T@T[BIG GIB^@DGCM
Xr`cd`p`ms obcbrgjbs smnrb dmctrmj kb imtmrbs bjàdtr`dms

Bx`stbc gjoucgs dmck`d`mcbs qub kbnbc dmcs`kbrgrsb gj sbjbdd`mcgr, k`sb÷gr,

`cstgjgr m kgr igctbc`i`bctm gj bqu`pm kb dmctrmj kbj imtmr bjàdtr`dm.
Bj dmctrmj kbj imtmr brg uc prmnjbig sbcd`jjm dugckm sb usgng ucg
fjbdeg igbstrg
bj imtmr tbcég dmiüc, g jg qub
qub grrgcdgr sb jb dmcbdtgngc
y pgrgr vgr`gs içqu`cgs,
sôjm ucgs dugctgs pmr qub
vbdbs gj kég. T`c
bingrom, dmc jg trgcsi`s`ôc `ck`v`kugj bj imtmr eg jjbogkm g sbr dgs` ucg
pgrtb `ctborgctb kb jg içqu`cg y bs cbdbsgr`m k`sb÷gr bj dmctrmjgkmr pgrg
glustgrsb g sus cbdbs`kgkbs.
Dmctrmj kbj imtmr
imtmr bs uc tàri`cm
tàri`cm obcàr`dm qub s`oc`f`dg iudegs
dmsgs, kbskb uc s`ipjb `ctbrruptmr kb pgsm egstg uc dmipjblm
dmipjblm s`stbig dmc
dmipmcbctbs tgjbs dmim rbjbvgkmrbs, dmctrmjbs kb t`bipm b `ctbrruptmrbs.
T`c bingrom, jg fucd`ôc dmiüc bs jg i`sig bc dugjqu`br dgsm< bstm bs,
dmctrmjgr gjoucg mpbrgd`ôc kbj imtmr bjàdtr`dm. Xmr jm tgctm, gj sbjbdd`mcgr b
`cstgjgr bqu`pm kb dmctrmj pgrg uc imtmr sb kbnb dmcs`kbrgr ucg orgc
dgct`kgk kb k`vbrsms fgdtmrbs g f`c kb qub pubkg fucd`mcgr dmrrbdtgibctb
 luctm g jg içqu`cg pgrg jg qub sb k`sb÷g.
Xrmpôs`tm kbj dmctrmjgkmr

Gjoucms kb jms fgdtmrbs g dmcs`kbrgrsb rbspbdtm gj dmctrmjgkmr, gj

sbjbdd`mcgrjm b `cstgjgrjm, pubkbc bcuibrgrsb dmim s`oub<

7)  Grrgcqub< Bj imtmr sb pubkb grrgcdgr dmcbdtçckmjm k`rbdtgibctb g

trgvàs kb jg jécbg. T`c bingrom, jg içqu`cg `ipujsgkg sb pubkb kg÷gr
s` sb grrgcdg dmc bsb bsfubrzm o`rgtmr`m rbpbct`cm. Bj grrgcqub kbnb
egdbrsb jbctg y orgkugjibctb, cm sôjm pgrg prmtbobr jg içqu`cg, s`cm
pmrqub
sbr jg mjbgkgorgckb.
kbigs`gkm kb dmrr`bctb kb jg jécbg
Jg frbdubcd`g kbjkurgctb bj kb
grrgcqub grrgcqub pubkb
jms imtmrbs
tgin`àc dmiprbckb bj bipjbm kbj dmctrmjgkmr.
>)  Xgrm< Jms dmctrmjgkmrbs pbri`tbc bj fucd`mcgi`bctm egstg jg
kbtbcd`ôc kb jms imtmrbs y tgin`àc `ipr`ibc ucg gdd`ôc kb frbcm
dugckm sb kbnb kbtbcbr jg içqu`cg rçp`kgibctb. Jg pgrgkg rçp`kg bs
ucg fucd`ôc pgrg dgsms kb bibrobcd`g. 
bibrobcd`g. 
4)  @cvbrs`ôc kb jg rmtgd`ôc< Tb cbdbs`tgc dmctrmjgkmrbs pgrg dgin`gr
gutmiçt`dgibctb jg k`rbdd`ôc kb jg rmtgd`ôc kb 7gs içqu`cgs
ibk`gctb bj igckm kb uc mpbrgkmr bc ucg bstgd`ôc kb dmctrmj. Jg
gdd`ôc kb `cvbrs`ôc kb jms dmctrmjgkmrbs bs uc prmdbsm dmct`cum bc
iudegs gpj`dgd`mcbs `ckustr`gjbs. Bstg pubkb egdbrsb pmr ibk`m kb
bstgd`mcbs kb nmtmcbs, uc `ctbrruptmr kb tginmr m uc iôkujm `cvbrsmr
kb o`rm. 
 

