13. 14. 12.2 Statements of Third Law of Thermodynamics 12.3. Residual Entropy 12.4 Partial Molar Properties (Open Systems) 12.5 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 12.6 Fugacity and Activity Summary Key Relations Exercises Short-Answer Questions General Questions Chemical Equilibrium 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The State of Chemical Equilibrium 13.3. Law of Mass Action 13.4 Applications of Equilibrium Constant 13.5 Partial Molar Quantities 13.6 Free-Energy Change as a Criterion of Spontaneity 13.7. Thermodynamic Derivation of the Law of Chemical Equilibrium 13.8 Van’t Hoff Reaction Isotherm 13.9 Relation between Kp and K, 13.10. Van’t Hoff Equation for Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constant (Van’t Hoff Reaction Isochore) 13.11 Le-Chatelier’s Principle 13.12 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 13.13 Hammett Equation Summary Exercises Short-Answer Questions General Questions Phase Equilibria and Phase Rule 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Explanation of the Terms 14.3 Equilibrium 14.4 Thermo dynamic Derivation of Phase Rule 14.5 Different Techniques for the Determination of Transition Point 14.6 Phase Diagram 14.7 Phase Diagram of the Water System 14.8 — Solid-Liquid Phase Transition 14.9 Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide System 14.10 Phase Diagram of Sulphur System 14.11 Two-Component Systems 14. Types of Two-Component Systems Involving Solid-Liquid Equilibria 14.13 Experimental Determination of Phase Diagram of Two Component Systems 14.14 Study of Some Two-Component Systems 14.15 Freezing Mixtures 14.16 Phase Diagram of Magnesium-Zinc System 14.17 Phase Diagram of Ferric Chloride-Water Systems15. 16. 14.18 Phase Diagram of NaySO4 —H 0 System 14.19 Sodium Chloride—Water System 14.20 Phase Diagram of Copper Sulphate-Water System Summary Exercises Short-Answer Questions General Questions Distribution Law 15.1 Nernst Distribution Law—Introduction 15.2 Thermodynamic Derivation of Distribution Law 15.3 _ Modification in Distribution Law in Case of Change in Molecular State 15.4 Applications of Distribution Law 15.5 Studying Chemical Equilibrium Involving Formation of Complex Compounds 15.6 Utility of Distribution Law in the Process of Extraction 15.7 General Formula for Amount of Substance Left Unextracted and Volume of Extracting Liquid used Each Time 15.8 Determination of Degree of Hydrolysis from Distribution Law Summary Key Relations Exercises Short-Answer Questions General Questions Electrochemistry-I 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Electrical Resistance and Electrical Conductance 16.3 Measurement of Electrolytic Conductance, Specific Conductivity, Equivalent Conductivity and Molar Conductivity 16.4 Numerical Problems on Specific, Equivalent and Molar Conductivities 16.5 Effect of Dilution on Specific Conductance and Equivalent Conductance 16.6 Arrhenius Theory of Ionisation 16.7 Ostwald Dilution Law 16.8 —_ Variation of Conductivity with Concentration of Strong Electrolytes (Debye-Huckel-Onsagar Equation) 16.9 “Kohlrausch’s Law 16.10 Anomalous Behaviour of Strong Electrolytes Debye-Huckel Theory 16.11. Migration of Ions and Transport Number 16.12 Hittorf’s Theoretical Device—Change in Concentration 16.13 Transport Number 16.14 Moving Boundary Method for the Determination of Transport Numbers 16.15 Conductometric Titrations Summary Key Relations Exercises Short-Answer Questions