A Review On Experimental Investigations and Geotechnical Characteristic of Peat Soil Stabilization

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering Innovation
e-ISSN: 2682-8499 | Vol. 5, No. 1, 1-19, 2023

http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijarei
A Review on Experimental Investigations and Geotechnical

Characteristic of Peat Soil Stabilization
Nur Aqilah Saida1, Alistair Dylan George1, Habib Musa Mohamad1*
1
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: habibmusa@ums.edu.my
Accepted: 15 February 2023 | Published: 1 March 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55057/ijarei.2023.5.1.1
___________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Peat soil is an organic soil which consist more of that 70% of organic matters and
can be recognize from their color and texture. Peat bogs are an important ecosystem that
contributes significantly to global climate stability. Peat from Malaysia is tropical peat. This
peat has distinct features that distinguish it from other types of peat. This soil is normally dark
reddish-brown to black and made up of partially decomposed leaves, branches, twigs, and tree
trunks with a low mineral content in its natural state. Various of experimental and study has
been conducted to improve and stabilize of peat soil due to compressibility and geotechnical
characteristics of peat. Peat also is an inadequate soil for sustaining foundations in its natural
condition due to its high moisture content (>100%), high compressibility (0.9-1.5), and poor
shear strength (5-20 kPa). Thus, injection method of Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP) will be
used to increase the stabilization of peat soil. The study of index properties such as von Post
scale, natural moisture content, liquid limit, bulk unit weight, specific gravity, initial void ratio,
pH value, linear shrinkage, plastic limit, fiber content, ash content and organic content and
composition compressibility of peat soil will be conducted; present of compressibility of peat
soil with Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP). A comprehensive laboratory work will be carried out
to study the compressive parameters of hemic peat stabilized with various quantities of Eco-
Processed Pozzolan (EPP) which they were subjected to Rowe Cell Consolidation test between
disturbed and undisturbed samples. From this research, the relationship between peat soil and
Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP) will be determined whether usage of EPP may can increase a
stabilization of peat soil and be a ‘binder’ element in peat soil.
Keywords: Eco-Processed Pozzalan (EPP), Peat Soil

__________________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
The growth of development is rapidly increasing throughout the year worldwide. In Malaysia
peat soil approximately covers 2.76 million hectares of which 796,782 hectares are in
Peninsular Malaysia (Adnan & Habib Musa, 2016), 200,600 hectares in Sabah (Sa’don et al.,
2016) and 1,765,547 hectares in Sarawak (Jarret, 1995). Thus, in Sabah tropical peat differs
from temperate peat due to differences in climate and the plant species that decomposed to
form the peat layer. Moreover, peat soil considered as problematic soil because have very low
capability in agriculture development (Hobbs, 1986). Peat soil also not suitable for any
construction such as highway, building or any construction due to its physical and chemical
properties. Peat is the surface organic layer of soil that is made up of partially decomposed
organic matter, mostly from plant material, that has accumulated due to waterlogging, oxygen
deficiency, high acidity, and nutrient deficiency. Peat is a brownish-black substance formed by
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e-ISSN: 2682-8499 | Vol. 5, No. 1, 1-19, 2023
decomposed organic matter that has accumulated over thousands of years in the absence of
oxygen and under waterlogged conditions. These aid in its formation. Peat is soil that contains
at least 65 percent organic matter, according to the strict definition. Tropical peatlands can be
found all over the world, but they are most commonly found in river valleys and estuaries. Peat
swamps are found in a few places in Africa and parts of Central America, but South-East Asia
contains more than 60% of the world's tropical peatlands. The largest of these are the peat
swamp forests on the islands of Borneo (which belong to Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei
Darussalam) (Leete, 2006). The total area of peat soil in Malaysia is about 2.6 million hectares
(26,000 km2), of which about 13 % are in the peninsular Malaysia, over 80 % in Sarawak, and
about 5 % in Sabah (Huat et al., 1996).
The typical situation is the formation of peat mounds between two rivers. Rivers have natural
dams in their floodplain stage, as the dyke moved away from the river, a slender alluvial layer
was left, which there were Submerged by river water. On these mineral soils, freshwater swamp
forests are formed. flood Along the edge of the river gradually decreases as you move away
from the river, Preventing the development of peat. This separates the "soil-derived" peat that
receives nutrient input from river water, from "heterogeneous" peat or swamp, they only accept
water input in the form of water rainfall. The result is a dome-shaped peat zone formed between
the two rivers. Among the relatively young domes, there is a very limited central swamp plain,
but in the older swamp plain, the swamp plain is vast. Figures 1a and 1b shows the Sabah soil
deposits. Peat abundantly found in Sapi, Sandakan and Klias, Beaufort in Sabah.
Peat soil is found in deep layers in some regions, has a low shear strength, and has a high
compressive deformation, making construction work on the deposit extremely challenging. In
its natural form, peat soil is unsuitable for sustaining foundations. In Peninsular Malaysia, a
test was carried out on peatland (Wong et al., 2009). The water retention capacity of this peat
was discovered to be quite high, and the soil was categorized as H4 by the Von Post
classification system. Organic soil and peat soil are not suitable for building foundations due
to their different mineral composition and structure. The difference between organic soil and
peat soil is that the range of organic matter content in organic soil is different, while the organic
matter content in peat soil exceeds "75%" (Duraisamy et al., 2007). Peat is one of the
problematic or challenging foundation soil of poor quality due to its very high amount of water
content, high compressibility, and low shear strength. Peat is made up of decomposed plant
fragments, and the unfavorable characteristics of peat soil deposits make them unsuitable for
developing long-term infrastructure for a variety of engineering projects. Peat is considered
unsuitable soil for supporting foundations in its natural state. Peat soil is used in agriculture
and is an excellent soil type for growing vegetables and fruits. However, using it as a foundation
or base for construction is a different story because its properties have changed as a result of
its carbon compounds and high void spaces, and it cannot carry large loads. The challenges
faced by engineers in peat road construction include the outcome of limited accessibility and
stability issues (Zainorabidin & Bakar, 2003). Many engineers have encountered problems
during to do construction on a peat soil deposit.
There are several consolidation testing techniques and ground improvement are used in this
area. The conventional techniques like 1-D Oedometer consolidation system. Sometimes,
certain studies need conducted by using advanced consolidation system and not appropriate in
some situation to improve the stabilization of soil. Therefore, it very important to find another
solution to improve the stabilization and strength for this problematic soil due to development
are very limited. Another convenience method was by using Rowe cell instead of conventional
method because by using Rowe Cell can overcome most of the disadvantages of the
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conventional oedometer apparatus when performing consolidation tests (Duraisamy et al.,