;)  Igrdeg< Jgs vbjmd`kgkbs y dgrgdtbrést`dgs kb mpbrgd`ôc kbsbgkgs,

smc, fucd`ôc y prmpôs`tm k`rbdtms kb jms dmctrmjgkmrbs. Àstms
prmtbobc g jms imtmrbs, mpbrgkmrbs, içqu`cgs y igtbr`gjbs, i`bctrgs
fucd`mcgc.
2)  Dmctrmj kb vbjmd`kgk< 
vbjmd`kgk<  Gjoucms dmctrmjgkmrbs pubkbc igctbcbr
vbjmd`kgkbs iuy prbd`sgs pgrg prmpôs`tms kb prmdbsms `ckustr`gjbs,
pbrm sb cbdbs`tgc
imtmrbs pmr pgsms mkborgkugjibctb.
mtrm t`pm pgrg dgin`gr jgs vbjmd`kgkbs kb jms
6)  Tbour`kgk kbj mpbrgkmr< Iudegs sgjvgougrkgs ibdçc`dgs egc kgkm
mr`obc g iàtmkms bjàdtr`dms. Jms k`spms`t`vms p`jmtm kb dmctrmj
bjàdtr`dm gfbdtgc k`rbdtgibctb g jms dmctrmjgkmrbs gj prmtbobr g jms
mpbrgkmrbs kb jg içqu`cg dmctrg dmck`d`mcbs `csbourgs.
?)  Xrmtbdd`ôc dmctrg kg÷ms< Rcg pgrtb kb jg fucd`ôc kb ucg içqu`cg
gutmiçt`dg bs jg kb prmtbobrsb g sé i`sig dmctrg kg÷ms, gsé dmrcm g
jms igtbr`gjbs igcufgdturgkms m bjgnmrgkms. Xmr blbipjm, sb `ip`kbc
jms gtgsdgi`bctms kb jms trgcspmrtgkmrbs. Jgs içqu`cgs sb pubkbc
egdbr fucd`mcgr bc rbvbrsg, kbtbcbrsb, trgnglgr g vbjmd`kgk jbctg m jm
qub sbg cbdbsgr`m pgrg rbgj`zgr jg jgnmr kb prmtbdd`ôc. 
prmtbdd`ôc.  
5)  Igctbc`i`bctm kb jms k`spms`t`vms kb grrgcqub< Rcg vbz `cstgjgkms y
glustgkms gkbdugkg ibctb, jms grrgcdgkmrbs pgrg imtmr igctbckrçc
bj t`bipm kb grrgcqub, vmjtglbs, dmrr`bctb y trmquà dmcf`gnjbs, bc
nbcbf`d`m kb jg içqu`cg `ipujsgkg y bj s`stbig kb bcbroég. Jms
fus`njbs, dmrtgd`rdu`tms b `ctbrruptmrbs kb kbsdmcbx`ôc kb tgig÷m
gprmp`gkm pgrg bj grrgcqub, dmcst`tuybc nubcgs prçdt`dgs kb
`cstgjgd`ôc qub sb r`obc pmr jms dôk`oms bjàdtr`dms.

K`fbrbcd`g bctrb uc dmctrmj gutmiçt`dm y ucm igcugj

Dugckm uc d`rdu`tm sb dmcs`kbrg igcugj bs kbn`km g qub ucg pbrsmcg

kbnb `c`d`gr jg kb
jgs bstgd`mcbs gdd`ôc pgrg qub
nmtmcbs, bj d`rdu`tm
bc dgin`m ucmmpbrb, usgckmbstç
gutmiçt`dm içsk`sb÷gkm
dmiücibctb
pgrg
qub bj d`rdu`tm grrgcqub smjm y qub jg pbrsmcg tbcog jg dmimk`kgk kb qub
àstb fucd`mcgrç s`c qub bj tbcog qub egdbr cgkg, jms k`spms`t`vms kb dmctrmj
gutmiçt`dm pubkbc sbr jms `ctbrruptmrbs kb fjmtgkmr, kb prbs`ôc m
tbrimstgtms y su dgpgd`kgk kb dmctgdtm kbnb sbr suf`d`bctb pgrg dmckud`r b
`ctbrruip`r jg dmrr`bctb tmtgj kbj imtmr.
 

 
 

K`gorgigs kb Dmctrmj

Bstb k`gorgig sb jjgig uc`f`jgr pmr qub rbprbsbctg

smjm ucg fgsb kb dmrr`bctb.

Bstb k`gorgig sb jjgig n`f`jgr

pmr qub rbprbsbctg kms fgsbs kb
dmrr`bctb.

Bstb k`gorgig sb jjgig

tr`f`jgr pmr qub rbprbsbctg 4
fgsbs kb dmrr`bctb.
 

Fucd`ôc kb uc bcdjgvgi`bctm

Bj bcdjgvgi`bctm s`rvb
pgrg igctbcbr jg
dmcbx`ôc kbspuàs kb
prbs`mcgr cubstrm nmtôc
kb grrgcqub
prbs`mcgr cubstrm ynmtôc
gj
kb pgrm sb pgrg bj imtmr
y sb nmtg bj bcdjgvgi`bctm y bj nmtôc kb grrgcqub.

Xgrtbs kb uc d`rdu`tm kb dmctrmj.

Jms bjbibctms nçs`dms m içs dmiucbs bc uc d`rdu`tm kb dmctrmj smc

sb÷gjgkms g dmct`cugd`ôc.

D`rdu`tm kb fubrzg.

7)  Imtmr tr`fçs`dm

Igrdg< Cbig 
Cbig 
[`pm< Ii. 08-; 
08-; 
8776  
Tbr`b< Cr-4- 8776
EX. 8.?2
^.X.I. 7?46
Vmjts< >>8 V
V  
Gipbrbs< 7.2/4.8 G 
G 
D`djms< 68Ez
[bipbrgturg< ;8¼ D
Xbsm tmtgj< ?.58Ao.
?.58Ao.  
Imtmr [r`fçs`dm< Bs
[r`fçs`dm< Bs gqubj qub rbqu`brb kb 4 fgsbs pgrg fucd`mcgr y dmc uc
vmjtglb igymr m `ougj kb >>8V. Jg dgrgdtbrést`dg kb bstb imtmr bs qub gj
`cvbrt`r jgs sgj`kgs1 bs kbd`r, jgs fgsbs dgin`g kb sbct`km kb rmtgd`ôc kbj
rmtmr y g k`fbrbcd`g kb jms imtmrbs kb dmrr`bctb gjtbrcg dmcsuib ibcms
dmrr`bctb. Xmsbb uc rmtmr lgujg kb grk`jjg qub t`bcb ngrrgs bc dmrtm qub
o`rgc igocàt`dgibctb bctmrcm g su bstgtmr.
 

Xrmtbdd`ôc.
7)  Grrgcdgkmrbs igocàt`dms<
Djgsb 5287
Djgsb 5287
[`pm X7>>
[`pm X7>>

@ [e>
668
668VDG7>G
7>G
VDG   

Bstms grrgcdgkmrbs j`i`tgc jg dmrr`bctb bc jg btgpg kb grrgcqub bv`tgckm

gjdgczgr dmrr`bctbs qub pubkgc dgusgr fjudtugd`mcbs pbrluk`d`gjbs bc jg
jécbg kb gj`ibctgd`ôc. Bstms grrgcdgkmrbs dubctgc dmc prmtbdd`mcbs kb
smnrbdgrog y dmrtm d`rdu`tm bc jgs 4 fgsbs y mfrbdbc dmipbcsgd`ôc kb
tbipbrgturg gin`bctb y gkbiçs dubctgc dmc nmtmcbrég pgrg grrgcqub y
pgrm, imctgkms bc su ogn`cbtb.

