Well Control Hand Out

WELL CONTROL
For Level 3 And Level 4

1
Well Control
Mission
Quality Assured Independently Verified Standards For Well Control
Training, Assessment And Certification.
To Improve Competency Globally To Prevent The Recurrence Of A
Major Incident Via Promoting And Promulgating Well Control
Knowledge, Establishing Uniform Training, Assessment And
Certification Programs Which Are Acceptable Globally By All
Operators, Contractors And Regulatory Bodies.
Encourage A Step Change Improvement In The Competence And

Behaviors Of Personnel Throughout The Oil Exploration And
Production Industry Via Developing Enhanced Practical Well
Control Training. 2
SECTION 1
KEY DEFINITIONS
3
Fundamental Geology
Oil And Gas Reservoir
weathering transportati sedimentation compacti
on on
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydro- Means A Fluid

Static- Means At Rest
Hydrostatic Pressure In
The Wellbore Is From The
Mud
5
MUD HYDROSTATIC
Standard Formula With ft, ppg And psi
Mud Hydrostatic HP = 0.052 X Mud Weight X TVD
Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) = 0.052 X Mud Weight
Try This Questions

While drilling at depth of 8300 ft. the mud weight increased
from 11.2 ppg to 11.7 ppg.
Calculate the increase in bottom hole pressure.

Answer: = (11.7 – 11.2) X .052 X8300 = 215.8 psi 6
Formation Fluid Formation Pressure
Fluid Present In The Pore It Is The Fluid Pressure In

Space Of The Rock. The Pore Spaces Of The
Rocks.
7
Bottom Hole Pressure
What is it !!!
It Is The Total Pressures Exerted At

The Bottom Of The Well.
8
WHAT IS WELL CONTROL?
1/ PREVENTING A KICK
This is The First Object
Primary Well
That Prevents Flow
Barrier
From Source (Well)
OR
This is The Second
Secondary
Well Barrier Object That Prevents
Flow From Source
(Well)
9
Well Control Barrier
Annular BOP
BOP Secondary Barrier
Mud
Primary Barrier
Formation Fluids 10
What Are Well Barriers Envelopes
Well Barriers Are Envelopes Of One Or More Dependent
WBE’s (Well Barriers Elements) TO Prevent Fluid Or Gases
From Flowing Unintentionally from A Formation, Into
Another Formation Or Back To Surface.
11
What Are Well Barriers?
Well Barriers Shall Be Defined Prior To Commencement Of
An Activity Or Operation.
Well Control Barrier Element Examples
• Fluid Barrier
• Casing And Cementing
• Drill String
• Drilling, Wireline, Coil Tubing, Work Over BOP’s
• Wellhead
• Deep Set Tubing Plug
• Production Packer
• Stab-in Safety Valve
• Completion String
12
• Tubing Hanger
Documentations
All Well Integrity Tests Shall Be Documented And
Accepted By An Authorized Person.
The Chart And Test Documentation Should Contain

• Type Of Test
• Test Pressure
• Test Fluid
• System Or Components Tested
• Estimated Volume Of System Pressurized
• Volume Pumped
13
Try The Following Questions
1-What is the primary well barrier? (One answer)
• Volume of the mud by monitoring.
• The column of mud in the well.
• The use of BOP.
2-What is the secondary well barrier? (One answer)
• Volume of the mud by monitoring.
• The column of mud in the well.
• The use of BOP.
3-What should be the action if the barrier test failed? (One
answer)
• Continue the operation until the next rig move
• Record the problem and take the necessary actions
14
Try The Following Questions (Cont.)
4-What should the chart and test documentation contain? (One answer)
• Type Of Test
• Test Pressure
• Test Fluid
• System Or Components Tested
• Estimated Volume Of System Pressurized
• Volume Pumped
None of the above
All of the above.
5-What should the chart and test documentation contain? (Two answers)
• No need to be signed
• Must be signed by authorize person
• Record pressure test on the chart.
• Destroyed after the test
15
6- Which of the following statements is true regarding test
documentation? (Two answers)
• Test documents are signed by authorized person and destroyed
after test
• Test document record the type of test
• Test document record pressure and duration
• No need to sign from the authorized person
7-What is the meaning of the statement “well barrier envelop”? (One
answer)
• Mechanical barrier
• Use mud with surface pressure to prevent flow to the well
• The use of over balance to prevent intrusion of formation fluid to the
well
• It is a series of dependant barriers preventing intrusion of formation
fluid to the well. 16
8-Which of the following is describe the second well
barrier?
(One answer)
• It is Second Object That Prevents Flow From

Source
• It is the mud hydrostatic mud.
• It is the mud properties.
9-During the well planning do we need to plan for

BOP? (One answer)
• Yes.
• No 17
How Can Kicks Happen?
Mud Hydrostatic Falls
Formation
Pressure
Underbala
nce
OR
Formation
Underbala
Pressure
nce
Mud
Hydrostatic
Formation Pressure Rises

18
Porosity
The Percentage Of Void Space In The Rocks

Solid Particles
Pore
Space
19
Permeability
20
Mud Hydrostatic & Formation Pressure
H
Always Remember That HP P
& FP Are Two Opposite
Forces.
F
P 21
SECTION 1B
CAUSES OF KICKS
22
Causes of Kick
Kicks OCCUR WHEN

1-Formation Pressure greater Than
Hydrostatic Pressure “Well Underbalance”
2-The Kicking Formation Must Have

Sufficient Permeability.
23
Causes of Kick
• Failure to keep the hole full

• Low density fluid
• Swabbing
• Lost circulation
• Human error / Lack of crew training
• Abnormal pressure
24
Failure to keep the hole full
St
an Rig Floor
d
Flowline
Tool Joint
25
Rig Floor
Flowline
26
•Maintain Accurate Trip Sheet

•Great Concern While POH Wet Trip
•Great Concern While POH With BHA
Maintain accurate trip logs
•Calculation Of Pressure Drop Per Feet
•More of 75% of Blow outs incident occur While
Tipping .
27
Pulling
Collars Rig Floor
Flowline
28
Failure Of Float
Collar
Rig Floor
Mud Level Flowline
Float Collar
Casing Shoe 29
Failure Of Float
Collar
RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
MUD LEVEL
FLOAT FAILS
30
Failure Of Float
Collar RIG FLOOR
FLOWLINE
MUD LEVEL
31
Leaks Between Casing
Effects
• Leak At Outer Casing

Shoe
• Collapse Inner casing
• Burst Outer casing
32
GAS IN THE WELLBORE
33
Drilled Formation Gas Results Gas Cut Mud
Effect Of Gas Expansion in Open Well
32
8 16
0 0 0 0 0 0
34
Low Density Fluid
Low Mud
Density
35
Low Density Fluid
CIRCULATING HOLE
CLEAN
36
Swabbing
Swabbing is a
temporary
drop in BHP as the
string is pulled upwards.
PSI
37
Swabbing
Swabbing
As The String Is pressure=200 psi
Pulled Upwards A
Reduction In The
BHP Causes
Swabbed Gas To
Inter The Well
Bore. HP =5000
psi
BHP = 5000 - 200 = 4800

38
psi
PSI
Swabbing
Main causes:
 Pull pipe too fast
 Balled Up Bit/BHA
 High Viscosity mud
 Tight annulus
 May be associated with drag
All these make it more difficult for mud to move past

the bit to fill space created by pulling drill string.
Swabbing
Surface indications of swabbing
 Swabbing can be recognized by

 incorrect hole fill
 Monitoring the trip tank is of vital
importance
40
Swabbing
Actions to be taken if swabbing is observed

The acknowledged procedure
is:-
 Flow check
 If negative, run back to bottom
 Circulate bottoms up (consider
taking returns via the choke)
41
Surge Pressure
Surg pressure-
Surging 200 psi
Temporary increase
of fluid hydrostatic
while tripping in as
mud tries to move
up around the bit
HP = 5000
psi
BHP = 5000+200= 42
5200 psi PSI
Lost Circulation
43
Lost Circulation
44
Lost Circulation
45
Human Error
 Lack of Training
Drills, Class room Training
 Poor Communication
 Poor Planning
46
U-Tube Principle
47
Effect of Pipe Slugging
RIG RIG RIG

FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR
FLOW FLOW FLOW

LINE LINE LINE
BACKFLOW TO
TRIP TANK
= VOLUME OF
EMPTY PIPE
BEFORE SLUG HAS AFTER SLUG HAS HEAVY SLUG KEEPS

U-TUBED U-TUBED MUD LEVEL INSIDE PIPE
BELOW RIG FLOOR
(Pulling‘DRY’)
48
PUMPING LIGHT MUD
0 0 0
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURES 49

Formation Permeability
Ability Of Rock To Allow Fluid To Move Between
Pore Spaces
50
What Is Abnormal Pressure?
 Formation Fluid Gradient Is Greater Than
Pressure Gradient Of Sea Water.
• 99.99+% Of Formation Fluids Are Water
• Formation Water Equals
8.9 ppg (Average) = 0.465 psi/ft

• IF Formation Fluids Are Squeezed Then Fluid
Pressure Increases.
51
Abnormal Pressure
• Anticline Gas Cap

• Uplift / Faulting
• Under Compaction
• Artesian Effect
52
Abnormal Pressure
1-Anticline Gas Cap
7000’
8000’
.465 PSI/FT 53
NORMAL PRESSURE
Abnormal Pressure
Faulting
SAND A
0
54
Abnormal Pressure
Faulting
0 SAND A
0
SAND A
0
55
Abnormal Pressure
3-Undercompacted
Formation
56
Abnormal Pressure
4- Artesian Effect
12,30
0’
57
Section 2
KICK WARNING SIGNS
58
What Is A Kick Warning Sign?
A Warning Sign Tells You:-

The Well May Be Going
“Underbalanced”
Or
Your Safety Margin Is Getting Less.
59
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg Warning Signs
Tell You Overbalance
Formation Pressure
9.0ppg Major Warning Signs
Pressure Are:
and
• Increasing ROP
Porosity
• Increasing Torque/Drag
Increasing
• Increased Quantity/Size
Of Cuttings
Formation Pressure
10.0ppg • Increased Background
Gas
• Increasing Temperature
• Decreasing Shale
60
Density
• Connection Gas
Warning Signs
Background & connection gas
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Formation Pressure
9.0ppg
5%10%15%
Pressure Hours BACKGROUND GAS
1.00
and 2.00
Porosity 3.00
4.00
Increasing 5.00
6.00
Hours
CONNECTION GAS
Formation Pressure 1.00
10.0ppg 2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
61
Pump Pressure
Where Does Pump Pressure Come

From??
62
Total Pump Pressure
= Surface Line friction PSI

PSI
Total Pump Pressure

= Drillstring friction
PSI
= Bit (jet nozzle) friction

PSI
= Annulus friction 63
PSI
Annulus Pressure
(Loss)
 Annulus Pressure
100 SPM
Loss Can Be Quite
PSI Small.
 50 -300 Psi
 This Pressure Acts
On Hole Wall And
Bottom
 Increases With
Depth, Pump
Speed, Hole Size
And Pipe Size.
64
Effect on Bottom Hole Pressure
3000
psi
PSI
100 SPM
• If Annulus Pressure = 250 psi.

• Mud Weight = 11 ppg
• TVD = 12,000 ft
• What is the pressure at the bottom
of the hole while circulation?
= (11 x .052 x 12000) + 250
= 6864 + 250 = 7114 PSI

65
Equivalent Circulating Density ECD
Defined As The Increase In Mud Density Due To

The Friction Pressure In The Annulus.
Annulus Pressure = 250 psi. Mud
Weight = 11 ppg
TVD = 12,000 ft What is The ECD?
Bottom Hole Circulating Pressure
= (0.052 X 11 X 12000) + 250
= 6864 + 250 = 7114 psi
= 7114 ÷ 0.052 ÷ 12000 = 11.4 ppg
Or
ECD = 250 ÷ 12000 ÷ 0.052 = 0.4 + 11
= 11.4 ppg 66
Static Dynamic
Hydrostatic Hydrostatic
pressure only pressure and the
APL
67
Connection Gas
3000 psi
PSI Mud Circulating
Formation Under Control
Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi
11 ppg
mud
BHPCP = (11 x .052 x 12000) + 250
BHCP = 6864 + 250 = 7114 psi

Formation Pressure = 7000 psi
12000’ 68
Connection Gas
Connection Gas
PSI Circulation Stopped
Formation Not Under
Control
Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 0 psi
11 ppg
mud BHP = Hydrostatic pressure =
6864 psi

12000’ 69
Connection Gas
3000 psi
PSI Mud Circulating
Formation Under Control
Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi
BHP=
7114 psi
70
Connection Gas
3000 psi
PSI
Action to take
•Increase mud weight.
Annulus •Control drilling.
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi •Minimize the
connection time.
BHP=
7114 psi 71
Warning Signs
Warning signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Tell you overbalance

Formation Pressure
9.0ppg
Major warning signs are:
Pressure and • Increasing ROP
Permeability • Increasing torque/drag
Increasing
• Increased quantity/size of cuttings
• Increased background gas
• Increasing temperature
Formation Pressure
10.0ppg • Decreasing shale density
• Connection gas
What if we ignore them?
72
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What will happen?

Formation Pressure
• The formation
9.0ppg
Pressure and
Permeability pressure is
Increasing
increasing and
may lead to
Formation Pressure
10.0ppg
Underbalance
Formation Pressure
10.1ppg
73
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
•Underbalance
Formation Pressure
9.0ppg
Pressure and
•Permeable formation
Permeability
Increasing
Formation Pressure
10.0ppg
Kick
Formation Pressure
10.1ppg
74
Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
• Underbalance
• Impermeable Formation
Formation Pressure
9.0ppg
• As shale has very low

Pressure and
Permeability permeability, the well
Increasing
cannot flow so the hole will
collapse
Formation Pressure
10.0ppg
Formation Pressure
Stuck
10.1ppg
75
Warning Signs
Warning signs
Tell you overbalance
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Formation Pressure
9.0ppg
Major warning signs are:
Pressure and
• Increasing ROP
Permeability • Increasing torque/drag
Increasing • Increased quantity/size of
cuttings
• Increased background gas
Formation Pressure • Connection gas
10.0ppg
• Increasing temperature
• Decreasing shale density
What should we do? 76

Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg

What should we do?
Formation Pressure
9.0ppg
Flow Check
Pressure and
Permeability
Increasing If positive
Formation Pressure
Shut The Well In
10.0ppg
77
Section 2B
KICK INDICATORS
78
Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
Console
PADDLE
1st Reliable Indicator 79

Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
Console
Well Continue to
Flow with Pump
Off
PADDLE
80
Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
Console
81
Trip Tank
Trip Tank Level

PUMP
TRIP TANK Stands Pulled
82
Kick Indicators
What Are The Indicators That The
Well Is Flowing?
• Increase In Flow Rate
• Well Flow With Pump Off
• Increase In Pit Level
• Drop In Pump Pressure With
An Increase In SPM
What Action Should Be Taken?
Check to see if well is flowing

with the pump off.
Oil Base Mud
•Oil And Gas Are Hydrocarbons.
•Gas Is Soluble In Oil Base Mud.
•Gas Is Not Soluble In Water Base Mud.
•Gas In Solution Does Not Expand Until Near Surface.
•Driller Will See Pit Gain In WBM Easier Than OBM With
The Same Kick Size.
•Hydrostatic Pressure Will Decrease More in WBM
•Casing Pressure Will Read Higher With WBM
84
KICK DETECTION IN OIL BASE
85
Section 2B
Top Hole Drilling
86
Top Hole Drilling
Problems
 Is Shallow Gas Easier To Handle?
 Shallow Gas Can Cause Loss Of Rig Due To
Explosion And Weak Formation.
87
Top Hole Drilling
What will happen

as the formation
is penetrated?
Top Hole Drilling
Action: Activate Diverter System

Top Hole Drilling
Diverter System Components
•Diverter - a low pressure annular preventer
used to seal the wellbore from the flowline.Bell Flowline
Nipple
•Vent lines - large diameter piping used toVent

line Diverter
flow the fluids downwind of the rig. Valves
•Vent line valves - full opening valves used to

select and isolate the desired vent line. Vent lines
Drive Pipe
or
•Hydraulic control system - functions the Conductor
casing
diverter and automatically opens the 90
selected vent line valve.
Top Hole Drilling
Top Hole Kick Operating Practices
 Drill
pilot hole.
 Control drilling
 Keep hole clean
 Keep mud weights low to prevent losses
 Pump out of hole
91
Shut In Procedures
Reason For Shut In
• To Minimize The Size OF The Influx
• To Allow Pressure Reading To Be Taken For Kill Mud
• To Line Up to Circulate Through The Choke Manifold
Key Shut In Methods