2007). Throughout the year, the addition of consolidation system was adopted in researchers
which is consolidation of peat soil can be predicted by using Rowe cell where pore water
pressure, soil saturation, and back pressure can be measured. Moreover, the analysis between
conventional method and Rowe has shown that Rowe cell can predict a settlement in
consolidation in field is more accurately (Zhafirah et al., 2019).
The significant is towards the research purpose itself, which is provide the information about
the geotechnical characteristic and consolidation behavior to the composition of peat soil.
Stabilization of peat soil are quite important in construction era due to demanding of
development was sudden increase and construction on problematic soil the settlements often
appear quickly for very time period due to secondary compression. Moreover, in this research
were used of Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP) very important since the resources from palm oil
refinery and sustainable product research to get understanding the alteration of mineral and
chemical to soil. Therefore, the results are very important behavior is accurate by using Rowe
cell instead of conventional testing and relationship between peat soil with EPP.
Peat soil can be classified into several of type classification. Generally, physical, chemical and
physio-chemical properties of peat such as texture, organic content, minerals content, pH,
color, water content and degree of decomposition that could serves as a basis for its
classification. Moreover, peat soil can be classified into several factors such as fiber content,
organic content, fiber decomposition and the vegetation forming the organic content.
There are several unique physical properties of peat which should be taken into account when
discussing it. Hobbs (1986) has stated that the physical characteristic such as color, degree of
humification, water content and organic contents should be included in a full description of
peat. Moreover, physical properties of any soil are dependent to a large degree on porosity and
pore-size distribution. In addition, peat also considered as unsuitable for supporting
foundations and serious problems in construction industry due to its long-term consolidation
settlements. According to previous research, the water content of pet in West Malaysia ranges
from 200 to 700% and unit weight of peat is typically lower compared to inorganic soil (Huat,
2004). The organic content in the range of 50 to 95% and the liquid limit was in the range of
200 to 500%.
Thus, this paper aimed to is provided the information about the geotechnical characteristic and
consolidation behaviour to the composition of peat soil for stabilization. Stabilization of peat
soil are quite important in construction era due to demanding of development was sudden
increase and construction on problematic soil the settlements often appear quickly for very time
period due to secondary compression. Moreover, usage of Eco-Processed Pozzolan in this
research are very important since the product was from palm oil refinery and sustainable
product. Furthermore, Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP) can preserves natural resources, reduce
waste and can improve thermal property. Besides, is able to get a clear understanding to the
alteration of mineral and chemical to the soil. The results are very important to make sure the
characteristic, behaviour is accurate by using Rowe cell instead of conventional testing, and
relationship between peat soil with EPP.
Moreover, injection method was applied to mix between peat soil and Eco-Processed Pozzalan.
Injection method is process of filling joint in pore spaces in soil with a grout without disturbing
the formation where these techniques generally used to reduce ground permeability and control
ground water flow, but it also can be used to strengthen and stiffen the ground (Winterkorn et
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al., 1991). Furthermore, that method will increase the strength of peat soil for long term
especially for binder used like cement and Eco-Processed Pozzalan (EPP). Therefore, by this
research will know that injection method also can be applied for stabilization of peat soil.
(a) Sandakan peat deposit
(b)
Beaufort peat deposit
Figure 1: Sabah peat deposit by Panagos et al. (2011)
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1.1. Peat Soil

