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Chapter 4 and 5
Chapter 4 and 5
This chapter presents the results of the antibacterial activity of Manila palm
(distilled water), and the positive control (Ciprofloxacin) against Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus. The presentation of data follows the logical order of the
authentication on May 24, 2023. The plant sample was identified and confirmed by
Dr. Maria Melanie M. Guiang, a Botanist and member of the Pool of Taxonomists at
Central Mindanao University's Museum. The Manila palm (Adonidia merrillii) plant
is classified in Table 1.
Table 1. Classification of Manila palm (Adonidia merrillii) Plant
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta
Class Liliopsida
Subclass Arecidae
Order Arecales
Family Arecaceae
Genus Adonidia
Species Merrillii
The fruit of Adonidia merrillii, which was used as a sample in this study,
initially grows green, then turns orange to red when ripe, and has a small, ovoid
appearance. In the study of Essien et al. (2017), they described Adonidia merrillii fruit
fragile endocarp. Adonidia merrillii fruit is used as a masticatory when ripe but is an
array of phytochemical screening tests and procedures were performed on the fruit's
ethanolic crude extract to detect the presence of common compounds known to have
vegetables, and leaves that have potential applications in medicinal chemistry. Also,
there is mounting evidence that flavonoids have antibacterial activity against both
merrillii) fruit extract using the 75% concentration and 100% concentration.
intermediate and >10mm is susceptible. The results were interpreted as resistant (R),
Table 3.1 Comparison between the zones of inhibition of Adonidia merrilli extract
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Concentration
GROUP
Positive control 28mm 28mm 28mm 28mm Suceptible
(Ciprofloxacin)
Negative control 0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm Resistant
(Distilled Water)
ESCHERICHIA COLI
L GROUP N
Concentration
CONTROL
GROUP
(Ciprofloxacin) m
(Distilled Water)
Table 3.1 shows the comparison between the zones of inhibition of the
experimental group using different concentrations (100% and 75%), a positive control
group (Ciprofloxacin), and a negative control group (distilled water) of the Manila
palm (Adonidia merrillii) fruit’s ethanolic crude extract against Escherichia coli and
replicates utilizing the 75% and 100% concentrations and the negative control
replicates were resistant to the ethanolic crude extract. Only the positive control
average inhibition of 15.67 millimeters, indicating that all replicates were susceptible
to the extract. The three replicates using 100% concentration showed an average
efficacy up to susceptible level. The three replicates utilizing the negative control
resistant to the crude extract, while the positive control showed an average inhibition
From the results of the table, it can be implied that of the two microorganisms,
Table 3.2 Test Statistics of the positive control group and the experimental group
df 2 2 2
Table 3.2 contains the Kruskal-Wallis H test result, and it showed that there
was no statistically significant difference in pain score between the two different
concentrations, namely 100% and 75% concentrations, having both a .368 pain score.
Table 4. shows the efficacy of the antibacterial activity of Manila palm fruit
ESCHERICHIA COLI
GROUP
coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In the zone of inhibition of Escherichia coli, the
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
GROUP
inhibition (0 millimeter), indicating that the replicates were resistant to the ethanolic
crude extract. In contrast, when the zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus was
inhibition of 15.67 millimeters, indicating that all replicates were susceptible to the
extract. In addition, the three replicates using 100% concentration showed an average
activity, being susceptible to the two concentrations (75% and 100%) of the Manila
palm (Adonidia merrillii) fruit's ethanolic crude extract. Between the two
concentrations the 75% showed a higher mean of 15.6mm whereas the the 100%
Concentration P-value
100% .368
75% .358
The table showed the p-value of 100% and 75% which are both .368. This indicates
that both concentration has no significant difference. Which accepts the Hypothesis 1
activity of Manila palm (Adonidia merrillii) fruit extract against the experimental
positive control group, the experimental group, and the negative control group.
Hypothesis Test Summary
Replicate
the experimental group which are the 100% and 75% concentration showed a
significance of .368. While both of the control group which are the positive or
group and control group. As both groups have exceeded the 0.05 significance level.
Which accepts the Hypothesis 2 indicating that there is no significant difference in the
antibacterial activity of Manila palm (Adonidia merrillii) fruit extract against the
According….
Chapter 5
study.
Summary
The main objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of
Manila palm (Adonidia merrillii) fruit extract against Escherichia coli and
following concentrations of the fruit's ethanolic crude extract: 100% and 75%.
The fruit of Manila palm was collected in an area within the vicinity of
organism, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was obtained from Cotabato
subjected to the ethanolic crude extract, and their susceptibility was measured
separately. The amount of crude extract, the number of trials and replicates, and the
time and day when it was subjected to the formulation were all the same for the two
crude extract. The two bacteria were subcultured separately on nutrient agar medium,
and their exposure to different concentrations (100% and 75% ethanolic crude
extract), the positive control (Ciprofloxacin), and the negative control (distilled water)
extract.
at any of the two concentrations of the crude extract. The zones of inhibition based on
15.67 millimeters, indicating that all replicates were susceptible to the extract. The
susceptible level. The two concentrations from all the replicates of Escherichia coli,
resistant to the crude extract. Only the positive control shows antibacterial activity in
all of the replicates. The mean of the susceptible was then computed. In 100% and
75% concentrations, the statistical data utilizing the Kruskal-Wallis H test showed
that there was no statistically significant difference in pain score between the two
different concentrations, namely 100% and 75% concentrations having both a .368
pain score. Since .368 is above 0.50, the null hypothesis is accepted.
Conclusion
From the findings of the study, it can be inferred that from the two
concentrations of the crude extract, the 75% and 100% concentration of Manila palm
(Adonidia merrillii) fruit’s ethanolic crude extract, only the Staphylococcus aureus
Recommendations
suggested:
2. To use the other parts of the Manila palm (Adonidia merrillii), such as the bark,
flowers, leaves, stem, and roots, to create an extract that kills microorganisms
3. Add more trials (up to three trials) and concentrations (such as 25% and 50%) of