•  Xrmtbdd`ôc tàri`dg
•  Bstgd`ôc kb nmtmcbs
•  Dmctgdtmr

Bj dmctgdtmr bstç k`sb÷gkm pgrg smpmrtgr jg dgrog kb jms imtmrbs1 bs kbd`r,

vg dmcbdtgkm k`rbdtgibctb g jg jécbg, bc dgin`m jms rbjbvgkmrbs t`bcbc
dmctgdtms içs kàn`jbs y cm vgc dmcbdtgkms g jgs jécbgs k`rbdtgibctb. Jms
dmctgdtmrbs smpmrtgc güc içs dmrr`bctb qub jms rbjbvgkmrbs (egstg ?G).
Bstms g jg vbz vgrégc kb tgig÷m kbpbck`bckm kb jg dgrog g gj`ibctgr.
 

>)  ^bjbvgkmr kb dmctrmj<

>>8- 458- 288 VDG
5G 
;- 6- 5G

Bs ucg nmn`cg qub bcdjgvg dmctgdtms

cmrigjibctb gn`brtms kblgckm pgsgr jg dmrr`bctb
y`ip`k`bckm
gnrb dmctgdtms
bj pgsm kb jgcmrigjibctb
dmrr`bctb. dbrrgkms

Dmctrmjbs gutmiçt`dms<

7)  ^bjbvgkmr kb t`bipm<

>>8- 458- ;28 VDG

VDG  
4- 6- 5G
5G 
768I`c
768 I`c  
Bx`stbc kms t`pms kb rbjbvgkmrbs kb
t`bipm jms dugjbs smc jms s`ou`bctbs<
*^bjbvgkmr kb dmctrmj kb t`bipm MC
KBJGP<   Bstb t`pm kb rbjbvgkmr sb usg
KBJGP<
pr`cd`pgjibctb bc d`rdu`tms kmckb sb
rbqu`brb qub jg rbspubstg, ucg vbz qub sb
eg bcbro`zgkm bj d`rdu`tm, bj rbjbvgkmr sb
rbtgrkb bc bcv`gr jg sb÷gj kbj t`bipm rbqubr`km bc bj prmdbsm.

*^bjbvgkmr kb dmctrmj kb t`bipm MFF KBJGP< Bstb

KBJGP< Bstb t`pm kb rbjbvgkmr kb
dmctrmj kb t`bipm, su pr`cd`pgj dgrgdtbrést`dg, bs qub rbtgrkg jg rbspubstg g
jms d`rdu`tms sbduckgr`ms ucg vbz qub sb eg kbsbcbro`zgkm bj d`rdu`tm kb
dmctrmj. Dmcstg kb uc dgpgd`tmr qub bs bj qub gjigdbcg k`deg bcbroég.
 

fjmtgkmr< 
>)  Tw`tde- `ctbrruptmr kb c`vbj m kb fjmtgkmr< 

>>8- 458- 288 VDG

VDG  
>- 6- 5G
5G 

Jg
pmr mpbrgd`ôc kb uc `ctbrruptmr
bj imv`i`bctm kb mfjmtgkmr
egd`g grr`ng egd`g sbgnglm,
dmctrmjg
kbj
fjmtgkmr qub sb dmjmdg bc bj tgcqub kb goug. Bj fjmtgkmr
gnrb m d`brrg ibdçc`dgibctb jms dmctgdtms bjàdtr`dms
ibk`gctb ucg vgr`jjg m dgkbcg dmc uc dmctrgpbsm.
Bx`stbc vgr`ms t`pms kb `ctbrruptmrbs kb fjmtgkmr, bj
dgpsujgkm, fjmtgkmr dmc dmctrgpbsm y bjbdtrmc`vbj<

g)  @ctbrruptmr kb fjmtgkmr<

n)  @ctbrruptmr bcdgpsujgkm< Dmcstg kb ucg bsfbrg

ibtçj`dg qub bctrg bc dmctgdtm dugckm jg
prbs`ôc kbdgb.
 

d)  Bjbdtrmc`vbj< Bs uc dmctrmj bjbdtrôc`dm qub dbcsg bj c`vbj dugckm bstç

jjbcm, g jg i`tgk y vgdém prmtbo`bckm gj imtmr pgrg qub jg nming cm
trgnglb bc vgdém.

4)  Tw`tde m `ctbrruptmr kb prbs`ôc<

>>8- 458- 228 VDG

4- 6- 5 G

Jms `ctbrruptmrbs kb prbs`ôc kbj t`pm `ckustr`gj bstçc

k`sb÷gkms pgrg dunr`r jg gipj`g vgr`bkgk kb rbqubr`i`bctms
qub sb bcdubctrgc bc bj dmctrmj kb içqu`cgs cbuiçt`dgs m
e`krçuj`dgs.
Bstms dmctrmjbs sb bipjbgc içs dmiücibctb
içqu`cgs — ebrrgi`bctgs, s`stbigs kb junr`dgd`ôc kb gjtg
prbs`ôc, nmings y dmiprbsmrbs pmr imtmr.
 

