Pumps and motors

Oscar Eduardo Rueda Sánchez M.Sc.

Introducción
PUMP TYPES
Pump
s
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP TYPES
Centrifugal pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaEHVpKc-1Q
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP TYPES
Axial flow pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncD7vtCGdno
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP TYPES
Peripheral pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWHY5bxQGu4
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP TYPES
Rotatory:
Internal and external gear pump
Fixed and variable displacement vane pump
Screw pump
Reciprocating:
Inline Axial piston pump
Bent-axis cylinder block Axial piston pump
Stationary cylinder block Radial piston pump
Rotating Radial piston pump
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP TYPES
Rotating Radial piston pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yvcjR2fXJg
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- In hydrostatic energy transfer, one element reduces
the fluid-filled working space and drives it through the
pipeline, while another increases the working space,
refilling it with fluid.
- Restrictions in the system cause the pump to raise the
pressure on the fluid to overcome them.
- The work done (Ws) is the result of the product of the
displacement force F and the displacement distance s.
- This equation can also be expressed as the product of
the displacement Vs and the pressure p.
WORKING CURVES: POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT vs KINETIC PUMPS
- They pump a defined
volume (Cb) independent of
the motor’s revolutions
PERFORMANCE
- Hydraulic pump’s basic function of delivering a give pressure, at a given number
of revolutions per minute is defined by three efficiencies:
- Volumetric efficiency
- Mechanical efficiency
- Total efficiency
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
Volumetric efficiency in a pump is the relation between the actual flow delivered
vs its theoretical value. Volumetric efficiency is directly related to the leakage
during the pump’s operation

𝑄𝑏
𝜂𝑣𝑝 =
𝑄𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
The volumetric efficiency is also affected by the pressure of the hydraulic fluid
and by the temperature of the fluid.

𝑄𝑏
𝜂𝑣𝑝 =
𝑄𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑄𝑏 𝐺𝑃𝑀
𝜂𝑣𝑝 =
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ3 1𝑔𝑙𝑛
𝐶𝑏 𝑁 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑟𝑒𝑣 231𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ3
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
Mechanical efficiency measures the mechanical energy losses in the pump caused
by fluid friction and friction of the pump’s internal parts.

A pump with low mechanical efficiency is a pump with increasing wearing

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂𝑚𝑒 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑄 × 𝛥𝑃
𝜂𝑚𝑒 =
𝑇×𝜔
OVERALL EFFICIENCY
The total or overall efficiency is the product of the volumetric and mechanical
efficiencies. It is called total because it measures the overall efficiency of the
pump in its function of pumping fluid.

It is the energy consumption required to produce the nominal hydraulic pressure

of the system

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂𝑇 = = 𝜂𝑣𝑝 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑝
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑄𝑏 × 𝛥𝑃
𝜂𝑇 =
𝑇×𝜔
PUMP CURVES
PUMP CURVES
Positive displacement pump Centrifugal pump
DIFFERENT POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
COMPARISON CHART
DIFFERENT POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
COMPARISON CHART
FORMULAS
𝑐𝑚3
𝛥𝑃 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ∗ 𝐶𝑏 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝜂𝑣𝑝 = 𝜏𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚 =
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 20𝜋

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝜏 ∗ 𝜔

𝜂𝑚𝑝 =
𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝛥𝑃
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 =
𝜂𝑇
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑇 = = 𝜂𝑣𝑝 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑝
𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑃𝑀 ∗ 𝛥𝑃 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐻. 𝑃. =
1714 ∗ 𝜂 𝑇
𝑐𝑚3
𝛥𝑃 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ∗ 𝐶𝑏 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑙
𝜏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚 = 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝛥𝑃 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
20𝜋 × 𝜂𝑚𝑝 𝑘𝑊 =
600 ∗ 𝜂 𝑇
EXERCISE
Compute the input torque if:
Cb=25cm3/rev
Working pressure=100bar
Mechanical efficiency=0.92

Compute Cb and Qtheoretical, if:

N=1200 rpm
Input torque=350 N-m
Working pressure=150 bar
Mechanical efficiency=0.92
Total efficiency=0.92
HYDRAULIC MOTORS
HSLT
ACCORDING TO
LSHT
SERVICE
SERVO

HYDRAULIC MOTOR
CLASSIFICATION
GEARS

PISTONS
ACCORDING TO
CONSTRUCTION VANES

SCREW
HYDRAULIC MOTORS (Rotary actuator)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ro_unB-XL4
HYDRAULIC MOTORS
- Rotary actuator.
- The construction of the motors closely resembles that of pumps, instead of
driving the fluid, they are driven by the fluid.
- Hydraulic motors are classified according to their displacement (size), torque
capacity, speed and maximum pressure limitations.
- Fixed or variable flow rate.
HYDRAULIC MOTORS’ EFFICIENCY
𝑄𝑁𝑚
Volumetric efficiency: 𝜂𝑣𝑚 =
𝑄𝑚
𝑇𝑚
Mechanic efficiency: 𝜂𝑚𝑚 =
𝑇𝑜

