626 |||| CHAPTER 10 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND POLAR COORDINATES

SOLUTION We use a graphing device to produce the graphs for the cases a 苷 ⫺2, ⫺1,
⫺0.5, ⫺0.2, 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 shown in Figure 17. Notice that all of these curves (except
the case a 苷 0) have two branches, and both branches approach the vertical asymptote
x 苷 a as x approaches a from the left or right.

a=_2 a=_1 a=_0.5 a=_0.2

a=0 a=0.5 a=1 a=2

FIGURE 17 Members of the family
x=a+cos t, y=a tan t+sin t,
all graphed in the viewing rectangle
关_4, 4兴 by 关_4, 4兴
When a ⬍ ⫺1, both branches are smooth; but when a reaches ⫺1, the right branch
acquires a sharp point, called a cusp. For a between ⫺1 and 0 the cusp turns into a loop,
which becomes larger as a approaches 0. When a 苷 0, both branches come together and
form a circle (see Example 2). For a between 0 and 1, the left branch has a loop, which
shrinks to become a cusp when a 苷 1. For a ⬎ 1, the branches become smooth again,
and as a increases further, they become less curved. Notice that the curves with a posi-
tive are reflections about the y-axis of the corresponding curves with a negative.
These curves are called conchoids of Nicomedes after the ancient Greek scholar
Nicomedes. He called them conchoids because the shape of their outer branches
resembles that of a conch shell or mussel shell. M

10.1 EXERCISES

1– 4 Sketch the curve by using the parametric equations to plot 8. x 苷 1 ⫹ 3t, y 苷 2 ⫺ t2

points. Indicate with an arrow the direction in which the curve is
9. x 苷 st , y苷1⫺t
traced as t increases.
10. x 苷 t ,
2
y 苷 t3
1. x 苷 1 ⫹ st , y 苷 t 2 ⫺ 4 t, 0艋t艋5
2. x 苷 2 cos t, y 苷 t ⫺ cos t, 0 艋 t 艋 2␲
11–18
3. x 苷 5 sin t, y 苷 t , ⫺␲ 艋 t 艋 ␲
2
(a) Eliminate the parameter to find a Cartesian equation of the
⫺t curve.
4. x 苷 e ⫹ t, y 苷 e ⫺ t,
t
⫺2 艋 t 艋 2
(b) Sketch the curve and indicate with an arrow the direction in
which the curve is traced as the parameter increases.
5–10
11. x 苷 sin ␪, y 苷 cos ␪, 0 艋 ␪ 艋 ␲
(a) Sketch the curve by using the parametric equations to plot
points. Indicate with an arrow the direction in which the curve 12. x 苷 4 cos ␪, y 苷 5 sin ␪, ⫺␲兾2 艋 ␪ 艋 ␲兾2
is traced as t increases.
13. x 苷 sin t, y 苷 csc t, 0 ⬍ t ⬍ ␲兾2
(b) Eliminate the parameter to find a Cartesian equation of
the curve. 14. x 苷 e ⫺ 1,
t
y苷e 2t

5. x 苷 3t ⫺ 5 , y 苷 2t ⫹ 1 15. x 苷 e ,
2t
y苷t⫹1
6. x 苷 1 ⫹ t, y 苷 5 ⫺ 2t, ⫺2 艋 t 艋 3 16. x 苷 ln t, y 苷 st , t 艌 1
7. x 苷 t 2 ⫺ 2, y 苷 5 ⫺ 2t, ⫺3 艋 t 艋 4 17. x 苷 sinh t, y 苷 cosh t
 SECTION 10.1 CURVES DEFINED BY PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS |||| 627

