ee fi or * Be Segre ‘Water retaining structure ee | with re: 1. INTRODUCTION i [The intent in the preparation of this handbook for Wate? Retaining Structures is 10 - provide in the briceat posible way the usual basic formulas used in the ‘design at per IS + 3970-1965, Various graph are plotted based on thee formulas, ‘This will not only i Simplify the design procedures but also will enable the structural designer to. a wf ‘umerical computation-ja- the process of design, sae TMe seonomy as well as the steuctural advantages of using Ribbed-Torstee! ig) Water Teuuining Structures, are well-known. In this handbook, permissible strenes for Ribhed i" Torstect “are taken in” accordance. with 1S : 3370 (Part Il)-1965-—-Code of Practice top Concrete Structures in the Storage of Liquids, Amendment I, 1975. : sk 2 . me 7 “+24, Mewbor Subjected to Axial Tension andjor Bei . : pe : Ay Member Subjected to Axial Tenslon Only : vak: "Ror member subjected to digect tension, the tures for the Storage, of Liquids (1S; $370) re ad satisfied : ss LS. Code of Practice for Concrete Struce quirés that the following conditions shall be a, z (2) There shall be sufficient reinforcement to resist all the tensile forces! Assuming that the concrete is uncracked, and concrete Act together to resist the direst force, = thall not exceed the maximum ad, ‘and reinforcement the calculated tensile stress in concrete Permissible tensile stress (t)” given in Table | ‘ cas For niwall subjected fa tension only let.” bys: be the area steel in em'/mmetre tbe the tensile force in. Kgf/metre the thickness of the wall in cm Sas « < Moers| | | ‘Then, from coudition (a) above, T : z (2a) Ast. 1500 ; ’ tnd from condition (b), : T1900 d+ (m—I)A, ¢ ‘ “ESS (2) where, ; : as t=permisible direct. tensile stress in concrete, and jodular ratio Eliminating A, from the’ equation (2.2), we have : dp ‘The minimum thickness. of the member’ obtained fom rauation (2,3) for differen grades of concrete has been tabulated in Table 2.2, ° ‘ ‘ EXAMPLE 2.1 Design. a section to resist a direct tensile fo ree of 20000 Keffmetre, he Use M 206 concrete mix, Solution #6 5 i j y 04 Referring to Table 2.2, thickness required = “1090 5.09 em, say 15,50 cm, 2000 ; ; ‘Area of steel, Aya TET 18.93 cay Provide 10 mm dia, bars @ 11 cm cfc on both faces (14.28 em?) Referring to'Chart 1.1, area of distribution steel ‘ 0.23 A 4 8 So ¥ 190% 15,503.57 emtfnetre sun, : % Frovide 8 mm dis. ban @ 28 mm ce on both Rees (3.58 emt), 2 2.2 Member Subjected to Bending Momeat Only “ For meruber subjected to. bending moment only with the tensile face in consgct with conten cr ember of thicknes less than 225 mm, IS $579 requires. the; following conditions to be satisfied, : ; # (a) Neglecting. the concrete in tension ‘zone, sh all not exceed the value given ia Table’ 2. ‘ot exceed the value given ia Table 2,3, the compressive stress in concrete Vand tensite ses in steel shall 2{b) Assuming the concrete to be uncracked, the tensil? stcess in concrete shall not i ‘exceed the permisible tensile stress in bending (cq) given in Table 2.1 For member of thickness more than 225 mm, the above conditions need not be satisfied for the face away from water and higher permissible stress in steel may be allowed. 