Steven stars

Semester 2
Statistics
↑arrary
2023
A
mutations
#unique
for Counting
Ifyou flipacoin throw a
regular die, how many possible outcomes are there?I

S E(H, 1) (H,2) (H,3) (H,) (H,5) (H 6)

=

(T,1)(T,2)(T,3)(T,u) (T,5)(T6)3

iFilameneinacocramanganeventhnocur(u)
ways, TOGETHER, they canopor (men) wars" - This can be extended indefinite

1=10
1 10 10
x X =
10 10

? 10

GMAI:
Password
55:5 5 5 x x x 7
=

7.62x10

· Doesn'tstartwith zero

Ends with the

only symbol used:(1)
·

m
me use numberfletter overcaseserine, vegetarian rice, vegetarium noodles, chicken woods

Alan, Bobby, Christina, Don, & Elaine go to the canteen.

i) how many different

ways can
they have lunch in the conteen today?

1 5 5,1 =
- + 5
=
5
125
=

from how diff. they have lunch in the contest

ii) If each
person eatsdifferently one another,I can't order same), many ways can today?

D REPETITION
->

IN

z T
x +
=

10 =
5!

Supposed you have each of the numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 written on a card. How many different ways can we arrange all the cards?

Toranzsetofinlaliffiti
10x95857767557535271 =10!
,000
->
 amples
[

!
4: 4535271 29
=

n! =

mx(n 1)X(p 2)x(n 3)x

- - - ...73x2x
letters of the word CAMBRIDGE
is
413!F12!- 4x352x1x35271 174
>
card
placed
=

written on a are in a line.

21.IsITRUSXSSO
CI omay diff. arrangements on theend

⑲! 362,800
=

(ii) how many diff arrangements begin w/ "CAm"?

②is loLaBNT! I AM-m-me =

6:=720
1500
= =
=

(iii) how many diff-arrangements begin with the letters

C,A,M!
GA,T =
3! =

6 -n-/-m---
CAT ATL 3! *6! 4320
=

CTA TCA Arrangement

(iv) How many diff-arrangements are there ifthe letter (A, m
[INITI
ACT TAC
Pertations staynext to each other?
#AMI BRIDGE 3177!
ozo
=

D,A,D 3:
=
= 6

DAR ADD
DRA LAD
AID IDA

#Janvary
2023

!
Arrangements ritems from
Examples:
of
a items

Suppose you
have I cards:A,B, C, D, E, F, Gwritten on

①
Find the number distinct of the letters the word: each card. How many arrangements of30t the Fcards
arrangements(permutations) can be
of of

a) OXFORD made!
I5
E2,E
b) ARGENTINA = +

a)(i 360b) 1 =

90,720
=

Suppose you have 10 cards with each of 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9

2. The digits 3,3, 3, 5,6,6,707 are to be used to make an eight-digit code. How many distinct codes
written each card. How
on
many arrangements a
of cardscan

are there? be made?

%! =

=
1680
Toxa x 5655 151,200 =

0 005 =
 Arrangement ofitems out of items Es) 1.
=

Ts 34
-
= - - -
-

·bitems colocatems-locstooit-oene
nIT

Examplew: ays can 4-digitnumbers greater than 3000 can be formed using the digits: 0, 1, 3, 4, 5 it:

C) 3P 6
Case 1:3--.=4p3 24
3
a) Case 1:3 0
=

a)
=
=

repetition
- -

no 6
4 3p2
=

4p3 24 Case 2:3 =

Case 2:4
= -

= -

- - .

=6
3:4--0 3p2
=
Case
b) repetition digits are allowed. B24+
=

of Case 3:5..-
Case 4:5--0
=
3P2 = 6
manu 72
Case 4
=
5:5. 6 +
=

b) Case 1:3 55555 125

2) these numbers, formedwithout repetitions
-

=
--.=
are allowed 555x5 125
=

Case2:1
=
- .
.