• Hard
• Soft
92
Hard Shut-in While Drilling
Lined Up With Remote Choke Closed
1 At first sign of a 2 Shut down

kick, pick up off the pumps 3 Flow check
bottom and the well
space out.
4 Close ( 5 Open the HCR 6 Record

93
Annular) BOP Pressure
Soft Shut-in While Drilling
Lined Up With Remote Choke Open
1At first sign of a kick, 2Shut down the

pick up off bottom and pumps
space out. 3 Flow check the 4 Open the HCR
well
5 Close ( Annular) 7 Record

BOP 6 Close Remote Pressure
Choke 94
Shut in procedures
Kicks while tripping
What is different?
– String is open
•Valves and crossover required

Safety valves
– Full opening safety valve
– Non return valve
95
Hard Shut-in While Tripping Lined Up With Remote Choke Closed
1Flow is Noticed 2 Install Full Opening 3 Close Full Opening

Safety Valve Safety Valve and
in Trip Tank
position drill string.
96
4 Close (Annular) 5 Opens HCR
6 Record Pressure
BOP
Soft Shut-in While Tripping
Lined Up With Remote Choke Open
1 Flow is Noticed 2 Install Full Opening 3 Close Full Opening 4 Opens

Safety Vavle and HCR
in Trip Tank Safety Valve position drill string.
5 Close (Annular) 7 Record

Pressure
BOP 6 Close Remote
Choke 97
Shut In Procedures
Diverting
Should Only Be Considered On Top Hole Where Formation
Is Weak.
1. Stop Drilling (Keep Pumping)
2. Activate Diverter With One Button- This Will:
- Open Vent Line
- Close Diverter
3. Increase Pump Speed To Maximum
4. Pump Mud
5. If Well Is Still Flowing After Mud Is Pumped, Line Up
And Pump Water.
98
Shut in procedures
Things That Delay Shut In.
• Flow/Pit Alarms Not Set Or Working
• Drill Too Far After Drilling Break
• Lack Of ‘Shut In’ Training
• Lack Of Maintenance + Testing
• Waiting For Instructions
• Accumulator Unit Not Working
• Not Monitoring Trips 99
Section 4
Shut In Pressure Observation
100
Pressure Stabilisation
Time SIDPP SICP
2. 100 400
4. 200 600
6. 300 800
8. 350 850
10. 400 900
12. 450 950
14. 500 1000
16. 500 1000
18. 500 1000
20. 500 1000
Pressure Stabilisation
SIDPP
1000
800
pressure
600 Stabilisat
ion
400
200
0
12
16
20
0
8
minutes
Shut In Data
 SIDPP - Shut In Drillpipe Pressure
 SICP - Shut In Casing Pressure
SIDPP SIC
P  PIT GAIN
 SIDPP - Tells you how much the formation

pressure is greater than mud hydrostatic in
drillpipe. (Underbalance in String)
 SICP - Tells you how much the formation

pressure is greater than hydrostatic in the
annulus. (Underbalance in Annulus)
 PIT GAIN - size of influx at shut in

Why SICP Higher Than SIDPP?
Mud in Ann.
448 626
psi psi = 11,600 ft.
Mud HP =
6333 psi
Total HP =
6333 6374 psi
6552 psi
psi SICP = 626
TVD 12,000, 40
psi
psi
Mud Wt. 10.5
ppg, Gas Height =
7000
HP = 6552 psi 400 ft.
Gas Gradient
Formation pressure 0.1 psi/ft.
7000 psi Gas HP = 40 Psi
What Effects Shut in Pressures
Clean Annular Annular
Loaded With
Cutting 0 psi
0 psi
psi psi
0 0
107
TYPE OF
MUD
In Oil Base Mud

• Gas Will Have High
Solubility
• Hydrostatic Pressure In
The Annulus Will Be
Higher Than Water Bas
Mud.
• Casing Pressure Will Be
Lower
Permeability
FAST
HIGH
PERMEABILITY
Pressure
Time
•Time Of Stabilization.
•Influx Volume (Pit Gain)
•Casing Pressure
109
Permeability
SLOW
Pressure
LOW
PERMEABILITY
Time
•Casing Pressure
110
High Permeability Low Permeability
Pressure
Pressure
Time
Time
•Casing Pressure
111
Shut in Horizontal well
{
Influx
Height
Little or No loss in Hydrostatic

112
Shut In Pressures- Gas in Vertical Section
Casing
Drillpipe
Influx
Height
113
Gas Migration
• Gas is lighter than the mud and will try
to migrate up the hole.
• The speed of migration will depend on;
– mud properties- weight and viscosity
– hole angle
• The gas cannot expand so will carry
Formation Pressure upwards causing ;
SICP to increase
BHP to increase
SIDPP to increase (if no Float)
114
How Can You See Gas Migration
Shut In Pressure
1000
800
pressure
600
400
200
0
Time
115
Shut In Pressure
1000
800
pressure
600 Stabilisation
400
200
Time
116
Shut In Pressure
1000
800
pressure
600
400
200
Time
117
Shut In Pressure
1000
800
pressure
600
400
200
0
Time
118
Shut In Pressure
1000
800
pressure
600
400
200
Time
119
How To Deal With Gas Migration
80 50
50
0 0
0
100 ?
70 0
0
Bleed mud through choke,

Well shut in - Gas migrates - SIDPP allowing gas to expand, keeping
stabilised increases
SIDPP at original value 120
Float In Drill String
Zero SIDPP
0
How to find SIDPP
600
- Pump slowly down drillpipe and
watch build up
- Correct SIDPP is as soon as SICP
starts to increase
SIDPP SICP
600
500
Time Time
121
Section 4B
Circulating System
(Slow Circulation Rate)
122
Circulating System
• How?
 Bit just off bottom
 use drill pipe gauge on choke panel
• When?
 At beginning of every shift
 mud property changes
 every 500 feet
 bit, BHA etc. changes
123
Circulating System
2150 psi
2300 psi Well Data
100 SPM
MD (TVD) 10,000 ft
ACTIVE
Mud Wt 10 ppg
Pressure Losses
Surface lines 150 psi Pump Pressure
Drill String 950 psi = 2,300 psi
Bit 1,000 psi Hydrostatic pressure
Annulus 200 psi = 5200 psi
Pump pressure 2,300 BHCP = 5,400 psi

psi
ECD = 5400 ÷ 0.052 ÷ 10,000 =
10.38 124
Circulating System
 Effects of Annular Pressure Loss (APL)

 Increases BHP while circulating.
 Static BHP
10 x 10,000 x 0.052 = 5,200 psi
 BHCP
5,200 + { APL } 200 = 5,400 psi
\ Bottom hole pressure increases by 200 psi with
the pump running at 100 spm
125
Circulating System
 Equivalent Circulating Density

 BHCP expressed as an equivalent mud weight.
 ECD = BHCP  TVD  0.052
= 5,400  10,000  0.052
= 10.38 ppg
Effective mud weight increases by 0.38 ppg
with the pumps running.
126
Circulating System
Selecting Slow Circulation Rate (Kill Rate)

•Drilling Fluid Mixing Capabilities
•Surface Fluid Handling Equipment
•Minimum Pump Speed
•Pump Pressure limitation
•Viscosity of the mud
127
Circulating System
P100SPM  2800 psi What will be the Pressure

At 30 SPM?
2
 30 
P30SPM  2800   
 100 
P30SPM  252 psi
128
Section 5
Fractures And MAASP
129
Fractures And MAASP
What Is Fracture Pressure?
Fracture pressure is the pressure at which mud will
be pumped into the formation causing losses.
 Formations Assumed To Get Stronger As

Drilling Deeper.
 Usually Measured At The Shoe
 Measured By Formation Tests
 Formation Integrity
Leak Off Tests
PSI
Purpose
• To measure the
fracture pressure of
the formation at the
shoe
• To test the cement job
Accurate Formation Strength (Leak Off Test)
1-Drill Out The Casing Shoe And +/- 15

Ft. In New Formation (Rat Hole).
2-Test Surface Lines.
3-Circulate To Clean The Hole “Mud In =
Mud Out."
4-Exact True Vertical Depth (TVD) Of
Casing Shoe.
5-Use Cement Pump.
6-Calibrated Pressure Gauge.
132
How Is Formation Strength Measured?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

TREND LINE
Pressure
FRACTURE PRESSURE
Pump
= MUD psi + L.O.T. psi
Volume Pumped
133

TREND LINE
Pump Pressure
FRACTURE PRESSURE
Volume Pumped
134

Point of Leak Off TREND LINE
Pump Pressure
FRACTURE PRESSURE
Volume Pumped
135
Fractures And MAASP
PFRAC = (MWHOLE x TVDSHOE x0.052) + PLOT
Maximum Mud Weight

MWMAX = (PLOT  TVDSHOE  0.052) + MWHOLE
136
MAASP
 Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure

 Definition
The Surface Pressure, Above Mud Hydrostatic
Pressure Which Will Cause The Formation At The
Shoe To Break Down
 As The Mud Weight Increases, The
MAASP Will Decrease
137
MAASP
Calculations
MAASP = (MWMAX - MWHOLE) x
TVDSHOE x 0.052
MAASP After Kill
New MAASP = (MWMAX – Kill Mud Weight) x TVDSHOE x 0.052
138
Section 6
Principles Of Kill Methods
139
Principle Of Kill Method
Restore Primary Barrier
How?
Clean Out Influx
Replace Old Mud With Kill Mud
All The Time
Maintain Correct Bottom Hole Pressure.
How?
Use Industry Approved Kill Method
One That Maintains Correct And Constant Bottom Hole

Pressure
140
• Pressure Exerted On The Bottom Of The Hole (BHP).
BHP = Mud Hydrostatic

+
Casing Pressure (Back Pressure At Remote Choke)
+
Annular Pressure Loss (APL)
• Most Times APL Is Small And Can Be Ignored.

141
Pressure Balance
BHP = Hydrostatic + Back Pressure
To Maintain Constant Bhp!
If Hydrostatic + 100
Then
Back Pressure - 100
142
Role Of Choke
•The Choke (Remote Or Manual) Is A Device
For Adjusting Back Pressure.
•A Kick Is Due To Lack Of Mud Hydrostatic.
•The Choke Provides A Back Pressure To

Compensate For Lack Of Mud Hydrostatic.
•When Heavy Mud Is Pumped The Operator

Reduces Back Pressure.
143
Start Up Procedure
•This Procedure Starts The Kill Correctly.

•It Ensures That BHP Is Correct For The Kill.
•If Carried Out Correctly It Will Give You The True
Circulating Pressure.
How?
Bring Pump Up To Speed Holding Casing Pressure
Constant.
144
Section 6B
Killing Methods
145
Wait And Weight Method
 One Circulation
 Kill Mud Pumped At The Same Time As
The Influx is Removed
146
500
900
0 SPM
Wait And Weight
Method
Single Circulation
Mud wt KMW
10 ppg 11 ppg • Bring Pump To Kill Rate, Holding
Casing Pressure Constant.
• Once At Kill Rate, Look At The
SCR Drill Pipe Pressure.
30 spm • Drill Pipe Pressure Should Be
300 psi I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
= 300 + 500
TVD 10000’
= 800 Psi
147
800
900
30 SPM
Single Circulation
• Bring Pump To Kill Rate,

Mud wt KMW HOLDING CASING
10 ppg 11 ppg PRESSURE CONSTANT
• Once At Kill Rate, Look At
SCR The Drill Pipe Pressure
30 spm • Drill Pipe Pressure Should
300 psi Be
I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
TVD 10000’ = 300 + 500
= 800 Psi 148
700 Single Circulation
950 • Bring Pump To Kill Rate,
30 SPM
HOLDING CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
• Once At Kill Rate, Look At The Drill Pipe
Pressure
• Drill Pipe Pressure Should Be
Mud wt KMW I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 Psi
• Allow Drill Pipe Pressure To Fall.
SCR Icp = 800
30 spm To 10
300 psi FCP = 300 X 11 = 330 Psi
As Kill Mud Is Pumped To The Bit
TVD 10000’ 149

500
Single circulation
1000 • Bring pump to kill rate,
30 SPM
HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
• Once at kill rate, look at the drill pipe
pressure
Mud wt • Drill pipe pressure should be
KMW
10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR • Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
30 spm ICP = 800
300 psi to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
as kill mud is pumped to the bit
TVD 10000’ 150
400
1100
30 SPM
Single circulation
• Bring pump to kill rate,
CONSTANT
• Once at kill rate, look at the drill
Mud wt KMW pipe pressure
10 ppg 11 ppg • Drill pipe pressure should be
= 300 + 500
SCR
= 800 psi
30 spm
• Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
300 psi ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’ 151
330
30 SPM
CONSTANT
• Once At Kill Rate, Look At The Drill
Mud wt KMW Pipe Pressure
10 ppg • Drill Pipe Pressure Should Be
11 ppg
= 300 + 500
SCR = 800 Psi
30 spm • Allow Drill Pipe Pressure To Fall.
300 psi ICP = 800
To
FCP = 300 X 11 = 330 Psi
TVD 10000’ 10 152
330
30 SPM
CONSTANT
Mud wt Pipe Pressure
KMW
10 ppg 11 ppg I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
= 300 + 500
SCR = 800 PSI
ICP = 800
300 psi
To
FCP = 300 X 11 = 330 Psi
10
As Kill Mud Is Pumped To The Bit 153
TVD 10000’
330
30 SPM
CONSTANT
Mud wt KMW Pipe Pressure
10 ppg • Drill Pipe Pressure Should Be
11 ppg I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
= 300 + 500
SCR = 800 Psi
300 psi ICP = 800
To
FCP = 300 X 11 = 330 Psi
10
TVD 10000’ As Kill Mud Is Pumped To The Bit 154
1000 • Bring Pump To Kill Rate,
30 SPM
CONSTANT
Pipe Pressure
Mud wt KMW • Drill Pipe Pressure Should Be
10 ppg 11 ppg I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
= 300 + 500
= 800 Psi
SCR • Allow Drill Pipe Pressure To Fall.
30 spm ICP = 800
300 psi To
FCP = 300 X 11 = 330 Psi
10
TVD 10000’ • Hold FCP Until Kill Mud Reaches 155
Surface
Single circulation
330
• Bring pump to kill rate, HOLDING
0 CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
30 SPM
• Once at kill rate, look at the drill

pipe pressure
• Drill pipe pressure should be
= 300 + 500 = 800 psi
• Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
• Hold FCP until kill mud reaches
surface
• When kill mud at the surface SICP
156
will be ZERO.
Single Circulation
0
0 • Bring Pump To Kill Rate, HOLDING
0 SPM
CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
• Once At Kill Rate, Look At The Drill Pipe
Pressure
I.C.P. = Scrp + Sidpp
= 300 + 500 = 800 Psi
• Allow Drill Pipe Pressure To Fall.
From Icp = 800 To
FCP = 300 X 11 = 330 Psi
10
• Hold FCP Until Kill Mud Reaches
Surface
• When Kill Mud At The Surface SICP Will
Be ZERO.
• When Pump Shut Off Both Pressures Will
Be Zero
157
 Single circulation
 Circulate mud as soon as available, following
step down.
Stks x 100
Section 6C
Drillers Method
159
Drillers Method
2 Circulations
 First Circulation To Remove Influx
 Second Circulation To Circulate Kill Mud
160
500
900
0 SPM
Drillers Method
Mud wt
10 ppg
Well is Shut In
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10,000’
500
900
30 SPM
First Circulation
Mud wt Opening Choke HOLDING
10 ppg CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
SCR
30 spm • Once At Kill Rate, Look At
300 psi Drill Pipe Pressure.
TVD 10000’
162
800
900
First Circulation
30 SPM