2.2.1 Theory t (a) Cracked Section 7 | N a For balanced design. referring to Figure 2,1, dy eT | | i isle i sa: | FIGURE 2.1 — CONCRETE CRACKED IN TENSION | 1 (2.5) ne : s(i+2e) | =e 7 (2,6) 21+ Tea : i fe we) 247) bony (2.7) For strength ‘considerations, taking first moments of areas about the neutral ‘axis (refee Figure 2.1, Aye==0). ‘The depth-of neutral axis is taken ag nd, - (2.8) : Be ; += The motnentiof rebitance may be expressed in terms’ of maximum allowable tenile stress in steel asjBe) 0" 7 ‘ oy p(B 8) pat 2 . eo) eo) 3Where, pap | For vatous concrete mixes and ( o4=1500 Kellen? and 1900 Keffam, Br ny jand p00 have Been computed from savaton (24) t0 (2.7) incisive and given in table 2, 4, {b) Uncracked Section +. 7 ‘ @ ag=0 Referzing fe 2.2 and taking moments of areas about the neutral axis, bord Seb (dn g) 5") + (m1) A, (yn) 2 d, fate a On) ‘ (210) 2-2, (m1) Pde ‘The moment of inertia is given by, oh be oa aah (mA, ng? ee 2 = Le amas (ge )? (m—np ] ba 3 (nn, ‘The moment of resistance of the section may be expressed in terms of the tenuile stress in concrete, i pe : Mm td Mats om Taond (2.12) Substituting (2.11) in (2,12), we get, ale owed Using equations | (2.10) 47 and (2.13), values of |: ba, have been computed for various values of P and og have, been ploited in Charts 2.1, 2.2 and 2,8 {4 for’ diferent mines at conérete. ‘These are indicated By full ines. Figure 2.2 — CONCRETE UNcRAGKED IN TENSION . , EAL iwy 2 ($-L) one we (214) | The term My of the section i given by ¢ 4 i (w—1) *] : (2.5) : . For various values of p, values of ae aye been ‘computed far various” aoncrete. mines and have been plotted in Charts 2.1, 22 and 2.3, ‘These are indicated by the dotted lines on the charity ‘The values‘of S for various values of p fiom strength considerations also, Ihave been plotted using the equations (2.8) and (2.9), These are indicated by the chain and dotted lines on the charts, The-inerease in the moment capacity due to the addition of ompression steel in normal cases (ic, when the design. is - under-reinforced) is negligible ‘Thelines for Ayr=O and A=A,, from strength considerations only are, therefore, the same, It ls obvious that the intersection pointy satisfy’ both the cracked and uncracked conditions ag can be seen in these charts and will result in the most. economical desig “The Values selating to tatersection points for diferent cover ration, x(= +) and diffeey concrete mines are listed in Tables 2,5 and 2.6. : Ifthe tensile stress oeeurs at the face remote from the liquid ina member of thickness "| greatci than 225 mm, the meiber shall be designed for strength. only with the permissible | siteat in steel of 1900 Keffemt : Exumple 2.2 a ad ed "is Design a section to resis a bending moment of 200000 Kgfcm/metre, producing iene | at water face, Use concrete mix M200. { 90, -Ayge=0, from Table 2.5 for’ M200 + : oh = 9089 and 100p=0.246 ie | : ae | Bo yn OUD s | Hess d= Taasesins 2857 om : 0,246 a 1 Fae X 100% 25,576.29 mn 54, provided ==25,57—(2.5-40.5) = 22.57 cm, lesser depth is to be adopted due fo other reasons, say 25 cua, M 200000 - 2 Bat 10025 25720 Kellen" for Maes 20, K=0,90, from Chart 2.1, SRETSX IO Gr : 3 bd of Ay=2.575X 10-9 X 100 X 256.68 em*}metre | Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 11 cm cle (7.14 em’), i 2 : Example 2.3, 0 : - Ds “Design a section to rest @ bending ‘moment of 150000 Ket semjietre, producing. {ensile strain at the water face, Use concrete mix M 200,’ Equal reinforcement iy provided on both the faces. € a Solution : Assuming K=0,85, AgeA,, from Table 2.6 for M 200 concrete, é Pha nooe and 100 p0.265 06 | ee % ee yf 150000 & 8 Shae Hens, = Vf gue 22.00 em. oy 0.265 a metre Ae Tag 22:00 X 1005.09 emimetce » Provide 10 mm dia, bars@ 13.5 om ef¢.00 cach face (5.83 cm*), Example2400 on He Solve Example 2,2, it the tensile face is away from water, Solution“: Pee 0.28, j 200000 N IQ28x 100° 13.95 cm 6 a‘Total depth=13.95-+2.54:0.5216.95: om. z : ‘This depth is less than 22,5 em, section, which yields a depth greater ‘em and design ai uncracked section, Hence, the section has to be desigaed as unceacked. | than 22,5 cm. ‘Therefore, adopt a thickness of 22.5 | 41 22.5—0,5—2.5=19,5 om ee ‘ sof MO 200000 ee ona - ; Ay 1900 j 4)" "1900% 0.89% 19.50 8-07 em'fmetre : Provide 10 mm dia, bary @ 12.8 em ee (6.28 cin’), He $. MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED’ AXIAL TENSION AND BENDING ; MOMENT 7 ress AP ‘ 31 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS." (8) UNCRACKED SECTION ; For membery subjected to axial tension and bending moment, 5 fenile tress is In contact with water or ‘when the: thickness 225 mm, the 1.8, Code requires that the sircwes due to the erm ‘And bending moment shall satisfy the following eonditions-1 Byege, igo : ree pipet “4 4 TN = ealoulated dinect tensile stress in concrete, 1b permisible direct tensile atreis in concrete, = 17, eee: ur *= calculated tenéile stress due to bending in concrete, and x fa = permissible tensile stress due to bendi ng tn concrete =i Ns "Referring ¢9 Figure 2,1 ana equation (2 13) me aeSubstituting the aboye values in equation (8.1) we get, Ma ‘and the depth of section, «iy given by : i) Ag=A, Referring to Figure 2.2 and equation (2.13), Y a T “a ar a > HGEy ode Punting the above values in equation (3.1), }).. ORAGKED SECTION 5. i) ‘When the tenile (ice i sarge: 7 ‘When the temtile force is Jarge, Le. the line of action ofthe foree lies within the elective depul (refer igure $-1), the hortom and top stec will take. tensile forces Ty and Ty, which are given by; ° : :ard gee dee) 41 Ty S—Saeaxt (3.6) i T ee ee dy 4-30, 7 : Rap XT (3.2) Reinforcement has to be Pro- vided to resist the aboye tensile fh b ie ae FiQURE a1 : : LARGE TENSILE FoncE | (When the tensite force is amalt i En ‘When the tensi ative a nd provide A, for moment, (Mics TE and diseet easle “) Boree Ty acting ‘along: the ottora reinforcement, RIQURES.3 SMALL TENSILE FORCE ‘ection wbjecied to. dicect tension Tand moment M caa approxi, Astermined from equation-(3.4) neglecting the contribution of steel, S epthys d given ‘bythe above equation ‘wil be on ‘the high side in’ all the cases: © contribution of atcel, this depth for normal cases may be reduced by about 5 percent.” Having found the ethy thearea of steel can be determined oa strength ‘considerations as given in seation 8.1 (b). 9‘The interaction diagrams between Ee and far lr various values” of dyfd and h ; (w-—1) pare given in Charts 3.1 to 3/4 inclusive,” A. cheek for yncracked coneli- ‘ | Hon should be made using these charts, ») For cracked section ; : ‘ ‘The sevon ts designed bated on the consideration siven in section 3,1 (b).