18. x 苷 2 cosh t, y 苷 5 sinh t 25–27 Use the graphs of x 苷 f 共t兲 and y 苷 t共t兲 to sketch the
parametric curve x 苷 f 共t兲, y 苷 t共t兲. Indicate with arrows the
direction in which the curve is traced as t increases.
19–22 Describe the motion of a particle with position 共x, y兲 as 25. x y
t varies in the given interval.
1
19. x 苷 3 ⫹ 2 cos t, y 苷 1 ⫹ 2 sin t, ␲兾2 艋 t 艋 3␲兾2
1 t 1 t
20. x 苷 2 sin t, y 苷 4 ⫹ cos t, 0 艋 t 艋 3␲兾2
_1
21. x 苷 5 sin t, y 苷 2 cos t, ⫺␲ 艋 t 艋 5␲
26. x y
22. x 苷 sin t, y 苷 cos2 t, ⫺2␲ 艋 t 艋 2␲ 1
1

1 t 1 t
23. Suppose a curve is given by the parametric equations x 苷 f 共t兲,
y 苷 t共t兲, where the range of f is 关1, 4兴 and the range of t is
关2 , 3兴. What can you say about the curve?
27. x y
24. Match the graphs of the parametric equations x 苷 f 共t兲 and 1 1
y 苷 t共t兲 in (a)–(d) with the parametric curves labeled I–IV.
Give reasons for your choices. 1
t 1 t
(a) I
x y y
2
2 1

28. Match the parametric equations with the graphs labeled I-VI.
1
1 t 2 x Give reasons for your choices. (Do not use a graphing
device.)
(a) x 苷 t 4 ⫺ t ⫹ 1, y 苷 t 2
1 t
(b) x 苷 t 2 ⫺ 2t, y 苷 st
(b) II (c) x 苷 sin 2t, y 苷 sin共t ⫹ sin 2t兲
x y y (d) x 苷 cos 5t, y 苷 sin 2t
2 2 2 (e) x 苷 t ⫹ sin 4t, y 苷 t 2 ⫹ cos 3t
sin 2t cos 2t
(f) x 苷 , y苷
4 ⫹ t2 4 ⫹ t2
1t 1t 2 x I II III
y y y

(c) III
x y y x
2 x
2 1

2 t 2 t 1 2 x IV V VI
y y y

(d) IV
x
x y y
2 2
2
x x

; 29. Graph the curve x 苷 y ⫺ 3y ⫹ y .

3 5
2 t 2 t

; 30. Graph the curves y 苷 x and x 苷 y共 y ⫺ 1兲 and find their

5 2

2 x points of intersection correct to one decimal place.

628 |||| CHAPTER 10 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND POLAR COORDINATES

31. (a) Show that the parametric equations
x 苷 x 1 ⫹ 共x 2 ⫺ x 1 兲t y 苷 y1 ⫹ 共 y 2 ⫺ y1 兲t
where 0 艋 t 艋 1, describe the line segment that joins the
points P1共x 1, y1 兲 and P2共x 2 , y 2 兲.
(b) Find parametric equations to represent the line segment
from 共⫺2, 7兲 to 共3, ⫺1兲.
41. If a and b are fixed numbers, find parametric equations for
the curve that consists of all possible positions of the point P
in the figure, using the angle ␪ as the parameter. Then elimi-
nate the parameter and identify the curve.
y

; 32. Use a graphing device and the result of Exercise 31(a) to a

draw the triangle with vertices A 共1, 1兲, B 共4, 2兲, and C 共1, 5兲. b P
¨
33. Find parametric equations for the path of a particle that O x
moves along the circle x 2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ 1兲2 苷 4 in the manner
described.
(a) Once around clockwise, starting at 共2, 1兲
(b) Three times around counterclockwise, starting at 共2, 1兲
(c) Halfway around counterclockwise, starting at 共0, 3兲

; 34. (a) Find parametric equations for the ellipse 42. If a and b are fixed numbers, find parametric equations for
x 2兾a 2 ⫹ y 2兾b 2 苷 1. [Hint: Modify the equations of the curve that consists of all possible positions of the point P
the circle in Example 2.] in the figure, using the angle ␪ as the parameter. The line seg-
(b) Use these parametric equations to graph the ellipse when ment AB is tangent to the larger circle.
a 苷 3 and b 苷 1, 2, 4, and 8. y
(c) How does the shape of the ellipse change as b varies?
A
; 35–36 Use a graphing calculator or computer to reproduce the
picture. a P
b
35. y 36. y ¨
O B x

