A3.

2 CENTROIDS, C ENTER OF GRA VITY, MOMENTS OF INERTIA

y TABLE I
I Area A
Section Properties of Areas
d ---l-- x --<i
I 'j'dA Rectangle Area = bd
t c . g. Fig. A3.2
r-b~
Y=d
:2
bd 3 /12
I
l~-l bd 3
2-~-2
y
3"
The first term,~x2dA, represents the mo-
ment of inertia of the body about its centroidal fJ.-J. .289 d
axis y-y and will be given the symbol I. The t------------------------I
second term is zero because~xdA is zero since Area bh
yy' is the centroidal axis of the body. The 1f
last term, d 2.;rdA = Ad 2 or, area of body times y h/3
the square of the distance between axes yy and
y~y~.

Thus in general, 12 _ 2
I = I + Ad 2 1
This expression states that the amount of
inertia of an area With respect to any axis in bh 3
the plane of the area is equal to the moment of T
inertia of the area with respect to a parallel
centroidal axis plus the product of the area and f~-~ .236 h
the square of the distance between the two axes. ~------------------~--------------------------~

8
I 2 Area bh
Parallel Axis Theorem For Masses. If instead of T~riange 1f
area the mass of the body is considered, the
parallel axis can be written:
1 - -+-2 - ---l-"fI x 2/3 h
b hb 3
I = I + Md 2 , where M refers to the mass of x I~_~ 48
the body. n ~
.204 h
A3.7a Mass Moments of Inertia The product of
the mass of a particle and the square of its
distance from a line or plane is referred to as
the moment of inertia of the mass of the parti-
Trapezoid
r- b1-j Area = d(b + b ~)

Y = d(2b + b~)
2

cle With respect to the line or plane. Hence,

3{b + b~)
I = ZMr2. If the summation can be express-
ed by a definite integral, the expression may be I~_~ d 3 (b2+4bb~+b 2)
written I =~r2 dM 36 (b + b 1 ~
Moments of Inertia of Airplanes. In both flying Area = t(b + c)
and landing conditions the airplane may be sub-
jected to angUlar accelerations. To determine x = b 2 + ct Y= d 2 + at
the magnitude of the accelerations as well as 2{b + c) 2{b+c)
the distribution and magnitude of the mass iner- Ix = ~ [t (d-y) 3+ by3 _ a (y _ t) 3]
tia resisting forces, the moment of inertia of 3
the airplane about the three coordinate axes is
generally required in making a stress analysis I y = ~ [t(b - x) 3 + dx 3 - c(x-t) 3J
:3
of a particular airplane.
The mass moments of inertia of the airplane tan 2¢ = 2 I xy , where I xy = abcdt
about the coordinate X, Y and Z axes through the Iy-I X 4 b+c
center of gravity of the airplane can be expres- 2
I ~_~=Ix sin ¢ + I y cos ¢ + I xy
2

sed as follows: sin 2¢

Ix Zwy2 + Zwz 2 + Z6I x I 2-f' Ix coEf¢ + I y sin 2 ¢ - I xy
Iy Zwx 2 + Zwz 2 + Z6I y sin 2¢
Iz Zwx 2 + Zwy2 + Z6I z
 A3.3

::-:-::-:- T_AB_L:.E~l_~c~o~n~t~i~n~u~e~d J Elliptical~~~~~--1

Ring

r"" 1;""
~ y~ ~r:ad~2tld + 2a)
A,A'"
xiW/'+b[1:
x
PI \
L I~
il\ _I
,)v:'
_ I ? ~
:Il X
d
'x 0 bd" - aid - 2t)"
12
I y = d(b + a)" - 2a"e - 6ab 2e
tan 20 " Idt-t") Ib"-btl
Ix _ I y
\

I---a--l

-;-= I,~\Y-i
,

)1
Area = .215 a
x = .223 a
2

r- b--->j t For I ~_~ and 1 2- 2 see equa- ~ [f'x~ Circular

tions as given for angle. Fillet
Area - x~y~
V-section -3-
Area A = 2dt~ + at
y = d2t~ + .5t 2a x = 3 x~
A 4:
Ix =

Area - nr 2
Circle
2 -- I = nr 4
- =2

'-E-:~:
~-~

4 y y~

4 '7
1 2- 2 = 5 n r
4: TABLE 2
e~ -~ = r Properties of solids
2
Vol. - nr~ (r = radius)
Ring Area n (r o 2 ri 2) Solid Circ. Cyl.

