Geologic Structures Diagrams

(Depending upon your printer, you may have to adjust your page and/or printer settings to make a print out of the following diagrams. These adjustments may include things like
page orientation, page reduction (80% vs. 100%), grayscale vs. black/white, etc. If in doubt, do a print preview prior to printing!)

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 This graph shows the response to increasing stress as applied to two different rock types: BRITTLE vs. DUCTILE/PLASTIC

Definitions:

STRESS: The force applied to a plane divided by the area of the plane.
COMPRESSIVE STRESS: The stress generated by forces directed toward one another on opposite sides of a real or imaginary plane.
TENSILE STRESS: The stress generated by forces directed away from one another on opposite sides of a real or imaginary plane.
SHEAR STRESS: Stress (force per unit area) that acts parallel to a (fault) plane and tends to cause the rocks on either side of the plane to slide
by one another.
STRAIN: The result of stress applied to a body, causing the deformation of its shape and/or a change of volume.
ELASTIC RESPONSE: The deformation of a body in proportion to the applied stress and its recovery once the stress is removed.
ELASTIC LIMIT: The maximum amount of stress a material can withstand before it deforms permanently.
DUCTILE RESPONSE: The permanent deformation, without fracture in the shape of a solid.
BRITTLE RESPONSE: The fracturing of a rock in response to stress with little or no permanent deformation prior to its rupture.
FOLD: Permanent wavelike deformation in layered rock or sediment.
FAULT: A fracture in bedrock along which rocks on one side have moved relative to the other side.
JOINT: A fracture on a rock without noticeable movement.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 This Diagram depicts the types of stresses available.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 Modified from: Page 374
George H. Davis: Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions Copyright C 1984, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This diagram depicts some common fold types.

Acetate 54 (Figure 14-13)

Syncline and Anticline
C 1992 West Publishing Company

This diagram depicts an adjacent ANTICLINE and SYNCLINE with their representative FOLD AXIS and AXIAL PLANES.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 Figure 1.4
Press and Siever: Understanding Earth Copyright C 1994 W. H. Freeman and Company

This Diagram depicts some of the differences between Asymmetrical, Symmetrical, and OVERTURNED folds.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL
 More Fold types

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 Figures 11.17 and 11.18 from
George H. Davis: Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions Copyright C 1984, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

These diagrams show the affect of plunge on the fold axis.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 More Fold Types

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 59 Strike and Dip Diagram
Plummer, Charles C., and David McGeary, Physical Geology, 6/e. Copyright C 1993 Wm. C Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. All Rights Reserved.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 STRIKE: The direction of the line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane with a bedding or fault plane. The trend of the rock/fault outcrop.

DIP: The angle formed by the intersection of a bedding or fault plane and the horizontal plane; measured in a vertical plane perpendicular to the strike.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 This diagram uses Strike and Dip of repeating rock units to produce a geologic map and to infer the underlying fold.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL
 Notice the differential weathering of different rock layers, especially on the right side of the image. This differential weathering allows the tilted/dipping
limbs to be more noticeable. Notice the V-shape of the outcrop pattern. This ANTICLINE is plunging toward the top of the picture, therefore, it is a
PLUNGING ANTICLINE!

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL
 Folding produced by fault action typically produces angular and/or box-folds

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 Notice the affect of differential weathering on the joints in the background on the left side of the image.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 Fault Nomenclature

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 Fault Types

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 A and B are REVERSE faults and C is a low-angle reverse fault, typically called a THRUST fault.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 A, B, and C depict Normal Faulting. In D, normal faulting has produced HORSTS and GRABENS. Horsts are the up-thrown blocks and the Grabens are
the down-thrown blocks. In other words, the Horsts are the ridges and the Grabens are the valleys.

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL

 Strike-Slip Faults typically have near-vertical fault surfaces. They also come in two varieties: Left-Lateral Strike-Slip and Right-Lateral Strike-Slip
Faults. Notice the pond in C. This is a SAG POND, which is usually due to INTERSEISMIC SUBSIDENCE. Following the release in stress as the result
of an Earthquake, the rocks/ground relaxes and subsides, thus forming sag ponds in some situations.
Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL
 Back to The Geology 300 page Back to The Geology 300 Homework and Diagrams page Back to The Geology 301 page
Back to the Geology 305 Page Back to the Announcements Page Back to My Home Page
Back to the ARC Home Page Back to the Columbia College page Back to the Geology 202 page

Save web pages as PDF manually or automatically w ith PDFmyURL