- ‘ bending’ moment of 200000 Ket ‘producing tensile strain-at. water a section to resist @ = emfmetre and a’ direct tensile foree of 10000 Kgf/metre, face, < Use concrete mix M200) “Sobution + Se a ‘The approximate depth of section is ST Aue . 7 T eM 4 f fea +y( z =) ory ee ; ad ; Gare 8 10000 (es 100087 "\2 6x 200000 ¢ ree ITE TTY 2X12x 100 ye VxTOo 51.06 “cm,” | Assume total depth, 0 em, : os er ML 200000 Hence, Hine of action of the equivalent tensile free les outside the effective depth, Effective depth =30~ 3.2) a 2.8 0.527 om (coer Fi : 80000. {10000 fog apd "Taboo Tea + tee est om 10 bECheck for uncracked condition ; | T 10000 | TRE a epg egg—7—— 0.278 : { 200000 ; | 17X10 X30 GG F9-131 (m= ade 2. 12x 8.94 ba 100% ag = O48 : : adi op : ; : Kato teos , © Fram Ghar $4, for the-above values is found thatthe uuneracked condi Hence, provide 10 mm dia, bars @ 8.5 cm ole (9.24 em), thickness of the member is greater than or equal to 22.5 cm, the: stress of Permited in tecl, ‘To allow ths tess, axtone Whiekness of 22,5 cm, W225 2.5—0.5- 19.5 om, Effective depth, M - 200000 “= Too0a- =2 vane 7 The line of action of the cae force les outside the effective depth,“ 10000% 11.75 te | Es F balanced condition) . TOOX 19,58 *809-<10.10 (or ba ision) 10000 x 11.75 4. 10000 Oe sa A900 X OOS X 19.5 1900" 8.83 cm? +Provide 10 mm dia. bars @ 8.5 cm ef (9.24 cm?) ‘ ‘Try a smaller depth, d= 20 ct.” é | Effective depth=20—2,5—~0. : 17 om, 4 Eme—dy+—- 20 174-1013 em M, 10000 x1 MS ; Bae TOO TART = 80ST (for balanced, desig) 7 1090013 L000 cel 1500 0.87 X17," 1500 f 912,53 om? ‘Gheck for uncracked condition, ©.” : Saree Tv 10000 10000 0.41 wa = TeKioo Kao tS 2M 200000 eq bd? 17 X 100 X 20X20 ay Ae wo 1212.59 (9 T= Too x 20 0,078. Kaj =oas. From Chart 9.9, for the above values, it can bg found that the uncracked condition js no satisfied. Hence a minimum depth of 22.5 cm has to be adopted, Example 3.3 SAEs ‘ z Design a section to reat a bending moment of 80000 Kgf-cm/metre. in. addition (o a direct tension of 20000 Kgffmetre,» The - tensile face is in contact with water. | Use concrete mix M 200. : Solution ; 20000 730000 \2 6 x S000 axiaxios +V( aise) teres 27,09 em,” + Assume a°total depth, d=26 om. Effective depth=26—2.5—0.5=23 em‘The line of aetion of the tensile force lies within the effective depth. Mence, steel on both the faces has to be provided. : = Natt “gaara X 20000 23—43— "4 ae RK ag mag % 20000 “ CHART 1-1. — MINIMUM PERCENTAGE OF REINFORCEMENTCHART 24 MEMBER UNDER MOMENT ONLY — CONCRETE Mza0FEA FES | i 7 | tL. i 3 f — S41 oft, ott —| spe GET i et chad Cpten OL 4i thas snaition IT k= eo 4.00 HART 2.9 MEMBER UNDER MOMENT ONLY — CONCRETE M300 19Nh 918 Mos ba 2 CHART 3.1 “INTERACTION DIAGRAM---MEMBER UNDER MOMENT At CUNCRACKED CONDITION) * 019 201,20 a § : \ K=080 RS Pu eS h. caw = par AgtoNs [8 ‘, x foal we | | ‘s ~ j h, N. co XN f i X NS 0 ore toa 1.08 a 108 5 0.95 - >. Lat az os on Be 019) 029 og i oe ud s ‘ We ie Gye CHART 2), INTERACTION DAGRAML—-MEMBER UNDER MOMENT AND TENSION.-UNCRAGKED CONDITION ah :oa? ie "INTERACTION OUGRAM-MEMBER UNDER MOMENT AND TENSION=-UNCRAC hart 3.3,os i NouteN eOMDNA “HOISNAL ey INaAON ann \aRHERwMNOMG HOUND YE LHD : ke