Opening Choke HOLDING
CASING PRESSURE
Mud wt CONSTANT
10 ppg • Once At Kill Rate, Look At
Drill Pipe Pressure
SCR • Drill Pipe Pressure Should
30 spm Be The Sum Of The SCR
300 psi And SIDPP.
TVD 10000’ E.g. =ICP
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi 163
800
1000
First Circulation
30 SPM  Bring Pump To Kill Rate, Opening Choke
 Once At Kill Rate, Look At Drill Pipe
Pressure
Mud wt  Drill Pipe Pressure Should Be The Sum Of
10 ppg The SCR And SIDPP.
E.G.
= 300 + 500
SCR = 800 Psi
30 spm  Hold This Pressure Constant Until The
300 psi Influx Is Removed.
 Casing Pressure Will Continue To
Increase Because Of Gas Expansion.
TVD 10000’
800 First Circulation
1500
30 SPM  Bring Pump To Kill Rate, Opening
Choke HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
 Once At Kill Rate, Look At Drill Pipe
Pressure
Mud wt
 Drill Pipe Pressure Should Be The Sum
10 ppg Of The SCR And SIDPP.
E.G.
SCR = 300 + 500
30 spm = 800 Psi
300 psi  Hold This Pressure Constant Until The
Influx Is Removed
TVD 10000’
 Casing Pressure Will Continue To
INCREASE And INCREASE Because Of
Gas Expansion.
800
500 First circulation
30 SPM
 Bring Pump To Kill Rate, Opening Choke
 Once At Kill Rate, Look At Drill Pipe Pressure
 Drill Pipe Pressure Should Be The Sum Of
The SCR And SIDPP.
E.G.
= 300 + 500
= 800 Psi
 Hold This Pressure Constant Until The Influx
Is Removed
 Casing Pressure Will Decrease As Gas Is
Pumped Through The Choke, And Finally
Will Be Equal To SIDPP When All Gas Is
Pumped Out Of The Well.
 Shut Down Holding Casing Pressure
Constant
500 End Of First Circulation
500 • Bring Pump To Kill Rate, Opening
0 SPM
Choke HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
• Once At Kill Rate, Look At Drill Pipe
Pressure
• Drill Pipe Pressure Should Be The
Sum Of The SCR And SIDPP.
E.G.
= 300 + 500
= 800 Psi
• Hold This Pressure Constant Until The
Influx Is Removed
• Shut Down HOLDING CASING
PRESSURE CONSTANT
• SICP Should Equal Original SIDPP
167
500
500
0 SPM
Second Circulation
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
De
c.
500
30 SPM Second Circulation
Bring Pump To Kill Rate, Opening

Choke Holding Casing Pressure
Constant.
Hold Casing Pressure Constant

And Continue Pumping Until Kill
Mud Reaches The Bit.
Kill mud Drill Pipe Pressure Will Drop From

weight IC To FCP.
11 ppg From 800 Psi To 330 Psi
169
Second Circulation
330
De
30 SPM
c. •Bring Pump To Kill Rate, Opening
Choke Holding Casing Pressure
Constant.
•Hold Casing Pressure Constant And
Continue Pumping Until Kill Mud
Reaches The Bit.
•Drill Pipe Pressure Will Drop From ICP
To FCP.
From 800 Psi To 330 Psi
•Once Kill Mud Enters The Annulus,
Switch To Drill Pipe Pressure And Hold
Constant Until Kill Mud Reaches Surface
Kill mud •Casing Pressure Will Continue To
weight Decrease And Will Be ZERO When Kill
11 ppg Mud At The Surface.
170
Second Circulation
330
0
30 SPM •Bring Pump To Kill Rate, Opening Choke
Holding Casing Pressure Constant.
Continue Pumping Until Kill Mud Reaches
The Bit.
•Drill Pipe Pressure Will Drop From ICP
To FCP.
•Once Kill Mud Enters The Annulus,
Switch To Drill Pipe Pressure And Hold
Constant Until Kill Mud Reaches Surface
•Casing Pressure Will Continue To
Decrease And Will Be ZERO When Kill
Kill mud Mud At The Surface.
weight •Well Is Dead, Pump Running
11 ppg
171
Second Circulation
0
0
0 SPM
•Bring Pump To Kill Rate, Opening Choke
Holding Casing Pressure Constant.
Continue Pumping Until Kill Mud Reaches
The Bit.
•Drill Pipe Pressure Will Drop From ICP To
FCP.
•Once Kill Mud Enters The Annulus, Switch
To Drill Pipe Pressure And Hold Constant
Until Kill Mud Reaches Surface
•Casing Pressure Will Continue To
Decrease And Will Be ZERO When Kill Mud
At The Surface.
Kill mud
•Pump Shat Down.
weight
11 ppg 172
Drillers Method
 Two Circulations
 First Circulation With Original Mud Holding ICP Constant
 Second Circulation With Kill Mud Following Step Down.
ICP ICP
FCP FCP
Stks x 100
What Is If?
•Casing Pressure Is Not Equals To

Drill Pipe Pressure At The End Of
First Circulation.
•Still have gas in the well

ACTION
!!! 174
Things To Watch For
• Following A Choke Adjustment The Drillpipe Gauge
Takes Longer To React Due To Length Of System
• Kill Mud Only Does Good When Going Downhole.

Therefore Re-zero Stroke Counter
• Calculated ICP Is Only A Guideline. Actual (True)

ICP Is Seen At Start Up )n Drill Pipe Pressure Gauge.
• If Actual ICP Is Different Then Recalculate Graph Or

Step Down
175
Section 6D
Gas Behavior
176
General Rules For Gas
• Gas Expands As It Is Circulated
Up Hole
• Gas Expansion Reduces

Hydrostatic
•Casing (Back) Pressure Increases

To Compensate For Reduction In
Hydrostatic
• If Kill Is Carried Out Correctly!

GAS 177
Pressure At Any Point

Above Gas Influx Will Be
Increasing
GAS 178
GAS Pressure At Any Point Below

Gas Influx Will Be Constant
179
Gas Behavior
• Gas Expands As It Is Circulated Up The Hole
• Gas Expansion Reduces Hydrostatic
• Casing (Back) Pressure Increases To Compensate For
Reduction In Hydrostatic
• If Kill Is Carried Out Correctly;
Pressure At Any Point Above Gas Influx Will Be Increasing
Gas Gas Pressure Will Drops As It Is Circulated Up The

Hole.
Pressure At Any Point Below Gas Influx Will Be Constant

180
Section 6E
Differences Between
Methods
181
Wait And Weight
Method
30 SPM
• Kill Mud Pumped From Start
• If Kill Mud Enters The
Annulus Before The Gas

Reaches The Shoe:-
–Will Result In Lower

Casing Shoe Pressure Than
Drillers Method
182
Drillers method
30 SPM
• Kill Mud Not Pumped

Until Influx Removed
• Casing Shoe Pressure
Will Be Higher Than
Wait And Weight
183
Drillers Wait and Weight
In All Cases The Wait And Weight Method Will Result
In Lower Casing Pressure. 184
30 SPM • Kill mud pumped
from start
• If the gas reaches
the shoe before the
kill mud enters the
annulus:-
– Will result in the same
shoe pressure as the
Drillers Method
185
Drillers Wait and Weight
If The Drill String Volume Is Greater Than The Open Hole
Volume, The Wait And Weight Method Will Result In Same
Casing Shoe Pressures As Driller Method. 186
INFLUX SIZE v’s SHOE PRESSURE
SIDPP SIDPP
200 200
psi psi
SICP SICP
600
300
psi
10 ppg 10 ppg
psi
2900 3200
5000 ft 5000 ft
psi psi
SHOE SHOE
PRESSURE PRESSURE
INFLUX
187
Casing shoe pressure
 Shoe is assumed to be the weak point
 Pressure on shoe at shut in = Mud hydrostatic +
SICP
 Bigger the influx the bigger the SICP
 The bigger the shoe pressure
 If SICP exceeds MAASP at shut in then formation
will break down.
KEEP KICKS SMALL
SHUT IN EARLY 188
MAASP - example 1
 Well shut in.
500 100  MAASP 1000 psi.
0
 As pressures stabilize
SICP reaches 1000 psi.
 What might happen?
 What should we do?
•Use slower pump rate

•Reduce any safety factor
•Use W&W method
MAASP - example 2
 Well shut in.
500 750
 MAASP 1000 psi SICP 750
psi.
 As kick circulated up open
hole CP reaches 1000 psi,
Gas Still In Open Hole.
 What might happen?
 What should we do?
MAASP - example 3
500 750
 Well Shut In.
 MASP 1000 Psi SICP 750
Psi.
 As Gas Is Circulated Up
Cp Reaches 1000 Psi,
Gas Inside The Casing.
 What Might Happen?
 What Should We Do?
What Can Increase The Risk Of Exceeding MAASP?
 Unexpected High Pressure