Igcugjbs. 
Dmctrmjbs Igcugjbs. 
7)  @ctbrruptmr kb tginmr<
Gtrçs Fubrg Gkbjgctb
Djgsb >687
[`pm GO-> Dgpgd`kgk içx`ig
Fgsbs Imcmfçs`dm Xmj`fçs`dm DK.
Vmjts 772 >48 778 >>8-228 772->48
D.X. 7 7/> > 7 7/> > 7/;

Gj prbs`mcgr Gtrçs bc bj
`ctbrruptmr kb tginmr
(kb dmjmr gzuj bc bj
k`gorgig), jg tbri`cgj 7
kbj imtmr tr`fçs`dm sb
dmcbdtgrç
tbri`cgj > dmc jécbg > 7,y
dmc jécbg
tbri`cgj 4 dmc jécbg 4,
gj imibctm kb qubrbr
`cvbrt`r bj o`rm kbj rmtmr
kb bstb, bj `ctbrruptmr kb
tginmr kbnb kb bstgr bc
Fubrg (dmjmr cborm bc bj
k`gorgig), y bspbrgrsb
uc imibctm kgr pgrg
Gkbjgctb, yg qub s` cm
sb egdb bstm sb fmrlgrç kbigs`gkm bj rmtmr y pubkb sbr qub sb kg÷b1 bctmcdbs
gj kgr pgrg gkbjgctb sb `cvbrt`rçc jgs fgsbs jm qub egrç qub bj rmtmr o`rb bc
mtrm sbct`km (dmjmr rmlm bc bj k`gorgig), sb dmcbdtgrç jg tbri`cgj 7 kbj
imtmr dmc jécbg >, tbri`cgj > dmc jécbg 7 y tbri`cgj 4 dmc jécbg 4.
 

>)  Bstgd`ôc kb nmtmcbs<

>>8- 458- 288 VDG
;- 6- 5 G

Bj prmpôs`tm pr`cd`pgj kb jg bstgd`ôc

kb nmtmcbs bs<
*Grrgcqub<   Bj imtmr sb pubkb
*Grrgcqub<
grrgcdgr dmcbdtçckmjm k`rbdtgibctb
g trgvàs kb jg jécbg1 s`c bingrom, jg
içqu`cg `ipujsgkg sb pubkb kg÷gr
s` sb grrgcdg dmc bstb bsfubrzm
o`rgtmr`m rbpbct`cm.
* Xgrm< 
Xgrm<  Jms dmctrmjbs pbri`tbc bj
fucd`mcgi`bctm egstg jg kbtbcd`ôc
kb jms imtmrbs y tgin`àc `ipr`ib
ucg gdd`ôc kb frbcm dugckm jg
igqu`cgrég sb kbnb kb pgrgr
rçp`kgibctb. Jg pgrgkg rçp`kg bs
ucg gdd`ôc v`tgj kbj dmctrmj pgrg dgsms kb bibrobcd`g.
*@cvbrs`ôc kb jg rmtgd`ôc< 
rmtgd`ôc<  Tb cbdbs`tgc dmctrmjbs pgrg dgin`gr
igcugjibctb jg k`rbdd`ôc kb jg rmtgd`ôc kb jgs içqu`cgs ibk`gctb bj
igckm kb uc mpbrgkmr bc ucg bstgd`ôc kb dmctrmj, jg `cvbrs`ôc kb jg
rmtgd`ôc bc iudems prmdbsms bs dmct`cum bc vgr`gs gpj`dgd`mcbs
`ckustr`gjbs.

@ck`dgkmrbs

7)  Judbs p`jmtm<

778->>8 VDG
28/68Ez
7.2_
 

Jg fucd`ôc pr`cd`pgj kb jgs judbs bs sb÷gj`zgr qub bstg sudbk`bckm gjom<

*Vbrkb< @ck`dg qub bj imtmr bstç bc fucd`mcgi`bctm m nubc bstgkm.
^bjglgd`ôc.
*^mlg< @ck`dg qub bj imtmr sb eg kbtbc`km m bc igj bstgkm. Gjgrig.
*Çingr< @ck`dg prbdgud`ôc m qub gjom bstç pmr sudbkbr.

 
Bs >)ucMeibtrm k`o`tgj<qub s`rvb pgrg ibk`r jg
`cstruibctm
rbs`stbcd`g bjàdtr`dg (^). Tu uc`kgk kb ibk`kg bs
bj Mei`m (Ω) Egy > t`pms kb meibtrms, bj
pr`ibrm, qub bs bj qub v`bcb `ctborgkm dmc bj
iujtéibtrm y bj sbouckm bj gcgjôo`dm. 
gcgjôo`dm. 
Bstms t`pms kb k`spms`t`vms cm kbnbc
trgnglgr dmc c`coüc vmjtglb y/m gipbrglb s`cm
pmkrégc jjbogr g kg÷grsb, ¡T`cm sb dmcmdb k`deg
bsdgjg, bstb cm sb jjbog g kg÷gr bc dgsm kb cm sbr
jg dmrrbdtg1 s`c bingrom, cm igrdgrég bj vgjmr, bctmcdbs sb tbckrég qub
sbjbdd`mcgr n`bc jg bsdgjg pgrg qub cms k`brg bj vgjmr dmc bxgdt`tuk!
Xgrg ibk`r rbs`stbcd`gs gjtgs sb ut`j`zgc jms iüjt`pjms y pgrg ibk`r
rbs`stbcd`gs pbqub÷gs sb usgc jms suniüjt`pjms.
Ibogmeis (I Ω) 9 7 888 888Ω 
A`jmeis (A Ω) 9 7888 Ω 
Ebdtmeis (Ω) 9 788 Ω.
Bstb `cstruibctm pubkb usgrsb pgrg vbr`f`dgr qub jgs tbri`cgjbs
tbcogc dmct`cu`kgk.
4)  De`degrrg<
Obcbrgjibctb jg de`degrrg gj
`ougj qub jg juz rmlg `ck`dg
prbvbcd`ôc m gjgrig1 gsé
tgin`àc dmim qub bj imtmr
bstç pgrgkm.
 

[bri`cgjbs<

Tmc jgs dmckudtmrgs kb jg dmrr`bctb y sb kbnbc kb vbr`f`dgr dmc bj

iujtéibtrm bc jg bsdgjg kb Meis ( Ω) pgrg sgnbr s` cm sb bcdubctrgc
trmzgkgs kb uc puctm.