Overall efficiency: 𝜂 𝑇 = 𝜂𝑣𝑚 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑚

𝑄𝑚 = Motor Input Flow 𝑇𝑚 = Actual torque

𝑄𝑁𝑚 = Theoretical Flow 𝑇𝑜 = Theoretical torque
BIDIRECTIONAL HYDRAULIC MOTOR
Clockwise Counterclockwise

- Externally drained
- As torque and pressure
increase, motor leakage
increases, then speed
decreases
- A discharge circuit is
recommended for precise
speed control. Output flow
rate is controlled regardless of
leakage
HYDRAULIC MOTORS vs ELECTRIC MOTORS
- Instantaneous change of rotation
- Easy dynamic braking
- Long periods of inoperability without
damage
- High speed and torque operation
- High power to weight ratio
- Requires voltage inverter
- Requires mechanical brake or rotation
inverter
- Start-up protocol
- Limited by size
- Average power to weight ratio
FORMULAS
𝑄𝑚 = Motor Input Flow 𝑄𝑁𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚 ∗ 𝑁𝑚
𝑄𝑁𝑚 = Theoretical or nominal Flow 𝑄𝑁𝑚
𝑄𝐿 = Leakage Flow 𝜂𝑣𝑚 =
𝑄𝑚
𝑁𝑚 = revolution per minute 1
𝐶𝑚 = Volumetric capacity 𝑄𝑝 = 𝐶𝑚 ∗ 𝑁𝑚 −1
𝜂𝑣𝑚
ΔP= Pressure change
𝜂𝑣𝑚 = Volumetric efficiency 𝑇𝑜 = 𝐶𝑚 ∗ ΔP
𝜂𝑚𝑚 = Mechanic efficiency 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇𝑜 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚 ∗ ΔP ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑚
𝜂 𝑇 = Total or overall efficiency
𝑇𝑚 = Actual torque H. P. = 𝑇𝑚 ∗ 𝑁𝑚 = ΔP ∗ 𝑄𝑚 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝜂𝑣𝑚
𝑇𝑜 = Theoretical torque
H.P.= Delivered power
MOTOR POWER
Flow rate flowing through the motor at a pressure difference

𝑁 𝑅𝑃𝑀 ∗ 𝑇[𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑖𝑛] 𝑁 𝑅𝑃𝑀 ∗ 𝑇[𝑁 − 𝑚]

H. P. = kW =
63025 9550

Compute the motor power if:

N=1200rpm
T=4425.37lbf-in=500 N-m
MOTOR TORQUE
The magnitude of torque produced by a specific motor is a
function of the system pressure acting on the system. This
pressure causes the motor displacement and rotation.

𝑇𝑜 = 𝐶𝑚 ∗ ΔP
MOTOR TORQUE
Operating torque indicates the magnitude of torque
produced by a motor to maintain the rotation of the load.
Motor inefficiency is taken into account. It is expressed as a
percentage of the theoretical torque.
𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇𝑜 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚 ∗ ΔP ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑚
MOTOR TORQUE
Torque needed at start-up: Torque imposed by the load to
start its rotation. A higher torque is required to start the
movement of a load than to maintain its movement.

𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡−𝑢𝑝 = 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

MOTOR TORQUE
Torque available for start-up: It is expressed as a percentage
of the theoretical torque 60% - 90%

𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡_𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝑇𝑜
MOTOR TORQUE
MOTOR CAVITATION

- Change from liquid to gaseous state

and again from gaseous to liquid
- When the fluid supply is not sufficient
while the engine is rotating
- When the engine brakes, the
- Motor inlet must allow for oil
replenishment
EFFECTS ON VELOCITY, PRESSURE AND
TORQUE

Change Velocity Working pressure Available torque

Tare pressure increase No effect Increases Increases
Tare pressure decrease No effect Decreases Decreases
Flow rate increase Increases No effect No effect
Flow rate decrease Decreases No effect No effect
Displacement increase Decreases Decreases Increases
Displacement decrease Increases Increases Decreases
COMPARISON BETWEEN PUMP AND MOTOR
PUMP
Pumps are used as a means to deliver flow at a
given pressure. Volumetric efficiency and total
efficiency are very important
Pumps operate at high and relatively constant
rate
Usually pumps are expected to deliver high
pressure at normal speeds
Usually pumps operate in one direction only
Usually pumps operate continuously and
experience slow changes of the fluid temperature cold motor may be subject to frequent thermal
Most pumps are directly driven and the shafts do
not suffer side loads
MOTOR
Motors are used as a means to deliver torque at
at a given pressure. Mechanical efficiency is very
important
Motors operate over a wide range of speeds
range, and they can stay, for long time, at very
low speed. They must start from zero speed
Motors are at their highest pressure when they
are at standstill or at low speeds.
Most motors must change their direction of
rotation. Sometimes they are required to operate
as pumps for braking loads.
Motors can remain idle for long periods of time. A
shocks, when it starts to operate.
Many motors receive high side loads from
pulleys, sprockets or gears, or they are used
directly on wheels or tires
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS
TRANSMISIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS