SECTION 10.

3 POLAR COORDINATES |||| 647

1
and so we require that 16n兾5 be an even multiple of . This will first occur when
n 苷 5. Therefore we will graph the entire curve if we specify that 0    10.
Switching from  to t, we have the equations

_1 1 x 苷 sin共8t兾5兲 cos t y 苷 sin共8t兾5兲 sin t 0  t  10

and Figure 18 shows the resulting curve. Notice that this rose has 16 loops. M

V EXAMPLE 11 Investigate the family of polar curves given by r 苷 1  c sin . How

_1 does the shape change as c changes? (These curves are called limaçons, after a French
word for snail, because of the shape of the curves for certain values of c.)
FIGURE 18
r=sin(8¨/5) SOLUTION Figure 19 shows computer-drawn graphs for various values of c. For c  1 there
is a loop that decreases in size as c decreases. When c 苷 1 the loop disappears and the
curve becomes the cardioid that we sketched in Example 7. For c between 1 and 12 the
cardioid’s cusp is smoothed out and becomes a “dimple.” When c decreases from 12 to 0,
N In Exercise 55 you are asked to prove analyti- the limaçon is shaped like an oval. This oval becomes more circular as c l 0, and when
cally what we have discovered from the graphs c 苷 0 the curve is just the circle r 苷 1.
in Figure 19.

c=1.7 c=1 c=0.7 c=0.5 c=0.2

c=2.5

c=_2

c=0 c=_0.2 c=_0.5 c=_0.8 c=_1

FIGURE 19 The remaining parts of Figure 19 show that as c becomes negative, the shapes change
Members of the family of in reverse order. In fact, these curves are reflections about the horizontal axis of the corre-
limaçons r=1+c sin ¨ sponding curves with positive c. M

10.3 EXERCISES

1–2 Plot the point whose polar coordinates are given. Then find 4. (a) (s2 , 5兾4) (b) 共1, 5兾2兲 (c) 共2, 7兾6兲
two other pairs of polar coordinates of this point, one with r  0
and one with r  0.
1. (a) 共2, 兾3兲 (b) 共1, 3兾4兲 (c) 共1, 兾2兲 5–6 The Cartesian coordinates of a point are given.
(i) Find polar coordinates 共r,  兲 of the point, where r  0 and
2. (a) 共1, 7兾4兲 (b) 共3, 兾6兲 (c) 共1, 1兲 0    2.
(ii) Find polar coordinates 共r,  兲 of the point, where r  0 and
0    2.
3– 4 Plot the point whose polar coordinates are given. Then find 5. (a) 共2, 2兲 (b) (1, s3 )
the Cartesian coordinates of the point.
6. (a) (3s3 , 3) (b) 共1, 2兲
3. (a) 共1, 兲 (b) (2, 2兾3) (c) 共2, 3兾4兲
648 |||| CHAPTER 10 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND POLAR COORDINATES

7–12 Sketch the region in the plane consisting of points whose 43. r 2 苷 9 sin 2 44. r 2 苷 cos 4
polar coordinates satisfy the given conditions.
45. r 苷 2 cos共3兾2兲 46. r 2 苷 1
7. 1  r  2
47. r 苷 1  2 cos 2 48. r 苷 1  2 cos共兾2兲
8. r
0, 兾3    2兾3
9. 0  r  4, 兾2    兾6 49–50 The figure shows the graph of r as a function of  in Carte-
10. 2  r  5, 3兾4    5兾4 sian coordinates. Use it to sketch the corresponding polar curve.
11. 2  r  3, 5兾3    7兾3 49. 50. r
r
12. r
1,     2 2
2
1
13. Find the distance between the points with polar coordinates 0 π 2π ¨
共2, 兾3兲 and 共4, 2兾3兲. 0 π 2π ¨ _2
14. Find a formula for the distance between the points with polar
coordinates 共r 1,  1 兲 and 共r 2 ,  2 兲.
51. Show that the polar curve r 苷 4  2 sec  (called a conchoid)
15–20 Identify the curve by finding a Cartesian equation for the has the line x 苷 2 as a vertical asymptote by showing that
curve. lim r l  x 苷 2. Use this fact to help sketch the conchoid.
15. r 苷 2 16. r cos  苷 1 52. Show that the curve r 苷 2  csc  (also a conchoid) has the
17. r 苷 3 sin  18. r 苷 2 sin   2 cos 
line y 苷 1 as a horizontal asymptote by showing that
lim r l  y 苷 1. Use this fact to help sketch the conchoid.
19. r 苷 csc  20. r 苷 tan  sec 
53. Show that the curve r 苷 sin  tan  (called a cissoid of
Diocles) has the line x 苷 1 as a vertical asymptote. Show also
21–26 Find a polar equation for the curve represented by the given that the curve lies entirely within the vertical strip 0  x  1.
Cartesian equation. Use these facts to help sketch the cissoid.
21. x 苷 3 22. x 2  y 2 苷 9 54. Sketch the curve 共x 2  y 2 兲3 苷 4x 2 y 2.

23. x 苷 y 2 24. x  y 苷 9 55. (a) In Example 11 the graphs suggest that the limaçon

25. x  y 苷 2cx
2 2
26. xy 苷 4
ⱍ ⱍ
r 苷 1  c sin  has an inner loop when c  1. Prove
that this is true, and find the values of  that correspond to
the inner loop.
27–28 For each of the described curves, decide if the curve would (b) From Figure 19 it appears that the limaçon loses its dimple
be more easily given by a polar equation or a Cartesian equation. when c 苷 12 . Prove this.
Then write an equation for the curve. 56. Match the polar equations with the graphs labeled I–VI. Give
27. (a) A line through the origin that makes an angle of 兾6 with reasons for your choices. (Don’t use a graphing device.)
the positive x-axis (a) r 苷 s , 0    16 (b) r 苷  2, 0    16
(b) A vertical line through the point 共3, 3兲 (c) r 苷 cos共兾3兲 (d) r 苷 1  2 cos 
28. (a) A circle with radius 5 and center 共2, 3兲 (e) r 苷 2  sin 3 (f) r 苷 1  2 sin 3
(b) A circle centered at the origin with radius 4 I II III

29– 48 Sketch the curve with the given polar equation.

29.  苷 兾6 30. r 2  3r  2 苷 0
31. r 苷 sin  32. r 苷 3 cos 
33. r 苷 2共1  sin  兲, 
0 34. r 苷 1  3 cos  IV V VI
35. r 苷 , 
0 36. r 苷 ln , 
1
37. r 苷 4 sin 3 38. r 苷 cos 5
39. r 苷 2 cos 4 40. r 苷 3 cos 6
41. r 苷 1  2 sin  42. r 苷 2  sin 
 SECTION 10.4 AREAS AND LENGTHS IN POLAR COORDINATES |||| 653

Formula 5 gives

L苷 y
0
2
冑 冉 冊
r2
dr
d
2
d 苷 y
0
2
s共1 sin  兲2 cos 2 d

2
苷y s2 2 sin  d
O 0

We could evaluate this integral by multiplying and dividing the integrand by

FIGURE 8 s2  2 sin  , or we could use a computer algebra system. In any event, we find that the
r=1+sin ¨ length of the cardioid is L 苷 8. M

10.4 EXERCISES

1– 4 Find the area of the region that is bounded by the given curve 19. r 苷 3 cos 5 20. r 苷 2 sin 6
and lies in the specified sector.
21. r 苷 1 2 sin  (inner loop)
1. r 苷  2, 0    兾4 2. r 苷 e 兾2,     2
3. r 苷 sin , 兾3    2兾3 4. r 苷 ssin  , 0 22. Find the area enclosed by the loop of the strophoid
r 苷 2 cos   sec .
5– 8 Find the area of the shaded region.
23–28 Find the area of the region that lies inside the first curve
5. 6.
and outside the second curve.
23. r 苷 2 cos , r苷1 24. r 苷 1  sin , r苷1
25. r 苷 8 cos 2,
2
r苷2 26. r 苷 2 sin , r 苷 3 sin 
27. r 苷 3 cos , r 苷 1 cos 
28. r 苷 3 sin , r 苷 2  sin 
r=œ„
¨ r=1+cos ¨
7. 8. 29–34 Find the area of the region that lies inside both curves.
29. r 苷 s3 cos , r 苷 sin 
30. r 苷 1 cos , r 苷 1  cos 
31. r 苷 sin 2, r 苷 cos 2
32. r 苷 3 2 cos , r 苷 3 2 sin 
r=4+3 sin ¨ r=sin 2¨ 33. r 苷 sin 2,
2
r 苷 cos 2
2

34. r 苷 a sin , r 苷 b cos , a  0, b  0

9–14 Sketch the curve and find the area that it encloses.

9. r 苷 3 cos  10. r 苷 3共1 cos  兲 35. Find the area inside the larger loop and outside the smaller loop
11. r 2 苷 4 cos 2 12. r 苷 2  sin  of the limaçon r 苷 12 cos .
36. Find the area between a large loop and the enclosed small loop
13. r 苷 2 cos 3 14. r 苷 2 cos 2
of the curve r 苷 1 2 cos 3.

37– 42 Find all points of intersection of the given curves.