2 4
2

0 2 x 0 3 8 x

43. A curve, called a witch of Maria Agnesi, consists of all pos-

sible positions of the point P in the figure. Show that para-
37–38 Compare the curves represented by the parametric equa- metric equations for this curve can be written as
tions. How do they differ?
x 苷 2a cot ␪ y 苷 2a sin 2␪
37. (a) x 苷 t 3, y 苷 t2 (b) x 苷 t 6, y 苷 t4 Sketch the curve.
(c) x 苷 e⫺3t, y 苷 e⫺2t
y
38. (a) x 苷 t, y 苷 t ⫺2 (b) x 苷 cos t, y 苷 sec2 t y=2a C
(c) x 苷 e , y 苷 e⫺2t
t

A P
39. Derive Equations 1 for the case ␲兾2 ⬍ ␪ ⬍ ␲. a
40. Let P be a point at a distance d from the center of a circle of
radius r. The curve traced out by P as the circle rolls along a
straight line is called a trochoid. (Think of the motion of a ¨
point on a spoke of a bicycle wheel.) The cycloid is the spe- O x
cial case of a trochoid with d 苷 r. Using the same parameter
␪ as for the cycloid and, assuming the line is the x-axis and 44. (a) Find parametric equations for the set of all points P as
␪ 苷 0 when P is at one of its lowest points, show that
parametric equations of the trochoid are
ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
shown in the figure such that OP 苷 AB . (This curve
is called the cissoid of Diocles after the Greek scholar
x 苷 r ␪ ⫺ d sin ␪ y 苷 r ⫺ d cos ␪ Diocles, who introduced the cissoid as a graphical method
for constructing the edge of a cube whose volume is twice
Sketch the trochoid for the cases d ⬍ r and d ⬎ r. that of a given cube.)
 APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES |||| A101

5. Species 2 2000
15. (a) P共t兲 苷 ; ⬇560 (b) t 苷 10 ln 572 ⬇ 33.5
200 t=2 1  19e0.1t
150
17. (a) L共t兲 苷 L  关L  L共0兲兴ekt (b) L共t兲 苷 53  43e0.2t
t=3
19. 15 days 21. k ln h  h 苷 共R兾V 兲t  C
100 t=1
t=4 23. (a) Stabilizes at 200,000
50 (b) (i) x 苷 0, y 苷 0: Zero populations
t=0, 5 (ii) x 苷 200,000, y 苷 0: In the absence of birds, the insect
0 50 100 150 200 250 Species 1
population is always 200,000.
(iii) x 苷 25,000, y 苷 175: Both populations are stable.
9. (a) Population stabilizes at 5000. (c) The populations stabilize at 25,000 insects and 175 birds.
(b) (i) W 苷 0, R 苷 0: Zero populations (d) x (insects) (birds) y
(ii) W 苷 0, R 苷 5000: In the absence of wolves, the rabbit 45,000 250
population is always 5000. 35,000 birds 200

(iii) W 苷 64, R 苷 1000: Both populations are stable. 25,000 150

insects 100
(c) The populations stabilize at 1000 rabbits and 64 wolves. 15,000
50
5,000
(d) R W
0 t
80
1500 W
60 25. (a) y 苷 共1兾k兲 cosh kx  a  1兾k or
1000
R 40 y 苷 共1兾k兲 cosh kx  共1兾k兲 cosh kb  h (b) 共2兾k兲 sinh kb
500 20

0 t PROBLEMS PLUS N PAGE 618

1. f 共x兲 苷 10e x
5. y 苷 x 1兾n 7. 20 C

CHAPTER 9 REVIEW N PAGE 615

9. (b) f 共x兲 苷
x L
2

4L
 12 L ln
x
L
2

冉冊 (c) No
True-False Quiz
11. (a) 9.8 h (b) 31,900 ⬇ 100,000 ft 2; 6283 ft 2兾h
1. True 3. False 5. True 7. True (c) 5.1 h
13. x 2  共 y  6兲2 苷 25
Exercises
1. (a) y (b) 0  c  4;
6
y 苷 0, y 苷 2, y 苷 4
CHAPTER 10
(iv) 4
(iii) EXERCISES 10.1 N PAGE 626
2
1. y 3. y
t=5 t=π {0, π@}
(ii) 5, 5}
{1+œ„
(i) 0 1 t

