RHYTHM PRONUNCIATION FOCUS Rhythm Overview Stressed and Unsiressed Words Highlighting Thought Groups Rhythm Patierns and Personal Pronouns Rhythm Patterns: Articles Rhythm Patterns; Prepositional Phrases, Hafta, Gonna, Wenna Rhythm Patterns: Phrasal Verbs Rhythm Patierns: as, than, if Rhythm Patterns: Conjunction thar; Intonation and Clauses Contractions and Reductions of Vers: Cant and Can't Reduction of Modal Perfects; Reduction of “H-Wards” __ COMMUNICATION PRACTICE World Treasures Awards and Movies Living on the Edge Dress for Success Estraterrestrials Population Problems Men, Women, and Shopping Let's Put It OfF ‘Testing Ability Mistaken Beliefs Couples Regrets A 161= 32 Rhythm Overview STEP 1 PRESENTATIO Rhythm is the “drum” section of language: rhythm includes the patterning of strong (stressed) syllables and weak (unstressed) syllables in phrases and sentences, and the timing and grouping of words, Stress-Timed Languages and Sy ble-Timed Languages English is a stress-vimed language, [n stress-timed languages, syllables do not have equal “weight.” Stressed syllables are long, loud, and prominent, Unsiressed svHables are short and ess clear. The thythin of English syllables is to the trees in the natural troe line Japanese and Spanish are examples of sWlable-tined languages, In syllable: syllables are approximately equal in length. The trees in the apple orchard below. Describe lines to a partner med languages, most hythm of syllable-timed languages is similar to the difference in height, size, and spacing of the two-tree aio SSS 89 GO 8 Apple orchard 162 UNITI2Content and Function Words ‘Content words have clear meanings and are stressed. Function words have grammatical meanings and are unstressed. Content Words (Stressed) Function Words (Unstressed Nouns (table, man} Articles (a, art, tre ‘Verbs (walt, eat) Auxiliary verbs (am, és, ane, Fave, eve.) Adjectives (hea tif, tall) Personal pronouns (f, you, hima, ote) Aaivertos (qisickly, very) Canjunctions (ard, or, when, if ete) Question words (Whar? How? Relative pronouns (who, which, thay) Detnonstratives (that, treme) Prepositions (fo, af, ir, om, ete.) Negatives, negative contractions (nat, doesm') ‘Reductions of Function Words se ae ace een ‘n teflects the way and ts stally pronounced. ‘Reduced wands join closely to surrounding weeds, ITs difficult for you to jola words together smoothly, vou can use full pronunciations when you speak. Thought Groups: ‘Thought groups are meaninghul phrases within a sentence, They help the listener identify units of information. The words in a thought group are pronounced together, 1. Grouping Words There are no fixed rules for deciding which words to include in a thought group, Usually, meaning and sentence length determine the words that belong tagether, Look at two ways to group the words ‘in the sentences below. Were going to stay at a hotel in Miami, We're going to stay at a hotel jn Miami, 2. Joining Thought Groups When vou join thought groups together, patise or lengthen the end of a thought group briefly belore: saving the next group. made a reservation for tonight. EEE lege edly Rhythm Overview 163aed pele eat eee s EXERCISE 1: Conversations @ Listen tthe conversations, The stressed words are underlined, Ther: proctice the conversations with 2 partner. 1. Orncem: May Tse you Seren: What's the problem, Officer? Ornom: Do you know you went through 2 ned light at the intersection? Simran: was yellow—1 2. Sroxesrexsox: Miss Ritter is going to make a statement at this hher innocence Miss Rrra: My arrest has beer: & mistake. I was only pretending to be shoplifting. preparing for a She vigorously maintains Tm mavie—where | play a shoplifter, Sroxesrrasox: Of course she was going to return the merchandise. This has all been a big misunderstanding EXERCISE 2: Reductions of Function Words @D Lester tothe word ist ond reduced proremnciations. Notice the differences. ‘Word ust Normal Reduced Pronunciations 1. and Iblack and white (sounds like “blacken white”) 2 ow black or white (sounds like “blacker white") ao Ihack to school (sounds like “back ta school”) 4 can ‘Your cooking can tempt amtyone. (sounds like “contempe") 5 he Diel he po? (sounds like “Diddy 907") EXERCISE 3: Noticing Reductions @ Listen and repeat the sentences. The palts of underlined wards have the same or neaily the same ‘pronunciation. Then choose a senterce and say it tothe class. 1. Hes fallen behind this 2. Bea can light the beacon light. 3. Idon't know how much fun he had in bis funny hat, I and winter 4 My son'e going to day echoal today 5. The fortunate old woman made a fe neat Bingo emipe: to Be anmaceive, make somewne wand 1a rommeriag 164 UNIT32EXERCISE 4: Thought Groups (@ Listen to the sentences and undertine thought groups. Then practice the sentences with a partner. 1. Last summer, we decided tn drive across the country 2. We stared in New Vork and planned te take the northern route, all the way to Seattle 3. Coming from the east, the Rockies looked spectacular 4. ‘They rose like « wall from the flat plains, running north and south as far as the eve could see. STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE WORLD TREASURES EXERCISE 5: World Heritage Sites @ AI Listen tothe recording. Complete the sentences with the unstressed function words your bear. 7 mission z the World, Deer in Heritage Progrs i catathin, ‘The words site, sight, and cite have the same pronunciation, otect places have z Rene 5 There sieve 911 Wald Heritage n 2010. “outstanding universal value.” World Meritage Sites have special pon wus empty, There cance. The cultural natural sige Rome, sed ‘yo serite ua ess, be Coliscum — . sure te cite your sources, gladiator fights and other public spectacles, is | Park, « spectacular semicircular waterfall example, Sais Iguanti Nati 7 f le the boundary of Argentina and Brazil, In 2010, 911 sites found in 151 countrick, aly the country that cr 3, ¢ largest number __________sites, 45. is Rhythm Overview 165Bilinthe space below, write the names of places In your country that you feel are “treasures.” Then describe the places fo your classmates. EXERCISE 6: Preservation or Progress? @ All titer anc repeat Make sure you understand the words. i duwanDam = 3, modernity =. drought 2N launch River 4. reservoir 6. submerge &, archaeological @ Bi Listen to she recording. Them match phrases from the three columns to make sentences that summnaclae the information. Eaypts decision. ‘wore buried and provides eloctrcty ‘The Aswan Dam ‘was able to save waset easy Aninternabanalvescue effort | contrals Raosing below the dams reservoir, Some treasures a budid the Aswan Darn | many treasures °C | PAIRS: Practice the sentences you made, Pronounce the words in each column as a group. Can you think of other examples where there fs or was a conflict between progress ‘nd preservation? STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE QOD Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercises 2 and 4 on poges 164 and 163. Then record the sentences. Qrtwency Practice Record a description of a place that has great cuttural or naturel significance for your country, 166 uNIT323 Stressed and Unstressed Words STEP 1 PRESENTATION Just as stressed and unstressed syllables make up words, stressed and unstressed words make up phrases and sentences. The alternation between stressed and unstressed words is a key part of natural English rhythm, Words in a sentence are either content wards or fur They're words with clear meaning. such as « They're words that have grammatical meaning, such as fo or an, tion words. Content words ure usually stressed, unsti Content Words (Stressed) Nouns computer Verbs walked Adjectives nvelligent Adverbs siuickly Demonatotlive pronsuns and adjectives this Intervogative (uit) words Who? Why? Where® Negatives 10, doesn’t Functhon Words (Unstressed) Articles the Short prepositions 4, at, in, on, ete Conjunction and, oF, if, that, ete Auxiliary verbs fant, is, are, have, has, com, will, ete Personal pronouns J me, you, her, te. Possessive pronouns and adjectives ids, my, their, ete. Relative pronouns whaler), wehiese, shat, ec Highlighted Words many sentences, one content word expresses the mast important informatioa, This word ix