; 15–16 Graph the curve and find the area that it encloses.
37. r 苷 1 sin , r 苷 3 sin 
15. r 苷 1 2 sin 6 16. r 苷 2 sin  3 sin 9
38. r 苷 1  cos , r 苷 1 sin 
17–21 Find the area of the region enclosed by one loop of 39. r 苷 2 sin 2, r 苷1 40. r 苷 cos 3, r 苷 sin 3
the curve.
41. r 苷 sin , r 苷 sin 2 42. r 苷 sin 2,
2
r 2 苷 cos 2
17. r 苷 sin 2 18. r 苷 4 sin 3
 APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES |||| A103

23. 7.5 25. y 苷 x, y 苷 x (c)

y
π
2
O
π
”_1,  2 ’
x
8.5 3 0
1
共1, 3 兾2兲, 共1, 5兾2兲
3. (a) (b)
27. (a) d sin 兾共r  d cos  兲 29. ( 27, 9 ), 共2, 4兲
16 29

31. ab 33. 3  e 35. 2r 2   d 2 π

(1, π) O
37. x12 s1  4t 2 dt ⬇ 3.1678 O
_ 2π
39. x02 s3  2 sin t  2 cos t
dt ⬇ 10.0367 41. 4s2  2 3

43. s10兾3  ln(3  s10 )  s2  ln(1  s2 ) ”2, _ 2π ’

3
45. s2 共e   1兲 8
共1, 0兲 (1, s3 )
(c)

3π
4
O
25 2.5
0
47. e 3  11  e8 21 3π
”_2,  4 ’

(s2, s2 )
5. (a) (i) (2s2, 7兾4) (ii) (2s2, 3兾4)
(b) (i) 共2, 2兾3兲 (ii) 共2, 5兾3兲
7. 9.
π
r=2 ¨= 6
1 21 r=1 O
1
O π
49. 612.3053 51. 6 s2, s2 ¨=_ 2
r=4
55. (a) 15 t 僆 关0, 4兴

11. ¨=
7π
3
15 15
r=3
r=2

O
15
(b) ⬇ 294
57. x01 2 共t 2  1兲e tse 2t 共t  1兲 2共t 2  2t  2兲 dt ⬇ 103.5999 ¨=
5π
3

59.
2
1215  (247 s13  64) 61. 5  a 2
6
63. 59.101 13. 2s3 15. Circle, center O, radius 2
Circle, center (0, 2 ), radius 2
3 3
65.
24
 (949 s26  1) 71.
1 17.
5 4
19. Horizontal line, 1 unit above the x-axis
EXERCISES 10.3 N PAGE 647
21. r 苷 3 sec  23. r 苷 cot  csc  25. r 苷 2c cos 
27. (a)  苷 兾6 (b) x 苷 3
1. (a) π (b)
”2,  3 ’ 29. 31.
π
”1,  2 ’
π
3 O
O
”1, _ 3π ’ _ 3π
4 4 O

π O
¨=_ 6
共2, 7兾3兲, 共2, 4兾3兲 共1, 5兾4兲, 共1, 兾4兲
A104 |||| APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

33. 35. 69. Center 共b兾2, a兾2兲, radius sa 2  b 2兾2

O 71. 2.6 73. 3.5

_3.4 1.8
_3 3

37. ¨=
π 39.
3 π
¨= 8
5 2 _2.6 _2.5

6 1 75. 7

3 4

7 7

41. 43.
5π π
¨= ¨=
6 6

O 7
O
77. By counterclockwise rotation through angle 兾6, 兾3,
or  about the origin
79. (a) A rose with n loops if n is odd and 2n loops if n is even
(b) Number of loops is always 2n
45. 47. ¨=
2π π 81. For 0  a  1, the curve is an oval, which develops a dimple as
3 ¨= 3
a l 1. When a  1, the curve splits into two parts, one of which
has a loop.
(3, π) (3, 0)

EXERCISES 10.4 N PAGE 653

1.  兾10,240 3. 兾12  8 s3 5.  2 
5 1 41
7. 4
9. 4
9
11. 4
49. 51.
2
O
1 O
(2, 0) (6, 0)

O 1

13.  15. 3
3
53. 55. (a) For c  1, the inner loop
begins at  苷 sin 共1兾c兲 and
1
¨= 6
π

ends at  苷   sin1 共1/c兲;

for c  1, it begins at
O 3 3
 苷   sin1 共1兾c兲 and
ends at  苷 2  sin1 共1兾c兲.

57. s3 59.  61. 1 3

63. Horizontal at (3兾s2, 兾4), (3兾s2, 3兾4); 17. 

1
19. 
9
21.   s3 23.   2 s3
3 1 1
8 20 2 3
vertical at 共3, 0兲, 共0, 兾2兲 25. 4 s3  3 
4
27.  29. 24   4 s3
5 1
31. 2   1
1

65. Horizontal at ( 2 , 兾3), 共0, 兲 [the pole], and ( 2 , 5兾3);

3 3
33. 8   4 35. 4 (  3 s3 )
1 1 1

vertical at (2, 0), ( 2 , 2兾3), ( 2 , 4兾3)

1 1
37. ( 32, 兾6), ( 32, 5兾6), and the pole
67. Horizontal at 共3, 兾2兲, 共1, 3兾2兲; vertical at ( 2  2 s3, ),
3 1
39. 共1,  兲 where  苷 兾12, 5兾12, 13兾12, 17兾12
( 32  12 s3,   ) where  苷 sin1 (12  12 s3 ) and 共1,  兲 where  苷 7兾12, 11兾12, 19兾12, 23兾12