 Kick Size
 Low Fracture Pressure
 Long Open Hole Sections
 Gas Migration
 Bad Practices
 Too Much Safety Margin (Large
Overbalance)
192
Section 7
Down Hole & Surface

Problems
193
Common well control problems
 Blockages
 string
 annulus
 choke
 Washouts
 string
 choke
 Surface equipment failure

 Losses
 Hydrates 194
Pressure Indicator (With No Action)
Well control problem Drillpipe Casing BHP

Loss Circulation
Choke plugging
Choke washout
Nozzle plugging
String washout
195
Choke Plugging
DATA
PROBLEM
SIDPP : 500 psi SICP : 750 psi
?
SCR : 300 psi at 30 spm
800 750
CURRENT OPERATION RECOGNITION SIGNS
Circulating kick out using Driller’s ?
Method
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
ICP : 800 psi
2500 ?
Pressure 2000
1500
1000
500
0
Drillpipe Pressure Casing Pressure BHP
196
Choke Plugging
DATA PROBLEM
SIDPP : 500 psi SICP : 750 psi Choke Plugging
SCR : 300 psi at 30 spm RECOGNITION SIGNS
CURRENT OPERATION Casing Pressure UP Drillpipe Pressure

120 115 UP
0 Circulating kick out using Driller’s
0 BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
Method
ICP : 800 psi INCREASING
2500
Pressure 2000
1500
1000
500
0
When the choke is plugging, Casing, Drill pipe

and Bottom Hole Pressures all increase.
197
Choke Plugging
DATA PROBLEM
SIDPP : 500 psi SICP : 750 psi Choke Plugging

800 750
CURRENT OPERATION Casing Pressure UP Drillpipe
Pressure UP
Circulating kick out using
Driller’s Method BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
ICP : 800 psi INCREASING
2500
2000
Pressure
1500
1000
500
0
When the choke is plugging, Casing, Drill pipe and Bottom Hole Pressures all increase.
Opening the choke will keep BHP constant, for a time.
198
The correct course of action is to shut down and change chokes.
Choke Washing Out
DATA PROBLEM
SIDPP : 500 psi SICP : 750 psi Choke Washing Out
800 750
CURRENT OPERATION Casing Pressure DOWN Drillpipe Pressure
DOWN
Circulating kick out using Driller’s
Method BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
ICP : 800 psi DECREASING
2500
Pressure 2000
1500
1000
500
0
When the choke is plugging, Casing, DrIllpipe and Bottom Hole Pressures all decrease
Closing the choke will keep BHP constant, for a time.
The correct course of action is to shut down and change chokes. 199
Nozzle or String Plugging
DATA PROBLEM
SIDPP : 500 psi SICP : 750 psi ?
800 750 CURRENT OPERATION ?
Circulating kick out using BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
Driller’s Method
?
ICP : 800 psi
2500
Pressure 2000
1500
1000
500
0
200
DATA PROBLEM
800 750
SIDPP : 500 psi SICP : 750 psi Nozzle Plugging
CURRENT OPERATION Casing Pressure NO CHANGE
Circulating kick out using Drillpipe Pressure UP
Driller’s Method
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
ICP : 800 psi
NO CHANGE
2500
Pressure 2000
1500
1000
500
0
When a nozzle plugs, Drillpipe pressure will increase,

Casing and BHP will remain constant.
201
DATA PROBLEM
800 750 Nozzle Plugging
SIDPP : 500 psi SICP : 750 psi
CURRENT OPERATION Casing Pressure NO CHANGE
Circulating kick out using Drillpipe Pressure UP
Driller’s Method BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
ICP : 800 psi ?
2500
Pressure 2000
1500
1000
500
0
When a nozzle plugs, Drillpipe pressure will increase, Casing and BHP will remain constant.
Opening the choke will reduce BHP.
202
The correct course of action is to shut down and restart with a new ICP.
Nozzle or String Washing Out
DATA PROBLEM
800 750 SIDPP : 500 psi SICP : 750 psi
Nozzle Washing
SCR : 300 psi at 30 spm
RECOGNITION SIGNS
CURRENT OPERATION
Casing Pressure NO CHANGE
Circulating kick out using
Driller’s Method Drillpipe Pressure DOWN
ICP : 800 psi BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
2500
NO CHANGE
Pressure 2000
1500
1000
500
0
When a nozzle washes, Drillpipe pressure will decrease, Casing and BHP will remain constant.
Closing the choke will increase BHP.
The correct course of action is to shut down and restart with a new ICP. 203
Changing Pump Speed
KILLING A WELL
40 SPM
900 psi DRILL PIPE PRESSURE
IF SPM WAS INCREASED TO 50 AND
DRILL PIPE PRESSURE HELD AT 900 psi
? WHAT HAPPENS TO BHP?
INC DEC STAY SAME

204
Evaluate BHP
Review practices and
procedures
I I
F F
Incorrect
Correct
How does the choke
operator
I react? I
F F
Increase Decrease
choke choke
size size
Decrease casing Increase casing
(choke ) (choke )
BHP Stay pressure pressure
same Decrease Increase BHP 205
BHP
Kill Problems
Effective
Procedure Correct Action Wrong Action
On BHP
Brining Up Pump To Constant Csg. Constant D/P
1 Decrease
Kill Speed Pressure. Pressure.
Constant D/P Constant Csg.

2 Driller Method (1st Cir.) Decrease
Pressure. Pressure.
W&W Method (While

Constant D/P Constant csg.
3 Pumping Kill Mud Decrease
Pressure (FCP) Pressure.
From Bit To Surface
2nd Circulation While

Constant D/P
4 Pumping Kill Mud Constant Csg. Increase
Pressure (FCP)
From Bit To Surface
W&W Method (While D/P Pressure Drops

Constant D/P
5 Pumping Kill Mud To From (ICP) To Increase
Pressure.
Bit) (FCP)
2nd Circulation While
Constant Csg. Constant D/P 206
6 Pumping Kill Mud To Increase
Pressure. Pressure.
Bit
What To Do
SHUT THE WELL IN!
THEN:-
LET PRESSURES STABILISE, DISCUSS

SITUATION WITH SUPERVISORS, START UP
CORRECTLY, CARRY ON KILL.
207
Hydrates
 Natural gas hydrates are ice-like crystals composed
of water and natural gas molecules.
 Under high pressure and low temperature conditions,
water molecules form cages which encapsulate gas
molecules inside.
What Are Necessary For Hydrate Formation?

• Free Water
• Natural Gas
• Reduced Temperature 208
• Increased Pressure
Prevention
• Remove any of the 4 ingredients

• Oil Based Muds (little free water)
• Thermodynamic inhibitors
Methanol, Glycol
209
Section 7B
Stripping And Volumetric
Operations
210
Non-Routine Techniques
Drillers And Wait And Weight Only Work With Bit
Below The Influx.
Other Problems May Be:
Unable To Circulate
Hole Packed Off
Bit Off Bottom
No Pipe In The
Hole
In These Situations It May Be Necessary To
Use Other Well Control Techniques.
 Stripping.
 Volumetric.
Stripping
Stripping is a method of running pipe into a shut-in
well while holding BHP nearly constant
Non Return
Valve
psi
212
Stripping
Non Return
Valve
psi psi
Casing Pressure rises as

you strip into bubble
Volume to Bleed = Closed end Displacement

213
Volumetric
When To Use Volumetric Method?
If Gas Starts To Migrate Up The Hole And Casing

Pressure Is Increasing.
 Unable To Pump
 When Off Bottom (unable to Strip)

 When Out Of Hole
 When Bit Plugged
 When have Nun Return Valve (Unable To Pump)
214
VOLUMETRIC
Steps
• Choose Safety Factor
• Choose Working Pressure E.G. - 100 Psi
• Calculate Working Volume In BBLs.
Casing pressure
increase due to
migration – used for
bleeding the calculated
volume for the 2nd cycle
Pressure increase
PSI due to migration –
100 psi
overbalance and
100 psi used for Casing pressure is
bleeding held constant
while the
Casing pressure calculated volume
is held constant is bled from the
while the
annulus
calculated volume
is bled from the
annulus
BBL Bled/Time 215
Volumetric procedures
Example
Calculate the volume of mud to bleed
under the following conditions:
Mud weight = 12.0 ppg

Casing Annular capacity = 0.0459 bbl/ft
Kick size = 10 bbl
SICP = 300 psi (allowed to increase to 400) psi)
Mud Gradient 12 x 0.052
Pbbl = = = 13.59 psi/bbl
Annular Capacity 0.0459
Pw 100
Volume of mud to bleed = = = 7.36 bbl
Pbbl 13.59
216
Controlling gas migration
Volumetric method Casing pressure vs. volume bleed schedule
1300
1200
Example Ran Gas
1100 ge Migrates
SICP = 300 psi
1000 To
Volume to bleed = 7.36 900 Surface
bbl 800
700
600
500
40 Bleeding while
0 holding casing
30 pressure
0
20 constant
0
10
0
Casing pressure 8 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
(psi) 6 4 2 0 to
Volume 8 bleed
6 4 2(bbl)
0 8 6 217
Volumetric procedures
1. Record SICP.
2. Rig up the choke-Line output to discharge fluid into a tank.