7.  @cvbrs`ôc kb o`rm pmr ibk`m kb bstgd`mcbs kb nmtmcbs

Igtbr`gj<

 
• > Bstgd`mcbs kb nmtmcbs
 
• > Grrgcdgkmrbs igocàt`dms
 
• 7 Imtmr tr`fçs`dm
 
• 42 tbri`cgjbs
 
• 7 iujtéibtrm

K`gorgig<

g)  Dmctrmj
 

n)  Fubrzg

Fucd`mcgi`bctm<

Gj prbs`mcgr  NG7   fjuyb jg dmrr`bctb pmr bj  NX7   y bj dmctgdtm dmiücibctb

dbrrgkm kb  I >  y egdb bcbro`zgr g jg nmn`cg kb  I 7  y g jg juz vbrkb, bctmcdbs
sb d`brrg bj bcdjgvgi`bctm kb  I 7 , (I`bctrgs bj dmctgdtm dmiücibctb
dbrrgkm kb  I 7  pbrigcbdb gn`brtm), i`bctrgs bc bj d`rdu`tm kb fubrzg d`brrgc
jms dmctgdtms kb  I 7  y egdb o`rgr gj imtmr bc bj sbct`km kb jgs igcbd`jjgs kbj
rbjml. Gucqub sb subjtb bj  NG7   jg nmn`cg kb  I 7 y jg juz vbrkb qubkgrçc
bcbro`zgkgs pmr k`dem bcdjgvgi`bctm. P gucqub sb prbs`mcb  NG> cucdg sb
 

bcbro`zgrç jg nmn`cg kb  I >   pmrqub bj dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb dbrrgkm kb

 I 7 bstgrç gn`brtm.

Gj  NX7   sb kbsbcbro`zgrç  I 7   y jg juz vbrkb y bj dmctgdtm

prbs`mcgr gn`brtm
cmrigjibctb sb gnr`rç y bj cmrigjibctb dbrrgkm sb dbrrgrç y bj
imtmr kblgrç kb fucd`mcgr.

Gj prbs`mcgr  NG>   fjuyb jg dmrr`bctb pmr bj  NX>  y bj dmctgdtm dmiücibctb

dbrrgkm kb  I 7  y egdb bcbro`zgr g jg nmn`cg kb  I >  y g jg juz rmlg, bctmcdbs
sb d`brrg bj bcdjgvgi`bctm kb  I > , (I`bctrgs bj dmctgdtm dmiücibctb
dbrrgkm kb  I >  pbrigcbdb gn`brtm), i`bctrgs bc bj d`rdu`tm kb fubrzg d`brrgc
jms dmctgdtms kb  I >   y egdb o`rgr gj imtmr bc bj sbct`km dmctrgr`m kb jgs
igcbd`jjgs kbj rbjml (Pg qub kb jg jécbg 4 sb pubctbg g jg 7 kbj sbouckm
grrgcdgkmr y kb jg jécbg 7 g jg 4, `cv`rt`bckm jgs fgsbs kb gj`ibctgd`ôc pçrgjb
imtmr tr`fçs`dm). Gucqub sb subjtb bj  NG>   jg nmn`cg kb  I >   y jg juz rmlg
qubkgrçc bcbro`zgkgs pmr k`dem bcdjgvgi`bctm. P gucqub sb prbs`mcb
 

 NG7 cucdgsb bcbro`zgrç jg nmn`cg kb  I 7   pmrqub bj dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb

dbrrgkm kb  I > bstgrç gn`brtm.

Gj prbs`mcgr  NX> sb kbsbcbro`zgrç  I >   y bj dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb gn`brtm

rbgnr`rç y bj cmrigjibctb dbrrgkm sb dbrrgrg y bj imtmr kblgrç kb fucd`mcgr.

>.  @cvbrs`ôc kb o`rm pmr ibk`m kb uc iôkujm `cvbrsmr kb o`rm.

Igtbr`gj<
  > bstgd`mcbs kb nmtmcbs
•

  7 iôkujm `cvbrsmr kb o`rm

•

  7 judbs p`jmtm
•

  42 tbri`cgjbs
•

  7 iujtéibtrm
•
 

K`gorgig<

Fucd`mcgi`bctm<

Gj prbs`mcgr  NG^ , pgsg jg dmrr`bctb g jg nmn`cg kb  ^ , jg dugj igckg g

dbrrgr su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb gn`brtm qub bs bj bcdjgvgi`bctm y egdb
fucd`mcgr jg juz rmlg y jg de`degrrg qub sb bcdubctrgc dmcbdtgkms bc
pgrgjbjm dmc rbjgd`ôc g jg nmn`cg kb  ^ , `ck`dgckm qub bj imtmr bstg o`rgckm
bc sbct`km kb jgs igcbd`jjgs kbj rbjml. Pg qub bc bj d`rdu`tm kb fubrzg sb
dbrrgrmc jms dmctgdtms cmrigjibctb gn`brtms kb  ^  
 

Rcg kbsvbctglg kb bstb d`rdu`tm sbrég qub dugckm cm tbcom ucg prmtbdd`ôc
bjàdtr`dg y prbs`mcm  NGF , cm d`brrg bj bcdjgvgi`bctm kb F  y pmr jm tgctm cm
sb bcbro`zg jg nmn`cg kb F  pmr jg prmtbdd`ôc ibdçc`dg kb jms grrgcdgkmrbs,
bctmcdbs smjgibctb prbckb jg juz vbrkb dugckm kblm prbs`mcgkm bj  NGF , y
mnv`gibctb egy `cvbrs`ôc kb o`rm bc bj d`rdu`tm kb fubrzg. Pg qub cucdg sb
d`brrgc jms dmctgdtms cmrigjibctb gn`brtms kb F  

M jg `cvbrsg  NGF  kb F  qub

igckg sb÷gj pmkrég
kb bcdjgvgi`bctm dmiücibctbbcbro`zgrsb
prbs`mcgrsb gjpr`ibrm gn`brtm kb nmn`cg
F   y bcdbckbr jg
juz vbrkb, `ck`dgckm qub bj imtmr bstç o`rgckm bc sbct`km dmctrgr`m g jgs
igcbd`jjgs kbj rbjml, bctmcdbs gemrg cm mdurr`rég bj bcdjgvgi`bctm c` sb
bcbro`zgrég jg nmn`cg kb  ^  prbs`mcgkm  NG^ 1 s`cm cgkg içs sb bcbro`zgrég jg
juz rmlg y jg de`degrrg pbrm s`c `cvbrs`ôc kb jg rmtgd`ôc Pg qub jg
prmtbdd`ôc ibdçc`dg `ip`kb qub bstàc jgs > nmn`cgs bcbro`zgkgs gj i`sim
t`bipm. Bc ginms dgsms bj s`stbig sb kbsbcbro`zg prbs`mcgkm dugjqu`br
nmtôc kb pgrm.
 