Peat soil is an organic soil which consist more of that 70% of organic matters and can be
recognized from their color and texture, whereas in geotechnical engineering, all soil with
organic content greater than 20% are considered organic soil. Besides, peat can be defined
“generally unconsolidated organic material consisting largely of organic residues of incomplete
decomposition of dead plant constituents under condition of excessive moisture” (Ali
Hauashdh et al., 2020). According to Bujang (2009), the term “peat” refers to soil where have
higher organic soil where it has a dark brown to black colour, spongy consistency and an
organic odor. Moreover, in temperate region like Canada, USA and Europe, peat also known
as bogs and fens where usually bogs are covered with live moss while decomposed peat
sometimes called muck. Peat was defined as a soil that has low bearing capacity and apparently
influenced by water table and present of subsurface woody debris (Andriesse, 1988).
In addition, “peat” has been described as ‘histosol’ and soil that content at least 65% of organic
matter or, conversely, less than 35% mineral content (Moore, 1989). The classification of peat
according to ASTM D4427-92 are shown in Table 1. According to the Malaysian Soil
Classification System for Engineering Purposes and Field Identification, adapted from the
Guideline for Engineering Geological Investigation in Peat and Soft Soils, soil that have
organic content from 3% to 20% classified as slightly organic soil, soil organic content in range
20-75% known as organic soil while soil that has organic content more than 75% are classified
as peat soil (Mesri et al., 2007).
Table 1: ASTM D4427-92 Organic Content by A.S.T.M (1992)

Basic Soil Type Description Organic Content (%)
Clay or silt or sand 2-20
Organic Soil Slightly Organic 25-75
Peat >75
Organic material is formed by biochemical processes, whereas the process of organic material
accumulation is mainly a direct function of environmental conditions, the climate, and the
ecosystem such as peat, swamps, bogs, or mires in which the peat is formed. Leete (2006)
briefly summarize, the formation of peat is relatively with biochemical process carried on the
influence of aerobic micro-organisms in the surface layers of the deposit during period of low
subsoil water (Andriesse, 1988). Peat also formed primarily from decaying organic substrates
and the biomass of decomposer communities consuming them. Vegetation facilities peat
accumulation by adding organic substrates (litter), both onto the peat surface and into the peat
in rooting zone. Thus, peat processes and properties interact closely and dynamically with the
vegetation (Kolay & Pui, 2010)
Generally, peat soil is grouped into two categories: amorphous peat soil and fibrous peat soil.
Amorphous peat is the peat with has less than 20% of fibres content while fibrous peat has
more than 20% of fibres content (Yulindasari et al., 2017). According to Aminur Kolay and
Taib (2009), peat soil contains a vegetable fibre which is improves water-airily condition of
soil, sourness which activates the growth of plants and element of mineral nourishments, such
as nitrogen, potassium, phosphor, calcium, iron, magnesium, and other microelements.
Moreover, peat soil also formed when the ground water table is very high and can only be
cultivated when there are drained first. Based on Radforth (1969) peat can be divided into three
types in term of engineering. First, amorphous which also known as granular peat where has
high colloidal mineral and seem to be like clay in grain structure while the other two types are
fine-fibrous and coarse-fibrous which hold the inter spaces water in the peat mass. Particularly,
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peat was consisting of fibrous with small of degree of humification and have extraordinary
properties (Van Der Heijden, 1994). Basically, peat was made from plants remains like leaves
and stem whereas produce with incomplete decomposition a disintegration of sedges, trees,
mosses, and other plants that growing in wet place and marshes in the condition of lack oxygen.
Thus, colour of peat usually is dark brown or black and with a distinctive odour (Vijayakumar
& Karthikeyan, 2014).
The organic components of peat can be categorized into four groups. First, a natural compound
that found in peat which can be extracted by organic solvents. Second, group includes water-
soluble matter whereas easily hydrolysed matter and cellulose and existence of water-soluble
which was decrease with the increment of decomposition degree of plant. Next, humus group
which includes humic acid and fulvic acid. Lastly, a group that kind of mixture including lignin,
lignin-like matter, cutin, suberin and others whereas this mixture does not hydrolyse in water
(Jarret, 1995). Based on Kolay et al. (2011), organic matter inside of peat soil will have
differences in its physical properties during the living organic matter transformation. During
peat transformation process, the degree of decomposition, specific gravity and compaction was
increased while the moisture content is decreased. Thus, the colour of peat also changed.
Peat soil is included in soil classification systems under name such as ‘peat soil’, ‘muck soil’,
‘bog soil’, and ‘organic soil’, ‘moors’, ‘muskegs’, ‘mires’, tropical swamp forest’ and ‘fen’
(Zainorabidin & Wijeyesekera, 2007). In tropical peats like Malaysia, peat usually consists of
sediment from woody remains like roots, branches, and tree trunks. Generally, colour peat soil
in Malaysia is dark reddish brown to black (Zainorabidin & Wijeyesekera, 2007). Besides,
Jamil et al. (1989) have stated that peat soil with depth of <1.0, 1.0-1.5, 1.5-3.0 and >3.0m was
classified as shallow, moderate, deep and very deep peat while soil fabric, characterized by
organic coarse particles whereas holds a considerable amount of water. According to the
American society for testing and material (ASTM) standard (ASTM, 2013) has classified peat
soil into three categorized as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Class of peat in ASTM according to fiber content, ash content and acidity
Classification of peat based on ASTM standard
Fiber Content (ASTM D1997) Fibric: Peat with greater than 67% fibres
Hemic: Peat with between 33% and 67% fibres
Sapric: Peat with less than 33% fibers
Ash Content (ASTM D2974) Low ash: Peat with less than 5% ash
Medium ash: Peat with between 5% and 15% ash
High ash: Peat with more than 15% ash
Acidity (ASTM D2976) High acidic: Peat with a pH less than 4.5
Moderate acidic: Peat with a pH between 4.5 and 5.5
Slightly acidic: Peat with a pH greater than 5.5 and
less than 7
Basic: Peat with a pH equal or greater than 7
1.2. Index Properties