3. Select a Working Range of Pressure, Pw Recommend Pw = 100 psi
4. Allow shut-in casing pressure to increase by Pw without bleeding from
the well. Mud Gradient
Pbbl =
Annular Capacity
5. Calculate the hydrostatic increase per bbl of mud.
6. Calculate the Volume to Bleed each cycle. Volume bled/cycle =
Pw
7. Hold new casing pressure constant by opening and closing the choke to Pbbl
bleed off small of mud necessary. Measure the amount of accumulated
mud bled off and when its volume equals the volume calculated in step 6,
8. Close the well and repeat steps 4 and 7 until another procedure is
implemented or all gas is at surface.
218
How To Deal With Gas Migration
60 50
50
0 0
0
Bleed mud through choke,

Gas migrates - SIDPP allowing gas to expand, keeping
Well shut in - 219
increases SIDPP at original value
stabilised
Well Control Equipment-1
220
BOP Configuration
221
Choke Manifold And Valves line Up
2
CEMENT
PUMP
1 REMOTE
MUD
PUMP CHOKE
17 18 19
MUD GAS
SEPERATOR
6
16
3 ANNULAR PREVENTER
(BAG)
7 8
5” PIPE RAMS 13 14 15
VENT
20 LINE
KILL 4 5 Hyd. Man.
LINE BLIND/SHEAR RAMS
5” PIPE RAMS
9
WELLHEAD
10 11 12
FLARE
BOOM
MANUAL
CHOKE 222
Volumes To Open & Close
Cylind
er
Pisto
n
Locking
Screw
Ram
Assembly 223
Volumes To Open & Close
224
Pressure Test Frequency
• According To The API RP 53 Pressure Test On Well

Control Equipment Should Be At Least:
1. Prior To Spud Or Upon Installation.
2. After Disconnection Or Repair Of Any
Component
3. Not To Exceed 21 Days.
•Manufacturer Test The Body Of New Well Control

Equipment To 150% Of The Rate Working Pressure
RWP
225
Testing Tools
Cup
Tester
Test 226
Plug
Inflow Testing
Thinking That The Well Is Secured After Running
And Cementing The Liner
Do We Need
Inflow Test?
227
Inflow Testing
Purpose:
To Verify If There Is Communication With The Formation
Through The Casing, A Liner Lap Or A Cement Plug.
An Inflow Test Is Performed By Reducing The Hydrostatic

Head Above The Item To Be Tested.
Procedures
• Run Retrievable Packer With Circulating Valve To
Depth +/-50 Ft. Above The Item To Be Tested.
• Keep Underbalance Hydrostatic Pressure Inside D/ P.
• Set Retrievable Packer.
• Note Pressure Inside The D/P, If Any Communication;
Will Note Pressure Inside D/ P.
• Reverse Circulation To Kill The Well.
• Unseat Retrievable Packer.
228
API flange type
229
Flanges and Sealing Rings
The most common flange types are
•API 6B Rate work pressure 2,000-5,000 psi
•API 6BX Rate work pressure 5,000-20,000 psi
Flanges type API 6B Use Sealing Rings API type R or API type RX
Flanges type API 6BX Use Sealing Rings API type BX
type R type RX type BX 230

Flanges and Sealing Rings
6B Flanges Are Not Designed

for
Face-to-Face Makeup. Stand
The Connection Makeup Off
Bolting
Force Reacts on The Ring
Gasket.
6BX Flanges Are Designed for
Face-to-Face Makeup.
The Connection Makeup
Bolting Force Reacts Primarily
on the Raised Face of The
Flange.
231
Sealing Rings Type RX & BX
1-X Types are pressure-energized

rings .
2-Bore pressure assist .
3-Studs torque is not completely
relied on
232
Annular Preventer
233
Jaw Operating
Screw
234
Cameron Type “D” Annular
235
Annular design
•Well Pressure Assists
On Closure And Seal
Off The Annuals.
While Testing The
Annular It May
Needed To Pump Up
The Pressure Several
Times To Let The
Packing Unit Take The
Shape Of The Pipe.
236
Annular Closing Pressure
LIFT
UP
237
Annular design
Selection Of Packing Units Based On:

•Type Of Mud, Water-base Or Oil Base
Mud.
•Operating Temperatures
238
Annular design
Hydril Packing Elements
Elastomer Application Color Code
Water Base, Normal Black

Natural
Rubber Conditions (-30° To
225° F)
Buna Oil Base Environment Red

(Nitrile) (30° To 180° F)
Low Temp (-30° To

170° F)
Neoprene
Green
239
Diverter Systems
240
Diverter Systems
241
Well Control Equipment-
2
242
Cameron Type “U” Blowout Preventer
Cylind
er
Pist
on
Locking
Screw
Ram
Assembly
243
Ram
Intermediate Flange
Assem
bly
Pist Cylind
Bod
Bonn on er y
et
Connecting rod Seal

Ring
Locking
244
Screw
•If the Weep hole leak while testing BOPs… Immediate repair
•If the Weep hole leak while Killing Operation… energize with Plastic sticks, Use
Secondary Packing
•The Intermediate Flange is Thicker in the shear Rams.
•If BOP Flange leaks:
1-All Supervisors Informed And Agree For The Repair
2-Release All Pressures And Ensure No Potential Trapped Pressure. 245
Ram Assembly
246
Ram Design
Rams for Ram-type BOP designed to:

1-Prevent The Rubber Extruding Top And Bottom When The Rams
Are Closed.
2-Feed New Rubber Into Sealing Contact With The Pipe When The
Sealing Face Becomes Worn.
3-Hang Off Drill String
2-Tested And Hold Full Work Pressure From Bottom. 247
Shearing Ram
248
Variable Bore Ram
• Variable Bore Ram Used In Case Of Tapered String,

Completion And Workover.
• Casing Rams Changed To Casing Size Before Run

Casing.
249
Shaffer Pipe Rams
250
Shaffer Shear Rams
Exploded View of Shear Rams
1. Upper Holder 2. Lower Holder

Shear Rams 3. Upper Ram Block 4. Lower Ram
Block
5. Upper Rubber 6. Lower Rubber
7. Lower Shear Blade 8. Retainer Screw
9. O-Ring 10. Retainer Ring
11. Allen screw 12. O-Ring 251
13. Washer
Closing Ratio
Ratio Of Well Head Pressure To Pressure

Required
To Close The BOP.
252
Float Valve
ported
Plain flapper
flapper Spring
Loaded
Advantages Disadvantages
• Stop Back • Decrease Bottom Hole Pressure.
Flow. • Collapse Drill Pipe.
• Avoid Bit • Increase Tripping Time.
Plug. • Unable To Read SIDPP Without
Action 253
Drop-in Check Valve
Drop-in check valve provides automatic check

valve once set in drill string.
254
Vacuum Degasser
Gas
Fluid is drawn into the vessel
Vent by vacuum pressure where it
MUD GAS spills out over the baffle plate
Vacuum and gas is extracted. Degassed
SEPARATOR - Pump
fluid exits the vessel and gas is
DEGASSER vented.
Gas Out
Float Mud Degassers are
Valve Inlet the most
Line effective way to
remove
Baffle Plate unwanted gas
from the mud as
it returns from
the wellbore.
Gas cut mud
can reduce the
Gas Cut pump efficiency,
Mud reduce the mud
Degassed Mud Cross-
weight, and
sectional View
Free Gas contaminate the
Jet Mud mud system.
255
Mud-Gas Separator
256
Mud-Gas Separator
Vent
line
If The Kick Is Gas And