highlighted by pronouncing it with the heaviest stress an (usually) the highest pitch. a Here are the kéys, Stress/Rhythm Patterns Stresuirhythm patterns of words and phrases can be the same (" represents a stressed syllable Viepresents an unstressed syllable Sires pattem "Wu: Sliver fieapaten ie earful 167ae Ee EXERCISE 1: Stress Patterns (@ Usten and repeat the phrases and sentences, The phrases and sentences in each column have the ‘Same rhythm pattern as the undeniined word. Concentrate an keeping the rhythm of the phrases ‘and sentences in a column the same. 1 iluméer 3. id 5. cipability Who was here? We met at the stati Who was calling you? Take m brewk. Twent to the concert That's illogical That's my car. ‘We needled to take it This is half of in 2. ablindon photigrapher garden John's a dactor a Mexican L bought it, What's the matter? Tanswered it ‘They ate ther, ‘That's a classic, He's listening. EXERCISE 2: Rhyme @ Listen cod repear the shyme, Put a stressnark (”) over the stressed words in lines 2-5. Then practice reading the thyme with a partner Lengthen the stressed syllables ‘The movie was Gver at tin, Laughed (LT cried with my friend, ‘The music was great, ‘The acting first-rate, We both want to sce if again, EXERCISE 3: Rhythm Patterns @ Lister and repeat. The urideriined words and phrases have the sare sresuthythm pattern. Then choose one of the sentences and say ito the class. ais ies outback Voi ca estas ghia 2. forgtt-for Kite: Don't forgét to buy the book for Kate. 3. Tell heratller: Te the tiller is buss, red the city lights at night 5. siimeone-ciime when: Did stimeane ofime when you called? 6 tochisstodiy: went to class toadiy 7. unible-an able: ('m undble to find an Able person for the job, 168 uNIT33EXERCISE 4; Sounds Like... (@ te proses thet sound the same but have cstferent spelings and meanings are called hamophrasas. listen to the homaphrases, Then work witha partner to think ofa hamophrase using @ reduced function word. (You can check your answers on page 171.) 1. girls’ locker Girls tack it 2. Willy Picker? 3. Senior class schedule? 4. The writer left 3. savior stories 6. They conserve water 7. the dresses in the closet EP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE AWARDS AND MOVIES. EXERCISE 5: Awards Trivia A Whardo you know about movies and awards? Take this tivie quiz and then compare jet answers witha partner. (You cancheek your answers on page 171) 3. The Clios are awards for 2, Nollywood movies are movies made in m. restaurants & Nigeria b, theater performances b. Nicaragua ©. advertisements ©. Nepal gymnasts d. New Zealand Stressed and Unstressed Words 1693. The Nobel Prize is NOT awarded for 6. Which person has received more Oscar achbevements in nominations than any ather? a. peace a. Steven Spielberg b. anthropology by Tom Hanks literature Walt Disney chemistry d. Meri Streep 4. Pulitzer Prizes are awarded for 7. The Emmy Awards are given for a. music a. mmisie ‘b. television 1b. movies © writing television medicine ater S. The first Academy Awards was in 8. Which awards are not given for movies? a, 1929 a. the Grammies b. 1927 b, the Golden Globe awards ©. 1941 ¢. the People’ Choice Awards d, 1933 . the Cannes Festival Awards | Listen to the recording and camplete the sentences with the unstressed function words you hear Kare Why are Indian movies called Bollywood Peer Movies? I don't understand ‘The vert are fins closely to preceding his cose tec ‘question words. it's pronounced lke am -er ending on the question word, Racannae Bombay: Bambay’s “Wine” Indian movies called Bollywoad movies? (Why are Indian mow known ___ Mua. movies called Bollywood movies?) ide: Sarno the oman Wi “Wearer” Nollywood movies from? Where are Nollywaed movies inclustry from?) Kars ike music and dancing Bollywood movies. I really enjoyed Slumdog Millionaire,’ Recamo: ‘That wars actuall Hollyweod-Ballywood collaboration, you want to. see Bollywood movies, there’s a small theater downtown. " Shamaog Millionaire wow the Academy Aboard for Best Film iy 2008. 