"
&station with conditions
1 When some objects are together
A grows of 7
people consists of4 women & 3 men is arranged at random in a line for photograph.
a Find the number of
arrangements so thata ll 3

men are
standing together w/ women on each side.

ceMeMITWoW
W.

2 When some
objects are separated
Find the number permutations
of all
of
the letters in the word HISTORYin which the letters O &K mustn otbe nextt o one another.

#I->When there areonly

Aethod 2 items separated!
Ifthere is no restriction:7!
2156!
If0 & R together:----
=

are -

0 & R 7!
separated= -
(2!X6)

#23the
method versal method
· H · I ·
So To Yo

517642 3600
=
anvary 2023
*
#binations
of ritems from n items
Acombination is
a SECTION -
ofsome items where the does NOTmatter.
one -

Consider this situation:

There are 4 people (Ann, bob, Chen, and Don) in a doctor's office.

There 2 seats available. How

are
only many ways can two
people be seated.

Up2 12
=

AB LA
- .

red blue AC CB
AD CD

BA DA

BL DB
BD DC

Ifthe doctor is
going to see a patients atthe same time.
How many diff
ways can 2 people see the doctor?

HOR R.N. -

E
=

A&D

B8C If the order doesn't matter, then AB & BAare the same selection.

BOD This is known as the number ofcombinations off itemsfrom Pitems written as PC or
(24)
COD

must
en
2015:2p is 1
20 =

nCr y=F
=
formula
-
Example:
Amanager of a football team has a
squad of 16 members. He needs to choose!!members
to play in a mall.

a) How terms of 11
many possible can be
chosen?

by how many possible teams 11

of can be chosen ifthe oldest player has to be included?

a) 16(x 4368
=

P1---------- = 154
=3003

·natious
condition
Involve sems) = are determineen

① In how many ways can a committee of 5 can be formed from a group of 8 people
consisting of 3 boys, 3 girls and a brother-sister pair if:

i) there are no restrictions in the selection?

825 56
=

ii) the committee must include the brother-sister pair?

BS -
- - 62z 28 =

iii) the committee must include at least one, but not both of the brother-sister pair?
Case 1:B ----
= 6(
15
=

Case 2:S -
-
- -
= 6(y 1+
=

30
iv) Amongst 8 people, one girl refuses to serve in the same committee together with a
particular boy?
Case 1:
6(y 15
G
=

-
- - - =

Case 2:B --- 1

6(n
=

15
=

Cas 3: - . . . -
6
=
#vary
2023
of Items from
↑pations Items n

a) 11(5 462 =

Case 1:3W20
a)
= 200

Case 2: 4W10 6(y752,:75

=

b) 10(y 210
=

Case 3:5WN00:615 +
281

(3W20: 6)x52=200

involving 'Letters' situation

⑤Tombinations
①Find the number actions ofthe
of 3 letters in the word INTRUDEin which: a) F(3 35=

b) P(z 4
(a) there are no restrictions
=

b) all the letters 2) ((2V 4(3) 12

(
=

consonants
=

are

the letters consists ofconsonant & I vowels.

↑pations involving non-distinctobjects

① In how
many ways can we choose I red balls, 3 blue balls & white balls from a bag containing Pred balls, 6 blueballs, & 5white balls itthe balls

are all identical apart from their colours?

I way (because are all identical)

[Common error:12 562355Cy -> If we do this we refer to differentballs.

② Find the number of ways in which 3 letters can be chosen from the word INTRUDER ifthere are no restrictions.

caselroR. z ==6PTis +
⑭Combinations involving grouping

How markwas calopeople

he died into gross ofsize 2, andsee

&combinations
InvolvingFreeChoseseen a

Case 2:Choose 2 items 6

=

15
=

Case 3: Choose 3 items 6C,

=
20
=

Case 1:Choose 1items 6Cy 15

=
=

Case 5: Choose 5items 6/5 6

=
=

Case 6: Choose 6 items 6/6 #

=

63/

b) Peter decides he is
going to have I salad items, and one them will be beetroot.
of

How many different selections can he make?

Beetroot--- 5(n 10
=
↑anuary
2023
Random Variables
#ete
Arandom variable (RV):
Is
* variable whose
a value is subject to variables due to chance (randomness
Conceptually
* does not have a single fixed value, rather it can take on a of
set

possible differentvalues, each w/ associated probability.

Variables

-
↓
Categorical numerical

<1
discrete continuous
-
bmial
distribution
normal distribution
~

Geometric distribution
-

discrete
A random variable takes on discrete values
Cit may be finite / infinite I
whole numbers
C integers)

of discrete random variables (div):

⑭s
① The number of
siblings that students have ③
The drv
*can
is X= the
take values
number ofsiblings
x=0, 1,2,3,...
of
on
theexperimentoftossiearese n
x 0, 1,2,3
=

② The score detained when throw fair die once

you Y=the
a
number oftails obtained.
X the the die.
=

score on
y 0, 1,2,3
=

x= 1,2,3,4,5,6
In general: random variables are denoted by uppercase letters
CX, Y,z,R,...)

Particular values that the variables can take are denoted by the corresponding
lower case letters
( ,y,z,r...)
-

·
The probability that the random variable & takes a
particular value
is written:PCX x)
=

Example: 1. Peter has two fair tetrahedral dice. The faces on each die are labelled 1, 2, 3 ,4.

One die is red and the other is blue.

Peter throws each die once.

The random variable X is the sum of the numbers on which the dice land.
i) Find the probability that the sum is 4
ii) Draw up a probability distribution table for X
iii) Find the probability that the sum is greater than 5
iv) Given that X=6, find the probability that the red die landed on 2.

red
01234
is X the
=

sum
2315
1

P(X 4) = -= PCsumish)

76
I 23156
34567
=

I
u 5678
ii) Probability Distribution Table is a table ofall possible values of the discrete random

variables together w/ their associated Probabilities.

C23UlSIO
ii ) P(X=6) P(+P
=

e +

I
:

55
+ +

=
Landess
2/X=6) dlanded
on

iv) 4 reddie land on

=

4HondBI ED
:

PCA(B) =
=
②Avegetable bashetcontains 12 peppers, of which are
red, 1 are green,& 5 are yellow

39eqpes are taken at random, without replacement from the

basket.

is
The random variable X the number of
green peppers taken.

Draw us a
probability distribution table for

Find 9(752)
1:the no. ofgreen pesters fair

x 0,1,25
P(X=2) P(7 5
=

= =

#11E1E! -> E,1PCT-

=

P(X 0) p (G 'W'G')
28XX8
=

3350 7
= =

9CAD:9 (EG'G'S +PCG'GG' +P(G, G,4)

12x-, +70 + x70 8 x+ * ** **7 221320 3
=

=
=

x x x

PCX=2):p(G/G,G's P(G,G,,H) +

P(G,GG)
+

I0 G
=

(
-

raz
a
-

p(X 3) p(G,Gk)
=

-Exz + E -Es) -
7
T
FIIza Yo
anvary, 2023
2
function, PCD)
probability
⑭
probability distribution a discrete
You can write the of

random variable as a probability function.

Here is an example a
of
probability function

P(X x) =
kx
=
x 1,2,3,4
=

This means that the random variable I can take the

values of1,2,3,4 W/ probabilities:K,2k,3k,4k.

-example:
① In a
probability distribution, the random variable X takes the
value (cw/ probability ex, wheres takes the values 5, 10,
15,20 and 25only

Draw a probability
up
distribution table for X, in terms of
X & find the value K.
of

#pusiccotisolinitiRe
x=5, 10, 15,20,25
②The random variable X has probability function:
Efork 2,3,4,5,6,7
P(X k) / 36
=

&154 fork 8,9,10,11,1

=

Find:a) p(X 3) =

b)p(X<5)
a)p(x 3) 3=50 =
= =

t
=
b) P(x <5) p(x 2) p(x 3) P(x4)
=
=
+
=
+ =

5 5 53
=
+
+

=
A
=

manvary,
2023
& Variance
-ectation
Consider this experiment.
Afair die distribution table
cubical is thrown 120 times. The following frequency shows
the scores.

↓
Score I 23 4 5 6
f 152223 19 23 18

The mean score for the experiment:

hAld 5x25+ d
p,7 (X15 2522 352)
+
+

x
+

3.56
+ =
= =

120

variance: Excrf - = (115+2in 32xc +

+
hiia 522s
120
+
+ 518 )
-
(3.56)
2.64
=
Theoritically, the scores obtained should be:

score 2 "3:45ed
↑
a

Each scores obtained should have 20 because:

a
frequence of

6 x10 20
=

to is theoretically probability of the scores, so the THEORITICAL mean can

be calculated from the probability distribution table.

life/!(2/3/: (5): !
The (78 25t 3x t # 4x6 5x5 646
theoretical
+
+

mean:
+
+

EXPECTATION:Escipi

TheoriticalVariance
[1xx8
=
+ 22x5 +

385 4* - +
+

5x5 6x6 CExpy=

+ -

S
-ommary (experimental) approach
on results in a frequently distribution
table w/ experimental menu
π
table & results in ar
-
theoretical approach
A uses a probability distribution
expected mean

(M E(X))=
Example:
① Natasha plays a
playground game.
She throwsan unbiased tetrahedral die with faces numbered 1,2,3,4.
pay $1. it lands
If the die lands on the face marked I, she has to If
on 3, she wins 30 cents. If it lands on 2004, she wins 50 cents.

a) Find her expected profit in a single throw.

b) If the playground owner changes the rules so thatNatasha has to

pay $1.30 the die

if lands on], what would Natasha's expected

Profitbe? Var (X)

a) X=
Natasha's profit ->x=-$1,500, 500

/$0.300
# E(X) (57 +0.3x4 +0.5
= -

=
$0.075 0.50=

EC=- 1.30x0.357 e
+ 0.57
b),Pzx| p1.ss0 s 0
=

② The probability distribution table ofthe random variable X is shown

in the following table.
The E(x) 6.20
1 1 1 I
M 6.20
084658.6
>
x
=
= -

P(N

a) write down the two equations involving a & b, and hence find
the values a 8b.
of

b) calculate the variance of X.

a) 6.20:2x0.06 1n+6b+8b +10x0.16
+

6.20: 0.12 Un +14b +6 +

7.5b= natMb 0 7.56 u(0.78 2b)

=
- +

1yb
1.56 3.12-0btlb
=

0.06 ta +2b t0.16=1

1.44 60
=

0.70
a+2b
@
=

b 0.27
=

0.3
0.70 -2(0.24)
a = =

a 0.78
= -
2b
oarsson
et M
ECN) "expectation X
of mean
= =

a + 2b + 3c e
Je=Sample
=

Var(X) [1 at"*b + 3Fc] -EG)

=
X

=variance = o2

a =
standard
deviation
-
31 January2023
The Binomial Distribution
The random variable is the number

an
of times the arrow stops on a

white white
WHITESector,

ped give Draw up

a probability distribution table for X
if:

as the spinner is spin 3 times.

X:The no. of times the spinner stops on WHITE.
x
0,1,2,3
=

w
I
10

rEwF-
> I 2 3

P(x )
9020 ort
me
P(white)
=

P(X 0) P(w'w'w1) 355x5 (5)"

=

5 5)= *
=
=
=

P(x 1):P(wN'w') P(W'wWY P(w''w)

+
+
= + 3x
=

P(Xi)= 9(www' P (NW'W) + P(w'wn) +

3x(z) = =
2
=
x =

P(x 3) 9(Wwn) (5) E = =

= =

b) The spinner is spun 6 times.

x=
0, 1,2,3,4,5,6 2) The spinner is spun 28
times.

hs
x0| 23u Find:P(A 5)
=

En (z) =
10
9(TN) P(X5) =

= X oe

PCX=0):9(W'W' W/ W'W'W) =
(5)) =
The example on the previous page has outcomes: -
The spinner stops
on white sector.

-
DOES NOTstopon
If lotofsituations
you notice, there are in a statistical the white sector
which has 2 outcomes:
experiment
desired - I SU C C ES 5
undesired
- > F AI <U R
E

We call this BIN O distribution.

L
M I A
-> the probability distribution which has only two outcomes Success & Failure -

binomial
A distribution of a random variable X
is written:

XnB(n , p)

↳ This reads:"The random variable & follows a

binomial distribution w/ no. of

trials & the of
n
1/
probability
success
p.

X NB(n,p) >
P(X 5) (p)r(1 p)nnCr
= =
- -

x
-

7February 2023
A box
contains a
large number of
pens foreach pen the probability that it
is facity is 0.1. Laura selects opens at random from the box.

What is the minimum value of a for which the probability that she selects at

leastone faulty pen is greater than 0.95?

Method #1:Guess & check

1
XuB (n, 0.1)
P(X) 1) > 0.95
-
0.910 0.3406...
=
0.925 0.0717...
=

1 p(X 0)> 0.95 0.929 =

0.0471
0.95
- =

0.59049...
=

1-0.94> 0.95
0.92 0.1215... 0.920 0.0523
f09r> +0.05
=

!
0.930 0.04239...
=
The minimum value ofn =

Method #2:Use logarith.

0.9"<0.05Xogork
logaP bxlog :

log0.9" <log 0.05 n(28.4

n xlog 0.9 1og 0.05
<

n < 1005
log 0.9
t -
2. A coin is biased so that it is twice as likely to show heads as tails.
i) What the tossed?
is
probability that the coin will show heads when it is

ii) Andy tosses the coin a times. Find the least value of a for which the probability
that the coin shows heads each time is less than 0.01.

is P (heads)
(Tails)
2p
=

=>
=

x+ 2x 1
=

3x 1 =

x =

-B(n,z)

1
ii) X
P(X n) (0.01
=
nxlogELle log? n 12
=

↑n
<0a n
>
11.36

(i) XnB (12,0.48)

P(X 6) 0.48 x0.52*12( 0.223429
=

= =

= 0.223(3 sigfigs.
(ii) X -B (10,0.223)
P(XY2) p (X2) P(X3) .. +P(X10)
= =
+ = + =

1 [P(X0) p(x1)]
+ =
=
= -

=1
- [0.7770+ 0.22370.7779x10C]
=
1 = 0.3104 0.6896 = 0.690
=

(iii) A different sample of20 boxes of eggs is taken.

Find the probabilitythatexactly half contain more

than 10 milkchocolate eggs.

B
x (20,0.00209)
PCX 10) 0.00209" x
= 0.99791"x20(10
=

20841522
=

x -B(12,0.48)

P(X 10) p(X 11) P(X 12)

=
=
= +
=

0.52'x12(11-0.48"
0.48"x
=

= 0.00209
10 February, 2023
Example:
The probabilitythat a student at a particular college is awarded distinction is 0.05.
The students distinction in
number of awarded a a
randomly chosen groupof50 students
is X.

a) Find themean & standard deviation ofX.

