Unit 2

Task 4
1. Acquisition – something that someone buys, often to add to a collection of
things.
Explicitly – stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or
doubt.
Invoke – to mention something in order to explain something or to support
your opinion or action.
Awareness – knowledge that something exists, or understanding of a
situation or subject at the present time based on information or experience.
Persuade – cause (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument.
Theoretical framework – is the structure that can hold or support a theory of
a research study. 
Counterparts – a person or thing that has the same purpose as another one in
a different place or organization.
Derived from – to come from something.
Field of inquiry – A branch of knowledge, typically one studied in higher
education. A subject matter or general area of interest.
Emphasize – to show that something is very important
or worth giving attention to.
Cognitive process – any of the mental functions assumed to be involved in
the acquisition, storage, interpretation, manipulation, transformation, and use of
knowledge.
Trend – a general direction in which something is developing or changing.
2. I can’t remember not having a certain aptitude for writing. And yes,
writing helps me sort out ideas, thoughts, theories, insights, etc. every day. It also
helps me communicate ideas that are difficult to explain verbally off the cuff.
Oratory is a genre directly related to the culture of the word. We can say that
oratory is the highest indicator of the culture of the word. In linguistics, the
concept of "culture of the word" is replaced by the term "culture of the language.”
Still, compared with the "culture of the language," the "culture of the word"
immediately shows what culture is to, besides, the concept of "culture of language"
is the meaning of "culture of the word", "the proper use of the word," and then the
phenomenon denotes the concept.
3. Writing is often described as a linear process, moving from the first to the
last stage in an orderly fashion. However, the writing process usually requires
moving back and forth between steps and is often more complex than the linear
model represents. When I worked on a diploma paper, I might have to break down
the work into smaller parts to make it manageable; therefore, I could have been at
different stages of the writing process in different parts of my project. I also had to
make changes in sections that I thought were finished as the contents are affected
by what I write in other sections. Furthermore, new questions arose in the process
that required a return to an earlier stage of the process, for example, to conduct
further research.
4. Rhetoric – is the art of speaking or writing effectively: such as the study
of principles and rules of composition formulated by critics of ancient times or the
study of writing or speaking as a means of communication or persuasion.
5. Because the social cognitive demands of face-to-face interaction are less
complex than those of prototypical written communication, might be expected to
display greater audience adaptation in speech. On the other hand, the process of
encoding in writing facilitates certain cognitive operations, and, therefore, might be
expected to communicate more effectively in writing. Empirical studies warranting
conflicting conclusions, however, have administered tasks that tap different
communication functions, either explanatory or referential.
6. “Culture of the word” and “culture of the thought” are in dialectical unity.
When implementing the semantic plan of the statement, the speaker uses such
operations as analysis, comparison, concretization, and generalization. Mastering
the “culture of the thought” invariably leads to mastering "the culture of the word",
but there is also feedback: the development of speech culture affects thinking,
making it richer, allowing through speech to come to the definition of problems,
the formulation of ideas, to creativity in any field of activity.
Task 5
 Use correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
Write in an objective, neutral manner.
 Accurately use the terminology of your discipline.
Ensure that your language is rich enough.
 Write in an academic style, avoid colloquial language, jargon and
slang.
 Arrange your ideas in a strict logical order.
Pay special attention to the introduction of your text.
 Incorporate visual support (tables, diagrams, graphs) for your ideas.
Cite leading papers in your field.
Think about the general presentation (chapters, subchapters,
paragraphs, etc.) of your text.
Pay special attention to the conclusion of your text.
Task 6
Features 2,4, 5,6, and 10 are generally considered to be rather typical of
Anglo-American research texts (although this does not mean that features 1,3,7, 8,
and 9 never occur in them).
Task 7
 According to statistical data obtained in one research, the types of the titles
in 2,3, and 6 are frequently used by English authors, while the title structures listed
under 1, 4, and 5 are much more favored by Ukrainian writers.
Task 8
Each of the strategies 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10 may be quite useful for
Ukrainian writers. Strategies 1,4, and 8 are not generally recommended.
Task 9
During the five years of my university studies, I met oral and written
academic genres such as lectures, seminars, thesis, presentations, oral exams, and
research meetings. I expect to encounter in my research activity genres as an
interview, business article analysis, and application essay.
Task 10
1– 5
2–3
3–1
4–6
5–4
6–2