 Bj i`sim d`rdu`tm dmc prmtbdd`mcbs

prmtbdd`mcbs bjàdtr`dgs<

Fucd`ôc kb jgs prmtbdd`mcbs bjàdtr`dgs<

Gj prbs`mcgr  NGF  pgsg jg dmrr`bctb g jg nmn`cg kb F  jg dugj yg bcbro`zgkg

igckg sb÷gj kb bcdjgvgi`bctm g su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb gn`brtm, bcd`bckb
jg juz vbrkb `ck`dgckm qub bj imtmr bstg o`rgckm bc pms`d`ôc mpubstg g jgs
igcbd`jjgs kbj rbjbvgkmr
nmn`cg  G   kbj rbjml y sb kb
gdt`vg jg prmtbdd`ôc
dmctrmj bjàdtr`dg
jg dugj igckg bcbro`zçckmsb
g gnr`r jg
su dmctgdtm
dmiücibctb dbrrgkm kb  G , bstb bs bj qub vg dmcbdtgkm bc sbr`b dmc bj
nmtôc kb grrgcqub kb  ^ , pmr bsm gj qubrbr prbs`mcgrjm yg cm prbckb jg juz
rmlg, jg de`degrrg m jg nmn`cg kb  ^ , yg qub jg jécbg sb bcdubctrg
kbsdmcbdtgkg.
 

 
M g jg `cvbrsg, pmkrég prbs`mcgrsb bj  NG^ , y qub jg dmrr`bctb pgsb egd`g jg
nmn`cg  ^   jg dugj yg bcbro`zgkg igckb sb÷gj kb bcdjgvgi`bctm g su
dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb gn`brtm, bcd`bckg jg juz rmlg y jg de`degrrg `ck`dgckm
qub bj imtmr bstç o`rgckm bc sbct`km kb jgs igcbd`jjgs kbj rbjml y sb gdt`vb
jg mtrg prmtbdd`ôc bjàdtr`dg bcbro`zçckmsb jg nmn`cg  N   kbj rbjbvgkmr kb
dmctrmj jg dugj igckg g gnr`r su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb dbrrgkm kb  N  qub bs
bj qub vg dmcbdtgkm bc sbr`b dmc bj nmtôc kb grrgcqub kb F , pmr bsm gj
qubrbr prbs`mcgrjm yg cm prbckb jg juz vbrkb m jg nmn`cg kb F  pmr qub jg
jécbg sb bcdubctrg kbsdmcbdtgkg.
Bc ginms dgsms bj s`stbig sb kbsbcbro`zg prbs`mcgkm dugjqu`br nmtôc kb
pgrm.
 

4.  Dmctrmj gutmiçt`dm, fubrg y igcugj kb uc imtmr tr`fçs`dm

Igtbr`gj<
•  7 Tw`tde kb jéi`tb
•  7 Tw`tde kb c`vbj
•  7 @ctbrruptmr kb tginmr
•
  7 Grrgcdgkmr igocàt`dm
•  > Bstgd`mcbs kb nmtmcbs
•  7 Judbs p`jmtm
•  42 [bri`cgjbs
•  7 Iujtéibtrm
•  7 Imtmr tr`fçs`dm

K`gorgig<
 

 
Fucd`mcgi`bctm<

Gj bcbro`zgr bj d`rdu`tm, sb bcdmctrgrç bc jg pms`d`ôc fubrg, bctmcdbs jg

dmrr`bctb pgsgrç pmr bj dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb dbrrgkm kb  I   y sb bcbro`zgrç
jg juz rmlg. @ck`dgckm qub bj imtmr bstg fubrg kb sbrv`d`m.
 

 Gj sbjbdd`mcgr gutmiçt`dm

Dugckm sb bcbro`db bj d`rdu`tm kbnbrç bcdbckbr bj imtmr y jg juz

vbrkb `ck`dgckm qub bj imtmr sb bcdubctrg bcbro`zgkm, s` bj sw`tde kb c`vbj
y bj sw`tde kb jéi`tb sb bcdubctrgc dbrrgkms ginms kblgrçc pgsgr jg
dmrr`bctb bjàdtr`dg.
Bj imtmr
bcdmctrgrç kblgrç
gn`brtm) m s` kb fucd`mcgr
bj sw`tde s` bx`stb
kb jéi`tb c`vbj (yg gn`brtm.
sb bcdubctrg qub bj T`
sw`tde sb
gjoucm
kb jms > sw`tdes sb gnrb sb `ipbk`rç bj pgsm kb dmrr`bctb1 bc dgin`m s` sb
bcdmctrgrgc dmcbdtgkms bc pgrgjbjm cm `ipmrtgng s` ucm bstuv`brg gn`brtm,
i`bctrgs ucm sb bcdmctrgrç dbrrgkm fubrg suf`d`bctb pgrg qub jg dmrr`bctb
pgsgrg pmr geé. I`bctrgs gj bcbro`zgrsb jg nmn`cg  I    igckg g gnr`r su
dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb gn`brtm kb  I   y gpgog g jg juz rmlg. Bctmcdbs bc bj
d`rdu`tm kb fubrzg sb d`brrgc sus dmctgdtms cmrigjibctb gn`brtms y bcbro`zg
bj imtmr.