There are several unique physical properties of peat which should be considered when
discussing it. (Hobbs, 1986) has stated that the physical characteristic such as colour, degree
of humification, water content and organic contents should be included in a full description of
peat. Moreover, physical properties of any soil are dependent to a large degree on porosity and
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pore-size distribution. In peat materials, both particle size and structure and the resulting
porosity are controlled primarily by degree of decomposition. By increasing decomposition,
the size of organic particles decreasing, resulting in smaller pores and more dry material per
unit volume (O’Kelly, 2015). According to Radforth (1969), studied several characteristics and
concluded that volume weight (bulk density) could be used as basis for estimated the degree of
decomposition of peats. Generally, physical properties of peat soil which was collected from
peat layer was determined by performing moisture content, fiber content, organic content, ash
content, bulk density, linear shrinkage, liquid limit, pH, specific gravity. Based on Soper and
Osbon (1922) have stated that in geotechnical term peat soil known as a problematic soil due
its physical properties due to peat soil has very high moisture content, high fiber content, low
permeability, and low shear strength.
Table 3: Chemical and physical properties of Peat Soil
Chemical Properties Physical Properties
Composition (organic compound) Moisture relationships (water retention; available
Acidity (pH) water content; hydraulic conductivity; water holding
capacity)
Exchange characteristic (cation exchange capacity; Bulk density (non-specific; specific)
exchangeable cations)
Organic Carbon Porosity
Nitrogen; phosphorus; Sulphur; Trace elements Texture (loss on ignition)
Free lime (CaCo3) Irreversible drying
Swelling and shrink
In addition, peat also considered as unsuitable for supporting foundations and serious problems
in construction industry due to its long-term consolidation settlements. According to previous
research by Huat (2004), the water content of pet in West Malaysia ranges from 200 to 700%
and unit weight of peat is typically lower compared to inorganic soil. The organic content in
the range of 50 to 95% and the liquid limit was in the range of 200 to 500%. Furthermore,
Duraisamy et al. (2007b) has reported that tropical fabric causes highest settlement and
followed by hemic and sapric when subjected to a load and over the time while Deboucha et
al. (2008) stated that peat soil has low shear strength and high compressive deformation which
often results in difficulties when construction undertaken. Thus, examine the peculiar
engineering properties and characteristic compressibility of peat soil is importance for
engineers to understand and determine suitable ground improvement method (Duraisamy et al.,
2009).
Table 4: Summary of Definition and Significant of Index Properties

Test Definition Significant
Degree of The physical appearance of the soil has A detailed description of the soil
Humification changed according to the Von Post classification according to reference H1 –
categorization. This has been H10 for the classification of peat.
established.
Moisture Content The mass of water in a sample is divided Related to soil settling, shear strength and
by the mass of solids in the sample. compressibility.
Organic Content Organic matter found in soil The main parameter by which the
proportion of peat and organic soil can be
undiscerned.
Fibre Content Usually determined from the weight of The fiber content percentage is used to
dry fiber retained at 0.15mm as a describe the spectrum of peat
percentage of oven-dried mass decomposition
Specific Gravity Specify the ratio of the weight of the The degree of peat decomposition and its
substances to the mass of an equal mineral content is linked to this.
volume of water for a given volume
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Table 5: Summary of Index Properties
Bulk Density (Mg/m3)
Organic Content (%)

Specific Gravity (Gs)
Atterberg Limit
Fiber Content (%)

Natural Moisture
Ash Content (%)

Content (w, %)
Void Ratio (e)

Acidity (pH)
Researcher
(%)
No
.
Ip wL
1. Sing Wong et - - 668 1.40 - 3.51 96 - 90 4
al., (2013)
2. Yulindasari et - - 236.52 1.86 13.13 3.2 77.69 3.44 - 22.31
al., (2017) 3 9 2 0 5 0
3. Haider et al., 134 305 247 1.57 - - 63 - - 20
(2013) 2
4. R. Hisham & - 208.3 555 1.24 10.37 3.50 96.45 9.32 90.3 3.55
S. Islam 9 2 9 9
(2008)
5. Huat (2014) - - - 1.38 - 65-97 - - -
6. A.W. - - 510 1.41 - 7.00 - - 64 12
Dhowian &
T.B. Edil
(1980)
7. Al-Raziqi et - 190- 200- 1.38- 8.3- 65-97 -
al., (2003) 360 700 1.70 11.5
8. Hobbs (1986) - 200- 200- 1.80 8.5-11 >98 -
600 1000
9. Faisal (2008) - 668.30 1.39 10.38 3.51 96.45 9.32 90.3 -
6 9 9
10. Duraisamy et - 285 266 1.52 0.922 76 7.54 65 -
al., (2007) 1
11. S. Karthigeyan - 55 40 2.3 - - 35 - -
& A.
Ramachandra
n (2019)
12. D - 202.3- 198- 0.95- 10-13 3-5 41-99 - 31- -
Youventharan 220.7 417 1.34 77
et al., 2020
13. Kazemian et - 324.6 1.30 10.3 4.8 81.3 - 53.2 -
al., (2011)
14. Jorat et al., 202 388- 507- 1.67- 9.83- 4.43 25.7- 3.7- 32.6- 68.1-
(2013) - 412 544 1.81 10.89 - 31.9 3.84 37.1 74.3
243 4.96
15. Aminur et al., - 95 519.98 1.35 - 4.12 80.79 - 84.9 -
(2009) 1
- 78 620.14 1.45 - 4.05 85.67 - 65.0 -
0
16. Ali Hauashdh - - 678 1.63 - - - - 32.5 -
et al., (2020)
17. Juhaizah et al., - 220.3 211.1 0.97 - - - - -
(2011) 6
18. Kolay et al., - 95 519.98 1.35 - 4.12 80.02 - 84.9 -
(2011 1
- 78 620.14 1.45 - 4.05 85.10 - 65 -
- 75 496.27 2.78 - 4.53 77.90 - 62.5 -
0
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1.3. Distribution of peat soil

Tropical peatlands are found in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, Central America, South
America, and Central Africa. The most recent estimated tropical peatlands area in 44.1 million
hectares equivalent to 11% of the global peatland area. 56% of these peatlands are found in
Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia, peatlands occupy mostly low-altitude coastal and sub-
coastal environments and are usually located at altitudes from sea level to 50m above sea level.
The total peatland area in Southeast Asia is approximately 24.7 million hectares of which 20.7
million hectares are in Indonesia. Peat is typically referred to as one of the most troublesome
soils due to its poor shear strength, high water content, and low specific gravity. It can also be
compressed to a great extent. In comparison to inorganic soils like sand, silt, and clay, peat has
unique geotechnical properties. Because peat soil is highly compressible, when buildings are
built on top of it, it undergoes excessive settlement, resulting in instability issues such as slip
failure, local sinking, and considerable primary and long-term settlement, even when only a
little load is applied. Peat is a highly permeable material in its natural state, and the magnitude
of the initial primary consolidation settlement under load is normally large, and the period of
settlement is short, usually days. According to the findings of the study, the settlement in 25
days is 55 cm (primary consolidation), accounting for around half of the total settlement over
time, and the other half takes about 10,000 days (secondary compression) (Bujang, 2004).
1.3.1. Problem of Peat Soil

Peat from Malaysia is tropical peat (Andriesse, 1988). This peat has distinct features that
distinguish it from other types of peat. This soil is generally dark reddish-brown to black and
made up of partially decomposed leaves, branches, twigs, and tree trunks with a low mineral
content in its natural state. These are created by the buildup of disintegrating plant fragments
that have been preserved by insufficient aeration and highwater content. Hobbs (1986) stated
that it is critical to incorporate and recognize peat by its morphology and its basic engineering
qualities. High water content (>200%), high compressibility, high organic content (>75%), low
shear strength (5-20kPa), and poor bearing capacity (8 kN/m2) are the "unique" properties of
this soil. Because of these geotechnical qualities, any type of construction on this soil in
Malaysia is extremely difficult (Zainorabidin & Bakar, 2003).
1.4. Peat Soil Stabilization Method

Due to superior technologies and knowledge, engineers these days broaden many ways to clear
up the tender floor situation. one of the solutions is stabilizing the soil. Studies and alertness
are proving the technique prevails. According to Hashim and Islam (2008), soil stabilization
suggests a method by way of which the physical homes of soil are transformed to provide
everlasting strength profits before construction. Stabilized soils outperform non-stabilized soils
when substances, design, and construction are nicely considered. when the stabilized soil layer
is incorporated into the structural layout of the pavement, the subsequent layers may be thinner,
ensuing in big value savings. further to add strength, stabilized soils form a strong monolith
that decreases permeability, which flip reduces the cutback or swell capability and the harmful
impact of freeze cycles. Furthermore, soil stabilization capacity for enhancing in situ or the
original state, soils disposing of the want for highly priced faraway and location operations.
often activity websites where roads, building pads, parking lots, runaways, or other pavement
structures want to be constructed include wet, vulnerable soils. the one’s soils may be
chemically treated to feature energy thru stabilization and enhance engineering homes
including moisture content material and plasticity, via change. Ex-situ or off-site, soil
stabilization procedures are feasible however are normally reserved for environmental tasks
rather than usual construction operations. To be more specific, soil stabilization was chosen
over another method because of several reasons which are strengthening the soil, improving
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the load-bearing capacity and support structure, dust control, erosion control, and protecting
the environment.
There are many methods to stabilizing the soil, including using stabilizing using cement,
bitumen, electrical stabilization, stabilizing using grouting, and using geotextiles and fabrics.
Despite the numerous stabilization options available for expansive soil, a quick stabilization
and remediation solution for this type of problematic soil is still required. Traditional chemical
additives such as lime and cement outperform their counterparts among the various treatment
options. Nonetheless, certain substances, like sulfate, carbonation attack, and their
environmental impact, raise serious issues. Many experimental and in-situ studies have
confirmed the efficacy of Eco process pozzolan (EPP) as a stabilizing agent for the pavement
subbase layer and foundation systems with relative movement and excessive settlement
concerns. However, just a few exploratory researches investigated the effect of this injected
stabilizer on the swelling soil reaction. EPP (eco-processed pozzolan) is a long-lasting product
made from wasted bleaching earth (SBE). It's been utilized as a blended cement for a while
now. SBE is generated as a waste item in the refinery plant because of palm oil processing.
Even though dumping the SBE in a landfill can pollute the environment, it is recovered and
used to make sustainable products. EPP's physical, chemical, mineralogical, and micro-
structural properties were investigated.
Recently, EPP has been employed as a mixed cement. Previous research on EPP as a pozzolanic
material has been limited (Kolay & Taib, 2018). Waste items with pozzolanic qualities are
utilized to replace cement in concrete, lowering cement consumption. According to Ratna Dewi
et al. (2020), the use of pozzolanic material for cement substitution could lower the cement
industry's release of carbon dioxide (CO2). There are several unique physical properties of peat
which should be considered when discussing it. Azril Zulwali et al. (2016) has stated that the
physical characteristic such as colour, degree of humification, water content and organic
contents should be included in a full description of peat. Moreover, physical properties of any
soil are dependent to a large degree on porosity and pore-size distribution. In peat materials,
both particle size and structure and the resulting porosity are controlled primarily by degree of
decomposition. By increasing decomposition, the size of organic particles decreasing, resulting
in smaller pores and more dry material per unit volume (O’Kelly, 2015). According to Ratna
Dewi et al. (2020), studied several characteristics and concluded that volume weight (bulk
density) could be used as basis for estimated the degree of decomposition of peats.
Generally, physical properties of peat soil which was collected from peat layer was determined
by performing moisture content, fiber content, organic content, ash content, bulk density, linear
shrinkage, liquid limit, pH, specific gravity. Based on Hazebroek (2000) have stated that in
geotechnical term peat soil known as a problematic soil due its physical properties due to peat
soil has very high moisture content, high fiber content, low permeability, and low shear
strength. In addition, peat also considered as unsuitable for supporting foundations and serious
problems in construction industry due to its long-term consolidation settlements. According to
previous research by Bujang (2004), the water content of pet in West Malaysia ranges from
200 to 700% and unit weight of peat is typically lower compared to inorganic soil. The organic
content in the range of 50 to 95% and the liquid limit was in the range of 200 to 500%.
Furthermore, Duraisamy et al. (2007) has reported that tropical fabric causes highest settlement
and followed by hemic and sapric when subjected to a load and over the period while Moore
(1989) stated that peat soil has low shear strength and high compressive deformation which
often results in difficulties when construction undertaken. Thus, examine the peculiar
engineering properties and characteristic compressibility of peat soil is importance for
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engineers to understand and determine suitable ground improvement method (Huat et al.,
2005).
Table 6: Peat stabilization method from previous research

Method of Specimen
Researcher Research Aim Soil Type Material
Testing Condition
Kazemian & Compressibility Fibrous Cement Cement Column Undisturbed
Huat (2009) parameters of fibrous tropical Colum Method Samples
tropical peat reinforced peat Rowe Cell
with cylindrical cement Consolidation
columns. The Testing
compressibility characters
of fibrous tropical peat
Gregory Paul To improve the Clayey Cement Injection Method Disturbed
Makusa stabilization of soil which soil Samples
(2012) involves the use of
stabilizing agents (binder
materials) in weak soils its
geotechnical properties
Youventharan The unconfined Tropical OPC and Unconfined Treated
et al., (2019) compressive shear strength Peat POFA Compressive Samples
and the ultimate vertical Strength (UCS)
bearing capacity of test
stabilized tropical peat
The strength behaviour of
peat with or without the
cement stabilization
Kazemian et The compressibility Peat Soil Cement Deep mixing Treated and
al., (2011) property of peats stabilized (OPC) method (DMM) Untreated
with cement columns Rowe Cell Samples
formed Consolidation
Microstructural of tropical Testing
peats by forming stabilized SEM & EDX
cement columns
Kazemian et Investigate and compare Peat Soil Cement Injection Method Undisturbed
al., (2010) the different kinds of (OPC) Samples
commonly used grouting
and injection method
specially
Aminur et al., The stabilization of peat Peat Soil OPC, FA, Unconfined Treated
(2009) soil with different and QL Compressive Samples
stabilizing agents.The Strength (UCS)
index or physical and test
geotechnical properties
Ali Hauashdh To improve the Peat Soil - Fly ash Unconfined Disturbed
et al., (2020) engineering properties of Hemic Bottom compressive and
peat soil. The stabilization ash strength (UCS) Undisturbed
of peat soil OPC Fourier transform Samples
scanning electron
microscope
(FESEM)
Nadhirah & The drained shear strength Peat Soil Quick Direct Shear Box Treated and
Zuhayr of treated peat soil. The Lime Test Untreated
(2018) stabilization of peat soil Cement Deep mixing Samples
method (DMM)
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Ahmad et al., The possibility of POFA to Peat Soil POFA Unconfined Treated and
(2011) replace Ordinary Portland compressive Untreated
Cement (OPC) in strength (UCS) Samples
stabilizing peat soil. The
physical properties of peat
soil
Kolay, P.K. The stabilization of local Peat Soil Gypsum Unconfined Treated and
& Pui, M.P peat soil. Physical Fly Ash compressive Untreated
(2010) properties of the peat soil strength (UCS) Samples
Wong et al., To analyze the unconfined Peat Soil OPC Unconfined Treated and
(2008) compressive strength and Siliceous compressive Untreated
initial permeability of Sand strength (UCS) Samples
stabilized peat soil
David Techniques for soil Peat Soil Sand Proctor Treated and
Thompson stabilisation using novel Incinerator Compaction Test Untreated
(2018) additives bottom Samples
ash
Kalantari & The stabilization of peat Peat Soil OPC Deep mixing Treated and
Prasad (2014) soil method (DMM) Untreated
Samples
Sing Wong et The stabilization of local Peat Soil OPC Unconfined Treated and
al., 2013 peat soil. Physical Sodium compressive Untreated
properties of the peat soil Bentonite strength (UCS) Samples
Mohammad To stabilize peat soil using Peat Soil Peat Atterberg and Treated and
et al., (2017) Hydrated Lime Lime compaction Untreated
Samples
1.5. Results and discussion

At the recent time, the increasing number of researches in discovering by using advanced
consolidation testing system for soil were uprising. Therefore, will provide an understanding
with the help of previous research about the stabilization method, the characteristic and
consolidation behavior of the soil.
1.5.1. Compressibility
The compressibility properties of peat soil are shown in Figure 3. Because of the high-water
content in the peat soil, the value of the consolidation is high in this study. As a result, the ratio
compressibility is quite high. Figures 3 and Figure 5 shown that the types of samples where the
peat soil were mixed with different percentage of cement, whereas Figure 4 and Figure 5 shown
the results of compressibility of peat after putting various quantity of cement. The results shown
that when percentage of cement increase, the compressibility of peat soil was decrease.
Moreover, when it comes to determining compressibility parameters. The steep slope showed
that the peat had a high compressibility and compression index. This proven, that usage of
cement in peat soil as a binder can be used since the laboratory testing prove that by mix peat
with cement can reduce the compressibility of peat soil due to peat soil has higher moisture
content.
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Table 7: Type of samples by Kazemian & Huat (2009)

Samples Condition
Control Sample Untreated peat soil
Sample A Peat with cement column (peat soil 90%, cement 10%)
Sample B Peat with cement column (peat soil 80%, cement 20%)
Sample C Peat with cement column (peat soil 70%, cement 30%)
Sample D Peat with cement column (peat soil 50%, cement 50%)
Figure 3: Ratio of compressibility against consolidation pressure by S. Kazemian & B.B.K Huat (2009)
Table 8: Type of sample by Kazemian et al. (2008)

Samples Condition
Control Sample Untreated peat soil
Sample I Peat = 50%; Cement = 50%
Sample II Peat = 30%; Cement = 70%
Sample III Peat = 20%; Cement = 80%
Sample IV Peat = 10%; Cement = 90%
Figure 4: Compression Index of Peat by Kazemian et al. (2008)
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1.5.2. Moisture Water Content

The results of the physical attributes tests conducted for this investigation are show in Figure
5 and Figure 6. The results of the properties test have been compared to those of other
researchers, revealing that this study's findings are in good accord with theirs. The peat soil in
this study had an extraordinarily high moisture content, high organic content, and a very low
dry density, indicating that it is a very problematic soil that should not be used as a structure's
soil foundation. Based in Figure 5, it shown that by adding fly ash as binder the moisture
content of peat was low while the dry density increase. In its natural state, peat is made mainly
of water and decaying plant pieces, and it has very little measurable strength. Because of its
low shear strength and high moisture content, peat is usually referred to as problematic soil.
Peat is commonly referred to as problematic soil because of its poor shear strength, high
compressibility, high water content, and high organic content
Figure 5: Dry density against moisture content Vijayakumar & Karthikeyan (2014)
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Figure 6: Dry density against moisture content Zambri & Zuhayr (2018)
Table 9: Finding of past research

No. References Research Findings Description
1. Duraisamy & To find out effect compressibility The cement column is installed vertically in
Huat (2007) of tropical peat reinforced with peat where the compressibility of peat was
cylindrical cement column and reduced because of the hardened skeleton
tested by using Rowe cell where to matrix formed by cement particles bonding
overcome the disadvantages of with adjacent soil particles in the presence of
conventional method. Two type of pore water. In this research also shown a
cylindrical cement column used group of cement columns had a significant
which are single cement column impact in reducing the compressibility
and group cement column parameters compared to single cement
column. Thus, compressibility parameters are
significantly improved with cement column
2 Jorat et al. (2013) Investigate the stabilization of Addition of sand column to peat, higher
peat soil with sand columns and permeability, higher shear strength and a
focuses on comparison between faster consolidation was achieved where the
mechanical characteristics of sample with 70% peat and 30% sand
undisturbed peat and peat displayed the most reliable compressibility
stabilized with 20%, 30% and properties. This shown a proper drainage
40% of sand on the laboratory provided by sand column and introduction
scale. sand column could be suitable for
geotechnical peat stabilization in the field
scale.
3. Kolay et al. A study on tropical peat soil The amount of OPC, QL and FA was added to
(2011) stabilization to improve its of peat in the range of 5-20%, and 2-8%. The
physical properties by using results shown that the UCS value increases
different stabilizing agents. In this significantly with the increase of all
study, OPC, quick lime (QL), stabilizing agent used and also the curing
class F fly ash (FA) were used periods. In this study also show, OPC is the
while Unconfined Compression most suitable as stabilizer and the addition of
Strength (UCS) test were used for chemical admixture like OPC, QL and FA can
treated samples improve the physical properties of tropical
peat soil.
4. Mathiluxsan et al. Research focused on stabilizing of The combination of admixtures between peat
(2010) peat using a combination of fly ash + well graded sand + 10% of fly ash shown
and well graded sand where have the highest value compression. In Rowe
analyse the peat with 125 kg/m3 cell, show there an improvement in
dosage of well graded sand and compressibility behavior and consolidation
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various quantity of fly ash parameters after put the stabilization of peat
proportions 10%, 20% and 30% using class F fly ash and well graded sand.
by weight. The Rowe cell was
used for compressibility behavior
of peat soil.
6. Conclusion
The behavior of peat soil can be proven by using EPP as stabilizer. The peat soil behavior
before and after stabilizing also can be observed. The index properties for the peat soil will be
analyzed according to the BS 1377-8:1990. These index properties are pH, specific gravity,
moisture content, liquid limit, organic content, and fiber content. Since peat soil is seen as
problematic due to its unpredictability, determining its index properties is crucial. When
compared to earlier study conducted by different researchers, both test findings were deemed
satisfactory. The differences between the results obtained by earlier researchers are attributable
to a variety of factors, such as site conditions such as weather variations and changes caused
by agricultural activities. Moreover, when subjected to loading for a period of time, peat soil
is classified as soft soils with increased settling. Therefore, settlement between peat soil or a
controlled sample and peat soil mixed with EPP was found to be very similar in this study. This
demonstrates that adding moisture to a sample causes the sample to settle faster. According to
the previous researcher, peat soil can combine with EPP and cement as a binder will greatly
improve settling behavior.
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering Innovation

e-ISSN: 2682-8499 | Vol. 5, No. 1, 1-19, 2023

A Review on Experimental Investigations and Geotechnical

*Corresponding Author: habibmusa@ums.edu.my

Accepted: 15 February 2023 | Published: 1 March 2023

Keywords: Eco-Processed Pozzalan (EPP), Peat Soil

conventional oedometer apparatus when performing consolidation tests (Duraisamy et al.,

(a) Sandakan peat deposit

1.1. Peat Soil

Table 1: ASTM D4427-92 Organic Content by A.S.T.M (1992)

1.2. Index Properties

Table 4: Summary of Definition and Significant of Index Properties

Table 5: Summary of Index Properties

Bulk Density (Mg/m3)

Organic Content (%)

Fiber Content (%)

Ash Content (%)

Void Ratio (e)

1.3. Distribution of peat soil

1.3.1. Problem of Peat Soil

1.4. Peat Soil Stabilization Method

Table 6: Peat stabilization method from previous research

1.5. Results and discussion

Table 7: Type of samples by Kazemian & Huat (2009)

Table 8: Type of sample by Kazemian et al. (2008)

Figure 4: Compression Index of Peat by Kazemian et al. (2008)

1.5.2. Moisture Water Content

Table 9: Finding of past research

Babel, U. (1975). Micromorphology of soil organic matter. Soil components, organic

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