Condensate Oil The Capacity
Inlet Of The MGS Will Decrease
Line
Baffle
Plates
Fluid
Column
Dump
Line
Clean out line 257

Mud Gas Degasser
Normal Operation
Gas
blow to
the vent Pressure Gauge
line 0-20 psi
Hot line
From Trip
Tank
Mud level
While
Circulation
U tube
full of
clean
Mud 258
Mud Gas Degasser
Overloading
condition
Pressure Gauge
0-20 psi
Gas blow
to the
shaker
Area
259
Horizontal Mud Gas Separator
1st Main
2nd vent
In let hot
vent mud
From
Choke
manifold
Liquid
seal
260
Well Control Equipment-3
261
Closing Unit
262
BOP Closing Unit ( Koomey Unit )
263
SCHEMATIC FOR CLOSING UNIT
11
9
12
4 5
7
8
2 13 15
1
6 10
14 20
16 17 18
19
264
Accumulators
Standard Bladder Type
265
Accumulator Bottle
 Each Bottle Is Called Ten Gallons Bottle.
 The Precharge Pressure Is 1000 Psi For The 3000 Psi Working
Pressure Accumulator Unit.
 Minimum Working Pressure Is 200 Psi Above Precharge Pressure.
N
3000
psi
Usable fluid O
(Recoverable il
oil)
1200
psi
266
267
Remote control panel
268
269
Selector Type
Four Way
Valve
Open position Block Close
position position
Manifold Manifold Manifold

Close
Open
Close
Close
Open
Vent Vent Open Vent

270
Manifold
Four Way Valve
Selector Type
271
Remote control panel
4 Way valve
and micro
Rig air switch
120 psi
Oil
When the BOP ram in the close position close line has 1500 psi.
When the BOP ram in the open position open line has 1500 psi.
When the 4 way valve shifts the micro switch will activate the light to illuminate.
272
When light illuminates, it tells us that oil on its way to the BOP function.
Indicator Lights on BOP Remote Panel
A Micro Switch Is Located At The Main Unit, It

Will Send A Signal To The Indicator Lights To
Change Color Only When The 4-way Valve
Shifts.
Indicator Lights, Don’t Tell Us That The Bop’s
Function Has Completed, But They Tell Us That
The 4-way Valve Is Already Shifted And The Oil Is
Flowing Under Pressure To Move The Functions
Piston To Complete The Close Or Open
Operations.
273
Indicator Lights Problem
While Shutting In A Well From Remote Panel
1.If Indicator Light Does Not Illuminate, But Gauges
Drop And Later Rise Back Up Which Means That Oil
Has Been Used To Move The Piston Of The BOP And
The Function Is Completed So The Cause Is (BULB
Has Blown).
2.If Indicator Light Does Not Illuminate And Pressure Gauges
Don’t Drop, It Means That No Oil Has Been Used And BOP
Piston Does Not Move, The Cause Could Be
A)4-way Valve Failed To Shift.
B)master Control Valve Is Not Depressed With The
Control Valve Of The Function.
274
C)no Air Pressure Is Going To The Remote Panel.
Indicator lights Problem
3.If Indicator Light Illuminates But Pressure Gauges Do Not
Drop It Means That The 4-way Valves Has Shifted But
Hydraulic Line Between The 4-way Valve And The BOP Is
Plugged.
4.If Indicator Light Illuminates And Pressure Dropped
But Not Rise Back Up It Means That Oil Has Been Used,
Function Completed But There Is LEAK In Hydraulic
System.
5.If Indicator Light Illuminates And Pressure Dropped
Then The Manifold Pressure Raised Back Up To 1500 Psi
But Accumulates Pressure Did Not Raise Back Up To
3000 Psi.
275
Information From The API RP53
1. Bottles To Be Able To (With Pumps Off)

- Close Annular
- Close All Rams
- Open One HCR
- Remaining Pressure Shall Be At Least 200 Psi Above
Precharge Pressure (1200 Psi ).
2. Useable Fluid: Fluid Recoverable Between

Operating Pressure (3000 Psi) And Minimum
Operating Pressure (1200 Psi) Or (200 Psi) Above
Pre Charge Pressure.
276
3. Reservoir Capacity: At least twice useable fluid

of bottles.
4. Accumulator Precharge
A. The Precharge Pressure Should Be Measured

Each Well
B. Minimum Precharge Pressure For 3000 Psi
Working Pressure Accumulator Should Be
1000 Psi
C. Only Nitrogen Gas Should Be Used.
277
Information from the API RP53
5-Pump Systems
•A Pump System Consists Of One Or More Pump
Each Pump Should Have Independent Power Source.
•With Accumulators Isolated Pump Should Be
Capable Of Closing The Annular And Open The
Hydraulic Choke (HCR) And Return System To Normal
Annular Pressure In 2 Minutes.
•Electric Pump Will Automatically Start When
System Pressure Has Decreased To 90% Of System
Working Pressure.
278
Closing Time Ram Annular
6.
Smaller Than 30 Sec 30 Sec Max.
18 ¾” Max.
18 ¾” And 30 Sec 45 Sec Max.
Larger Max.
7. Pressure Test Frequency
Pressure Test On Well Control Equipment Should Be At
Least:
1. Prior To Spud Or Upon Installation.
2. After Disconnection Or Repair Of Any Component
3. Not To Exceed 21 Days.
279
10. Choke Lines

1. Minimum Recommended Size For Choke Line Is 2 Inches
For 3K And 5K Arrangements And 3 Inch For 10K And 15K.
2. Minimum Recommended Inside Diameter For Lines
Downstream Of Choke Should Be Equal To Or Greater Than
The Connecting Lines Of The Choke (Choke Line).
3. The Bleed Line Should Be At Least Equal In Diameter To
The Choke Line This Line Allows:
 Circulation Of Well With Preventers Closed While
Maintaining A Minimum Back Pressure.
 Permits High Volume Bleed Off Of Well Fluids To Relieve
Casing Pressure With The Preventers Close.
280
Thank You
281

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WELL CONTROL

For Level 3 And Level 4

Encourage A Step Change Improvement In The Competence And

Hydro- Means A Fluid

Mud Hydrostatic HP = 0.052 X Mud Weight X TVD

Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) = 0.052 X Mud Weight

Try This Questions

Calculate the increase in bottom hole pressure.

Fluid Present In The Pore It Is The Fluid Pressure In

It Is The Total Pressures Exerted At

BOP Secondary Barrier

The Chart And Test Documentation Should Contain

• It is Second Object That Prevents Flow From

9-During the well planning do we need to plan for

Formation Pressure Rises

The Percentage Of Void Space In The Rocks

Kicks OCCUR WHEN

2-The Kicking Formation Must Have

• Failure to keep the hole full

•Maintain Accurate Trip Sheet

Mud Level Flowline

• Leak At Outer Casing

BHP = 5000 - 200 = 4800

All these make it more difficult for mud to move past

 Swabbing can be recognized by

Actions to be taken if swabbing is observed

RIG RIG RIG

FLOW FLOW FLOW

BEFORE SLUG HAS AFTER SLUG HAS HEAVY SLUG KEEPS

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURES 49

• 99.99+% Of Formation Fluids Are Water

• Formation Water Equals

8.9 ppg (Average) = 0.465 psi/ft

• Anticline Gas Cap

1-Anticline Gas Cap

A Warning Sign Tells You:-

Where Does Pump Pressure Come

= Surface Line friction PSI

Total Pump Pressure

= Bit (jet nozzle) friction

• If Annulus Pressure = 250 psi.

= (11 x .052 x 12000) + 250

= 6864 + 250 = 7114 PSI

Defined As The Increase In Mud Density Due To

BHCP = 6864 + 250 = 7114 psi

Formation Pressure = 7000 psi

Tell you overbalance

Mud Weight 10.0 ppg

What will happen?

Mud Weight 10.0 ppg

• As shale has very low

What should we do? 76

Mud Weight 10.0 ppg

1st Reliable Indicator 79

Trip Tank Level

Check to see if well is flowing

What will happen

Action: Activate Diverter System

•Vent lines - large diameter piping used toVent

•Vent line valves - full opening valves used to

Top Hole Kick Operating Practices

Key Shut In Methods

1 At first sign of a 2 Shut down

4 Close ( 5 Open the HCR 6 Record