t=0 t=4 5
(1, 0) (3, 0)
x
3. (a) y y共0.3兲 ⬇ 0.8
3
t=0 (0, 0) 5 x
2

1
5. (a) y (b) y 苷 23 x  133
_3 _2 _1 0 1 2 3x (_2, 3) (1, 5)
t=1 t=2
(b) 0.75676 (_5, 1)
t=0
(c) y 苷 x and y 苷 x; there is a local maximum or minimum
5. y 苷 (2 x 2  C) esin x 7. y 苷 sln共x 2  2x 3兾2  C兲
1
0 x
2
(_8, _1)
9. r共t兲 苷 5e tt 11. y 苷 2 x 共ln x兲2  2x 13. x 苷 C  2 y 2
1 1
t=_1
A102 |||| APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

7. (a) y (b) x 苷 4 共 y  5兲2  2,

1 31. (b) x 苷 2  5t, y 苷 7  8t, 0  t  1
(7 , 11) 3  y  11 33. (a) x 苷 2 cos t, y 苷 1  2 sin t, 0  t  2
t=_3 (b) x 苷 2 cos t, y 苷 1  2 sin t, 0  t  6
(c) x 苷 2 cos t, y 苷 1  2 sin t, 兾2  t  3兾2
(_2, 5)
t=0
37. The curve y 苷 x 2兾3 is generated in (a). In (b), only the portion
with x  0 is generated, and in (c) we get only the portion with
x x  0.
1
”4 4 , 0’
5
t=2 (14, _3) 41. x 苷 a cos , y 苷 b sin  ; 共x 2兾a 2 兲  共 y 2兾b 2 兲 苷 1, ellipse
t=4
43. y
9. (a) y (b) y 苷 1  x 2, x  0 2a
(0, 1) t=0

(1, 0) t=1
0 x O x

45. (a) Two points of intersection

4
(2, _3) t=4

11. (a) x 2  y 2 苷 1, x  0 13. (a) y 苷 1兾x, y  1 6 6

(b) y (b)
(0, 1) y

4

(b) One collision point at 共3, 0兲 when t 苷 3兾2

0 x (1, 1)
(c) There are still two intersection points, but no collision point.
0 x 47. For c 苷 0, there is a cusp; for c  0, there is a loop whose size
(0, _1) increases as c increases.
3 1
15. (a) y 苷 2 ln x  1 17. (a) y 2  x 2 苷 1, y  1
1
1
_1 2
1
(b) y (b) y
0
0 1.5 0 1.5
1

0 1 x 1
_3 _1
0 x
49. As n increases, the number of oscillations increases;
19. Moves counterclockwise along the circle a and b determine the width and height.
共x  3兲2  共 y  1兲2 苷 4 from 共3, 3兲 to 共3, 1兲
21. Moves 3 times clockwise around the ellipse
共x 2兾25兲  共 y 2兾4兲 苷 1, starting and ending at 共0, 2兲 EXERCISES 10.2 N PAGE 636
23. It is contained in the rectangle described by 1  x  4 2t  1
and 2  y  3. 1. 3. y 苷 x
t cos t  sin t
25. y 27. y 5. y 苷 共2兾e兲x  3 7. y 苷 2x  1
1
t= 2
9. y 苷 6 x
1 1
20
(0, 1) t=1

(_1, 0) x t=0 x
1
t=0 (0, _1) t=_1

_10 10
_2

29. 3
11. 1  2 t, 3兾共4t兲, t  0
3

13. et, et兾共1  e t 兲, t  0

15. 2 tan t, 4 sec 3 t, 兾2  t  3兾2
3 3

3 3
17. Horizontal at 共6, 16兲, vertical at 共10, 0兲
19. Horizontal at (s2 , 1) (four points), vertical at 共2, 0兲
1兾5
3 21. 共0.6, 2兲; (5 ⴢ 6 6兾5, e 6 )