1~-
M = W (Total wt.)
I~ _~ = n (r o4 - ri4) g
4:
\~. 1 I~ _~ = Mr 2

f ~-~ = V r20 +2 rj2 2"

12 " = M [r 2
+ (L- r3)]14
Area nr 2
Semi-circle 2" Hollow Circ. Cyl. Vol. = n L(r~2- r2~
\l> I~ _~ = M(r~ 2 + r 22)/2
x~ y= .424r
1
.>. ~ - x
1 Ix = .1098 ~ 1 2 - 2 = M(r~2+ r 2 2 + L2/3)/4

ex
A
= .264 r \.
q=outside
For thin hollow eire. eyl
I~ ~ = Mr 2 •
rea _ n (R 2 _ r2) radius
2 Re~ct.
Prism \.
y =i.. (R 2+ Rr + r) ,approx. y-=2r Vol. - abL, M = W
Semi-circular Ring
3n R+r n ' -~ 2 g2
I
x=.1098(R4-r4)-.283R2~ R + r
(R-r)
\.
I:
~
,.....--y 3
12 I
j 0 ~
..ja~ I
~-~= M (a + b )/12
1 2- 2 = ML2/12
~~3 ~
2

-r----------==~~~~------J
I (
x approx)=.3t(r +R)" when t I" " - ML /3
2
Solid Sphere Vol. = (4 n r")/3
is small r
F------;~~-:---~
Ellipse
Sphere I
about axis
2M r 2/5
=

0
Area - nab

•
I = n- a"b
Ix Thin Hollow Sphere Vol. =4 n
JI 4-
~ :3
(r~3 -r2 " )
x- xE'x = a = radius of sphere
~
rl
2 I about dia. -
2Mr~ 2

3
A3 4 CENTROIDS , C ENTER OF GRAVITY MOMENTS OF INERTIA

TABLE 2 - Continued -- a sin 2a (I-cos a) a)

Ring with Circular
INA
X
r 3 t ~- 4 - a
Section Y M
- = mass
=w per unit volume

x~.x
g of body. TABLE 4
I xx =mn 2Ra2 [If + (5a 2/4)) Centroids of Trapizoidal Areas
y

TABLE 3
2
2 2
I yy = ~ mn Ra (4R 2 + 3a )
2

LLET
b
fl- y +xl--
I-l-

Section Properties of Lines

(t is small in comparison to radius) Ratio a Distance x Distance y
b

,e, = 2 n rt
Circular Arc Area 1.01 0.4992 0.5008
1. 02 0.4984 0.5016
1.03 0.4976 0.5024
I~_~ = n r t
3
1.04 0.4968 0.5032
1.05 0.4960 0.5040
I polar = 2 n r 3 t 1.06 0.4952 0.5048
1.07 0.4944 0.5056
1.08 0.4936 0.5064
ex = .707r 1. 09
1.10
0.4928
0.4920
0.5072
0.5080
E' polar = r 1.11
1.12
0.4912
0.4905
0.5088
0.5095
1.13 0.4898 0.5102
Semi-circle Arc A = n rt 1.14 0.4890 0.5110
- 1.15 0.4883 0.5117
Y = .6366 r 0.5123

~
1.16 0.4877
1.17 0.4870 0.5130
I1.-~ = n r t
3 0.5138
1.18 0.4862
-2- 1.19 0.4855 0.5145
1 ---±-- - 1 1. 20
1. 22
0.4849
0.4835
0.5151
0.5165
1"-2 = .2978 r 3t 1. 24 0.4822 0.5178
1. 26 0.4809 0.5191
1 28 0.4795 0.5205
Quarter-circular Arc Area =n rt 1. 30 0.4782 0.5218
-2- 1. 32 0.4770 0.5230

~'
1. 34 0.4758 0.5242
- 1. 36 0.4746 0.5254
Y = .6366 r 1. 38 0.4733 0.5267

f4--~:
2 1. 40 0.4721 0.5279
I~_~ = n-4-
r t 3
1. 45 0.4693 0.5307
0.5333
1. 50 0.4667
1 1.55 0.4641 0.5359
2 1 1.60 0.4616 0.5384
12 - 2 = .149 r 3 t

,
1. 65 0.4592 0.5408
1. 70 0.4568 0.5432
1. 75 0.4545 0.5455
1. 80 0.4523 0.5477
CIRCULAR ARC 1. 85 0.4502 0.5498

r
1. 90 0.4482 0.5518
NAy 0.5538
Y 1. 95 0.4462
2.00 0.4443 0.5557
2.10 0.4409 0.5591
2.20 0.4375 0.5625

x
2.30 0.4343 0.5657

~
2.40 0.4312 0.5688
2.50 0.4284 0.5716
2 60 0.4259 0.5741
: ·NA 2.70 0.4233 0.5767

Xf - ~
2.80 0.4209 0.5791
I r{MEAN)t y 2.90
3.00
0.4188
0.4168
0.5812
0.5832
-x I I i X 3.20
3 40
0.4128
0.4090
0.5872
0.5910
Y 3.60 0.4060 0.5940
3.80 0.4030 0.5970
Area = art a in Radians 4.00
4.20
0.4000
0.3975
0.6000
0.6025
0.6050
4.40 0.3950
r sin a ,
X= a (Myy =A x = r 2
t sin a) 4.60
4.80
0.3928
0.3908
0.6072
u.t;U1l2
5.00 0.3889 0.6111
5.50 0.3848 0.6152
r3t (a + Si~ 2a) 6.00 0.3810 0.6190
IyY =~ 6 .. 50 o 3778 0.6222
7.00 0.3750 0.6250
7.50 0.3725 0.6275
t (a2 + sin42a _ sina a)
2
INA Y =r 3 8.00
9.00
0.3702
0.3668
0.6298
0.6332
10.00 0.3636 0.6364
y = r (I-COS
a
a) , Mxx = Ay- -- rat (I-cos a)

r3 t
I xx =2 (a _ sin2 2a)