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Trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and angles of a

triangle. It is also one of the earliest branches of Mathematics. Now from where
does the word trigonometry comes from?
The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘tri’ (means three), ‘gon’
(means sides) and ‘metron’ (means measure).
The earliest known works on trigonometry was recorded in Egypt and Babylon. Euclid
and Archimedes, two famous Greek mathematicians studied the properties of chords
and inscribed angles in circles, and they proved theorems that are equivalent to
modern trigonometric formulae. India created earliest known tables of values for
trigonometric ratios such as sine. Later on cosine and tangent were also discovered
and Aryabhatta called them kotijya.
Driven by the demands of navigation and the growing need for accurate maps of large
geographic areas, trigonometry grew into a major branch of mathematics.
Bartholomaeus Pitiscus was the first to use the word, publishing his Trigonometria
in 1595.
It was Leonhard Euler who fully incorporated complex numbers into trigonometry. The
works of the Scottish mathematicians James Gregory in the 17th century and Colin
Maclaurin in the 18th century were influential in the development of trigonometric
series. Gemma Frisius described for the first time the method of triangulation
still used today in surveying. Also in the 18th century, Brook Taylor defined the
general Taylor series.

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Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics which deals with the relationship between

side lengths and angles of a triangle. Throughout history trigonometry has been
applied in areas such as geodesy, surveying, celestial mechanics and navigation.
Now, trigonometry has two things called trigonometric ratios and trigonometric
identities.
Trigonometric Ratios: These are the ratios between edges of a right angled
triangle. These ratios are given by trigonometric functions of the known angle θ,
where P (Perpendicular), H (Hypotenuse), and B (Base) refers to the sides of the
right angled triangle. They do not vary with lengths of the sides of the triangle
if the angle remains the same.
Trigonometric Identities: Trigonometry has identities for which the equations that
are true for all possible inputs. These are called trigonometric identities.
Similar to Trigonometric ratios, the length of the sides of the triangle doesn’t
matter if the angle remains the same.

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To find the trigonometric ratios, we use the following formulae's

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Now, how do we find the trigonometric of a particular angle? It is quite simple,

let us find out the trigonometric ratios of 30 degree and 60 degree.
Let us Consider an equilateral triangle ABC like the one drawn on the right side.
Since each angle in an equilateral triangle is 60°, therefore, ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°.
Now, we will draw a perpendicular AD from A to BC. ∠BAD = 30° and ∠ABD = 60°.
Let’s suppose AB = 2a. Thus, BD = ½BC = a (Since BC = AB), and by applying
pythagoras theorem, AD = a√3.
From the above, we get sin 30° = BD/AB = ½, cos 30° = AD/AB = √3/2, tan 30° = BD/AD
= 1/√3. Similarly we can find the values of cosec, sec and cot by the reciprocals
of sin, cos and tan respectively.
As in trigonometric of 30°, we can also find the values of the trigonometric ratios
of 60°. We get, sin 60° = AD/AB = √3/2, cos 60° = ½, tan 60° = √3. Similarly we
can find the values of cosec, sec and cot by the reciprocals of sin, cos and tan
respectively.

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Here are the few other trigonometric ratios of angles given in our textbook.

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As mentioned before, trigonometric identities are identities for which the

equations that are true for all possible inputs or variables. Currently as of class
10, we only have identities of the pythagorean theorem.

The first one is sin2A + cos2A = 1. Let's take sin2 30 and cos2 30, so its (1/2)2 +
(rt3/2)2 which is equal to 1/4 + 3/4 which equates to 1.

Similarly the other identities, tan2A + 1 = sec2 A and cot2 A + 1 = cosec2 A, can
be verified on the same basis.

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As mentioned before, trigonometry is used for geodesy (Earth science), surveying,

celestial mechanics and navigation.
Trigonometry is also used in everyday things such as in measuring height of
building or mountain, in video games (for game physics), in construction, in flight
engineering, in physics, etc.
Trigonometry might not have many applications in other areas but it is one of the
most important thing to learn if you are astronomy, to find trajectory of celestial
objects such as planets, asteroids, etc., to maneuver spaceships or space shuttles,
and so on.
Trigonometry is one of the branches of mathematics which are based on the concept
of everyday life and is one of the earliest branch of mathematics.