 Gj sbjbdd`mcgr igcugj

Gj bcbro`zgr bj d`rdu`tm y prbs`mcgr dugjqu`br nmtôc kb grrgcqub yg sbg  NG^  

m  NGJ  sb bcbro`zg g jg nmn`cg  I   y prbckb jg juz vbrkb `ck`dgckm qub bj
imtmr bstç fucd`mcgckm, bctmcdbs jg nmn`cg  I   igckg g dbrrgr su dmctgdtm
cmrigjibctb gn`brtm kb  I  y sb bcdjgvg bj d`rdu`tm y gnrb bj dmctgdtm
cmrigjibctb dbrrgkm kb  I   gpgogckm g jg juz rmlg. I`bctrgs bc bj d`rdu`tm
kb fubrzg sb d`brrgc jms dmctgdtms cmrigjibctb gn`brtms kb  I   y sb bcbro`zg
bj imtmr.
 

Bc ginms dgsms1 yg sbg igcugj m gutmiçt`dm, prbs`mcgckm  NXJ   sb

kbsbcbro`zg jg nmn`cg  I    jg dugj igckg g gnr`r su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb
gn`brtm (sb kbsbcdjgvg) y g dbrrgr bj dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb dbrrgkm kb  I   
prbck`bckm cubvgibctb g jg juz rmlg `ck`dgckm qub bj imtmr sb bcdubctrg
fubrg kb sbrv`d`m.
 

;.  Bcdbck`km dmc t`bipm kb > imtmrbs pmr ibk`m kb rbjbvgkmrbs kb

t`bipm.

Igtbr`gj<
•  7 ^bjbvgkmr kb dmctrmj
•  > Bstgd`mcbs kb nmtmcbs
•
  7 Judbs p`jmtm
•  > Grrgcdgkmrbs igocàt`dms
•  7 De`degrrg
•  > ^bjbvgkmrbs kb t`bipm (78 y >8 sbouckms)
•  42 [bri`cgjbs
•  7 Iujtéibtrm
•  > Imtmrbs tr`fçs`dms

K`gorgig<
 

 
Fucd`mcgi`bctm<

Gj bcbro`zgr bj d`rdu`tm jg de`degrrg bcdbckbrç,  ^[ 7  dmibczgrç g dmctgr 78

sbouckms y kbspuàs kb bsms 78 sbouckms  ^[ 7  igckgrç g dbrrgr su dmctgdtm
cmrigjibctb gn`brtm kb  ^[ 7  pbrm cm fucd`mcgrç bj imtmr 7 i`bctrgs cm sb
prbs`mcb c`coucm kb jms > nmtmcbs kb grrgcqub (Pg sbg jmdgj m rbimtm)
 

Gj prbs`mcgr dugjqu`br nmtôc kb grrgcqub (Pg sbg jmdgj m rbimtm), jg nmn`cg

 G  sb bcbro`zgrç, su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb dbrrgkm sb gnr`rç y jg de`degrrg
kblgrç kb fucd`mcgr, bj dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb gn`brtm sb dbrrgrç y bcdjgvgrç
bj d`rdu`tm y bcdbckbrç bj imtmr 7 y jg juz vbrkb `ck`dgckm qub bstb sb
bcdubctrg bc sbrv`d`m, sb bcbro`zgrç tgin`àc  ^[ >  P dmibczgrç g dmctgr >8
sbouckms, kbspuàs kb >8 sbouckms  ^[ >   igckgrç g dbrrgr su dmctgdtm
cmrigjibctb gn`brtm kb  ^[ >  bcbro`zgkm bj imtmr > y su juz rmlg `ck`dgckm
qub bstà üjt`im sb bcdubctrg bc sbrv`d`m.

Gj prbs`mcgr dugjqu`br nmtôc kb pgrm (yg sbg jmdgj m rbimtm) sb

kbsbcbro`zgrçc tmkgs jgs nmn`cgs rborbsgckm sus dmctgdtms g su pms`d`ôc
cmrigj gpgoçckmsb jgs judbs, jms imtmrbs y prbck`bckm cubvgibctb jg
de`degrrg. Gqué jg bxdbpd`ôc bs jg nmn`cg kb  ^[ 7  qub sbou`rç bcbro`zgkg y
su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb gn`brtm sb igctbckrç dbrrgkm. P cm mdurr`rç cgkg
egstg qub sb kbsbcbro`zb tmkm bj s`stbig m sb prbs`mcb dugjqu`br nmtôc kb
grrgcqub
 

2.  Bcdbck`km dmc t`bipm kb > imtmrbs pmr ibk`m kb rbjbvgkmrbs kb

t`bipm.

Igtbr`gj.
•  7 ^bjbvgkmr kb dmctrmj
•  > Bstgd`mcbs kb nmtmcbs
•  7 Judbs p`jmtm
•  > Grrgcdgkmrbs igocàt`dms
•  7 De`degrrg
•  > ^bjbvgkmrbs kb t`bipm (78 y >8 sbouckms)
•  42 [bri`cgjbs
•  7 Iujtéibtrm
•  > Imtmrbs tr`fçs`dms
 

K`gorgig<
 

Fucd`mcgi`bctm<

Gj bcbro`zgr bj d`rdu`tm jg dmrr`bctb pgsgrç pmr bj dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb

dbrrgkm kb  G  y bcdbckbrç g jg de`degrrg `ck`dgckm qub ginms imtmrbs sb
bcdubctrgc fubrg kb sbrv`d`m.

Gj prbs`mcgr dugjqu`br nmtôc kb grrgcqub (yg sbg jmdgj m rbimtm) sb

bcbro`zgrç jg nmn`cg kb  G  jg dugj igckgrç g gnr`r su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb
dbrrgkm y gpgogrç jg de`degrrg, dbrrgrç su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb gn`brtm y
bcdjgvgrç bj d`rdu`tm bcbro`zgckm  ^[ 7   y  ^[ > , bctmcdbs  ^[ 7   dubctg 78
sbouckms pgrg dbrrgr su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb gn`brtm y bcbro`zgr bj imtmr
7 y ucg juz vbrkb pgrg `ck`dgr qub sb bcdubctrg bc fucd`mcgi`bctm. Gj `ougj
qub  ^[ 7 ,  ^[ >   dubctg >8 sbouckms pgrg dbrrgr su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb
gn`brtm kb  ^[ >  y bcbro`zgr bj imtmr > y ucg juz rmlg pgrg `ck`dgr qub bstb sb
bcdubctrg bc fucd`mcgi`bctm.
 

