y g, h kú A •þ. eØ´3Eê•

1. A(t) Ý ˆ ƒëYŒ‡, 1 ªð• 1, A(0) = E, ¦y: A0 (0) ,• 0. (¦ ´éˆ ƒÕá¦ )

2. ‚5˜mþ (a1 , a2 , · · · , as ) † (b1 , b2 , · · · , bt ) ´ü‡‚5Ã'•þ|, (a1 , a2 , · · · , as ) = (b1 , b2 , · · · , bt )A, y: