Composition

and source of
water
By Tanmay Soni and Vyom Jain
 • water molecules are made up of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
bonded together.

Compositi • Hydrogen (H): Two hydrogen atoms make

up about 11.19% of the mass of water. 
• Oxygen (O): One oxygen atom accounts for

on of approximately 88.81% of the mass of

water.
• Chemically pure water should be considered

Water an extremely complex substance consisting

of atoms of various isotopes of hydrogen
and oxygen, which can form up to 18
isotope varieties of water.
OCEAN
AND SEA
WATER

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SOURCES
Oceans, Seas, and
Saltwater
Approximately 97.5% of Earth's water is
found in the oceans and seas, which
contain saltwater. This water is not
suitable for direct human consumption
without desalination.
Freshwater Bodies
Freshwater sources include rivers, lakes,
streams, ponds, and reservoirs. These bodies
of water contain significantly lower levels of
salt compared to the oceans. They are
important sources of water for drinking,
irrigation, and various human activities.
Underground Reser
voirs 
Water that infiltrates the soil and percolates
down to the underground aquifers is known
as groundwater. It is stored in porous rocks
and sediments, forming vast reserves
beneath the Earth's surface. Wells and
boreholes can access this water for human
use. Besides groundwater, there are
underground reservoirs known as aquifers
that can store substantial amounts of water.
These aquifers can contain freshwater or, in
some cases, saline water.
Glaciers and Ice
Caps
Glaciers and ice caps hold a substantial
amount of Earth's freshwater. These frozen
sources of water are found primarily in
polar regions, such as Antarctica and
Greenland, as well as in high-altitude
mountainous areas. When glaciers melt,
they contribute to freshwater sources.
Human-made
Storage: 
Humans have constructed
reservoirs, dams, and water
storage facilities to capture and
store water. These artificial
sources help regulate water
supply, manage floods, generate
hydroelectric power, and provide
water for various purposes.

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