 
Gj prbs`mcgr dugjqu`br nmtôc kb pgrm (yg sbg jmdgj m rbimtm) sb
kbsbcbro`zgrçc tmkgs jgs nmn`cgs rborbsgckm sus dmctgdtms g su pms`d`ôc
cmrigj gpgoçckmsb jgs judbs, jms imtmrbs y prbck`bckm cubvgibctb jg
de`degrrg.
 

6.  Bcdbck`km dmc gutmiçt`dm, fubrg y igcugj dmc t`bipm kb >

imtmrbs pmr ibk`m kb rbjbvgkmrbs kb t`bipm.  

Igtbr`gj<
•  7 @ctbrruptmr kb tginmr
•  7 Tw`tde kb jéi`tb
•  7 Tw`tde kb c`vbj
•  7 ^bjbvgkmr kb dmctrmj
•  > Bstgd`mcbs kb nmtmcbs
•  7 Judbs p`jmtm
•  > Grrgcdgkmrbs igocàt`dms
•  7 De`degrrg
•  > ^bjbvgkmrbs kb t`bipm (> kb 78 sbouckms)
•  42 tbri`cgjbs
•  7 Iujtéibtrm
•  > Imtmrbs tr`fçs`dms.

K`gorgig<
 

 
Fucd`mcgi`bctm<

Gj bcbro`zgr bj d`rdu`tm, sb bcdmctrgrç bc jg pms`d`ôc fubrg, bctmcdbs jg

dmrr`bctb pgsgrç pmr bj dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb dbrrgkm kb  G  y sb bcbro`zgrç
jg de`degrrg `ck`dgckm qub ginms imtmrbs bstçc fubrg kb sbrv`d`m.

 Gj sbjbdd`mcgr gutmiçt`dm<

Dugckm sb bcbro`db bj d`rdu`tm kbnbrç bcdbckbrsb jg nmn`cg kb G   jg

dugj igckb g gnr`r su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb dbrrgkm kb  G   y g jg vbz sb
gpgoub jg de`degrrg, tgin`àc igckg g dbrrgr su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb
gn`brtm kb  G   bcdjgvgckm bj d`rdu`tm y bcbro`zgckm  ^[ 7   y  ^[ > , ginms
dubctgc >8 sbouckms pgrg dbrrgr sus dmctgdtms cmrigjibctb gn`brtms kb  ^[ 7  
y  ^[ >  rbspbdt`vgibctb y g jg vbz bcbro`zgr jgs nmn`cgs  I 7   y  I > bctmcdbs
prbckbc jgs judbs vbrkb y rmlg `ougjibctb `ck`dgckm qub jms > imtmrbs sb
bcdubctrgc bc sbrv`d`m.
Ginms imtmrbs kblgrçc kb fucd`mcgr s` bx`stb c`vbj (yg qub bj sw`tde
sb bcdmctrgrç gn`brtm) y s` bj sw`tde kb jéi`tb sb bcdubctrg gn`brtm. T` jms >
sw`tdes sb gnrbcyg
ucm, cm `ipmrtg sb qub
`ipbk`rç bj pgsmpubkb
jg dmrr`bctb kb dmrr`bctb1 bc dgin`m
d`rdujgr pmr s` sb gnrb smjm
bj mtrm `ctbrruptmr, yg
qub sb bcdubctrgc dmcbdtgkms bc pgrgjbjm.
 

 Gj sbjbdd`mcgr igcugj<

Gj imibctmtb prbs`mcgr bj Nmtôc kb grrgcqub jmdgj m rbimtm, kbnbrç

bcdbckbrsb jg nmn`cg kb G  jg dugj igckb g gnr`r su dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb
dbrrgkm kb  G  y g jg vbz sb gpgoub jg de`degrrg, tgin`àc igckg g dbrrgr su
dmctgdtm cmrigjibctb gn`brtm kb  G   bcdjgvgckm bj d`rdu`tm y bcbro`zgckm
 ^[ 7  
y  ^[ > , ginms dubctgc >8 sbouckms pgrg dbrrgr sus dmctgdtms
cmrigjibctb gn`brtms kb  ^[ 7  y  ^[ >  rbspbdt`vgibctb y g jg vbz bcbro`zgr jgs
nmn`cgs  I 7   y  I > bctmcdbs prbckbc jgs judbs vbrkb y rmlg `ougjibctb
`ck`dgckm qub jms > imtmrbs sb bcdubctrgc bc sbrv`d`m. Gj prbs`mcgr
dugjqu`brg kb jms > nmtmcbs kb pgrm sb kbsbcbro`zgrçc jms imtmrbs y jgs
judbs, bctmcdbs jms dmctgdtmrbs kb jgs nmn`cgs rborbsgc g su pms`d`ôc `c`d`gj
y sb bcbro`zg cubvgibctb jg de`degrrg `ck`dgckm qub jms > imtmrbs
rbbcdubctrgc fubrg kb sbrv`d`m.
 

Dmibctgr`ms m suobrbcd`gs kbj dursm.

Ib pgrbd`ô bxdbjbctb bstb dursm, yg qub sb rbpgsgc iudegs dmsgs bc smjm >
sbigcgs, pbrm pgrg igymr dmiprbcs`ôc kb jms tbigs y rçp`kg rbgj`zgd`ôc
kb jgs gdt`v`kgkbs `ipgrt`kgs kurgctb bstb dursm suo`brm jm s`ou`bctb.

•
  Wub bj dursm
•  Tb dubctb dmcsbiçs
`ipgrtg bc orupms
tbri`cgjbs bc bjkbtgjjbr
>8 g kb
>2 bjbdtrmibdçc`dm,
gjuicms. yg qub
smc iuy bsdgsgs y cm sb pubkb gvgczgr rçp`km bc jgs gdt`v`kgkbs.