b) Find the most value of
likely

=)
a) mean:ECX:UP
=

50x0.05 =
2.5 students. b) P(X 2)
=
0.0510.950x50( 0.2611
=
=

Standard deviation
=

0 (X)
= P(X 3)
= =
0.05X0.9*x50Cs 0.2199
=

The most likely value

i s 2.
of X
P(X=4) 0.05"<0.95*x50Cp
=

0.136

P(X 1) =

0.05 x
=

0.95*x50C 0.202
=

Mary
2023 ,
THE GEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
Consider this situation:
Let's say you have faulty toaster a thatevery time you use the at home such

toaster, there is 20% chancethatyou will get shocked (not lethally but painfully
[You need to eata toast everyday] C) P(X 7) 0.27 =0.00000

↑-
=
=

Let'stry
So, in a period I
of ween, find the probability that: another situation

a) You will notget shocked

You ask
your new maid to use the toaster,

b) You will
get shockmore than twice X -B(7,0.2) Find the Probability that she will
FRSTget shocked
a) day 0.2
You get shockedeveryday.
on her
1)
=
first

b) day 0.250.8 0.16

=

on her second
=

a) P(X=0) =oo-o19(x
c) on her 3rd day

1) P(x2)
-ors-1meant0x0. 0.850.040.2 0.10
+ =
-
=

[0.8 70.250.8x7(1 +0.2" <0.05 7(z] 0.140

=

=1 -
x
=
2)7t=0.8850.2
RULES GEOMETRIC DIST. of

* The repeated trials are independent

The
* trials be infinite in number
repeated can

There
* are justtwo possible outcomes foreach trial-SUCCESS/ FAILURE
The probabilityofsuccess in each trial.
*
p. is constant.

Example:
Suppose that you are looking for a student at your school who lives within 5 km of you. You
have information that 55% of the students at school lives within 5 km of you.

You randomly contact students from school until one says she or he lives within 5km of you.

What is the probability that:

(a) You need to contact four people? 7 nG00(0.55)
(b) The first person is on or before the third call?
(c) The first person is after the third call?

a) 9(7=4) 0.45
=
0.55 0.501=

b/P(X =3) 9(x1 9(X 2) p(X3)

= =
+ +
= =

= 0.55+0.4540.55+ 0.45 70.55 =0.909

C) 9(X >3) 9(X3)

=
=
+

9(X 4) 9(5=5)
=
+

=1
-

[9(71) p(52)]
=
+

=1 -
0.55 + 0.45 5055] = 0.103
THENORMAL DISTRIBUTION
"Whatis the
DISCRETE probability thata person chosen at

Random - random will be late for work

more than 2 days in a week?"

I
Variable

CONTINUOUS "Whatis the probability thata

person
chosen at random will
be late for work more than 15minutes in a week?"

For a continuous random variable, are are more concerned with a RANGE
of values rather than a single value

-we calculate the under the curve.

proportion of the area

We can draw a curved graph over the columns to model the

probability distribution ofa setof continuous data

Cvariable)
->
the curved graph represents a function called:probability density function (pdf). The area under the curve is 1.

THE
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM says:
-the distribution ofsample means for an independentrandom variable will get closer & closer to a
Normal Distribution as the size ofthe sample gets bigger & bigger, even ifthe original population
isn't normal itself.

So, for continuous variables, instead ofan infinite number of distributions (which can have
many different
shapes different areas to calculate) to
keep track on, we can track
keep justone shape:The Normal Distribution
-
on

!
The graph a
of Normal distribution is called
the Normal Curve
(The bell curve)

M mean:median mode
=
The normal distribution has 2
parameters:The mean (M)
& The variance (-2)

So, ifa particular random variable is

normally distributed,
we write:
XIN (M,5%

Example:
The G11semester 1 Math grade:MWN (72, 172
report grade: -

grade:P-N(80,63
PE
-

Minemen
A

Negatively -
snewed

Another Example:
The heights ofmen & women in Japan are
normally distributed.
-
Men:YNN (175,64) 0
-=
dem
=

Women:X 2N (162,35) -= = 6cm

=

Draw two curves of the distribution on the same graph to represent the information.

Probabilitse iti I

Tea, nemes

P(y>100) = ?

P(X(160) =?