170 uNIT33EXERCISE 6: Your Turn AL Read the ist of movie genres bevow. Check (¥/) the types of movies you enjoy watching. Genre ___etlonAcventure comedies dramas. Fomance Science fetlon Horror __ Amienations Musicals 81 GROUPS:Compave your choices. Explain why you like the movie genres you checked. STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE QQ Accuracy Practice Usten again to Exercise 1 on page 168, Then record the sentences and phroses. QPtuency Practice Imagine you've woo an Oscar for best actor or actress. What would you soy? Wihom would you thank? Record a bie/ acceptance speech for your award, PRL ESE EET OL NG ASMA anor 90}9 2 5) I DL EN ADE HD AL “9 OKO J 9985 5 WA 20.NA De LIMP} FD MOK INE HOE EAA TOT HD ASTM ‘Stressed and Unstressed Words 171: 3 A Highlighting STEP 1 PRESENTATIO Highlight the word! that expresses the most with heavy stress and high pitch wnt information in a xenience by pronouncing I What de youdo on the WEEKend? — Tet together with FRIENDS. 1. Beginning a Conversation When you begin » conversation with a question, you often highlight the last content word, 2. Highlighting New Information New in nt word of a sentence, mation is often presented int the last com (What did you da on the WEEKend?) went DANcing, 3. Highlighting Contrasts and Corrections Highlight informa anid correction ses with contrasts on that presents a contrast or corrects # staternemt, Seni ove thats one highlighted word The mayors going to RAISE tases and CUT spending. et The ELEPHANT isn't the largest animal ta the world—the WHALE is 4. Highlighting in Sentences with there is/are ‘The noun after éetare is usually highlighted a Theres some important NEWS on tonight 5. Highlighting Auxillary Verbs Highlight auxiliary verbs (is, an ee Az This has been a GOOD expericn — B: It HAS been a gond experience. have, has} to show agreement 172) uniTaa6. Highlighting Function Wards Function words are normally unstressed. They can be highlighted if the speaker wants to emphasize their meaning. ee ‘(Would you like soup or salad”) Td like soup AND salad, TEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Conversations @ A | Listen anet repeat the conversations. Circle the hightighted wards, 1. Ae Pwant to pick up my jacket Here's the ticket Br 11S not ready yet. Come back tomorrow. A: They said it would be ready today, Br [didn say thai, Come back tommorrow, 2. As Why do you like skydiving? B Ti As What about fear? Don't you feel afraid? Br Sure. But that's part of it. | like the fear the thrill, the rusch, BI PAIRS: Compare your answers, Then practice the conversations. EXERCISE 2: Emphasis and Contrast @ A ead al of the sentences in each set below, Then listen to the sentences.and circle the Dightighted words, 1, Asaying about friendship: a. Breryone hears what you say jends listen to what you say. e, Best friends listen to what you don't say. 2, Who makes the decisions? The Patels own a small electronics store, Mr. Patel, his wife, and his three children live above the store, and everyone except the baby spends time working in the store. The scrtences describe each of the Patels’ roles in making decisions about the bitsiness a, Mrs, Patel is the real decision maker 1b. Mr, Patel thinks he makes the decist . Jana Patel thinks she ought to make the decisions, d. Al Patel doesn't care who makes the decisions. @. The baby doesnt even know there's a business. Lister-again and repeat the sentences, Highlighting 173EXERCISE 3: Why Is It? PAIRS: Read the questions below and chele the words that contrast. (The questions are metorical, ‘making fun of the logic of Engish.) Then practice reading the sentences ta each other using heavy stress and high pitch on the contrasting wards, 1. Why does the sum Tighten our hair but darken our skin? 2. Why is a boxing ring square? 3. Why is the time of day with the slowest traffic called rush hour? 4 Why isn there mouseflavored cat food? 5. Why's the third hand on a clock called the second hand? 6 Why-do we drive on parkveays and park on driveways? EXERCISE 4: Agreeing PAIRS: Create short conversations. Student 8 shows agreement with Student A's statement by ‘repeating it and highlighting the auxifiary wert, Exner: ‘Srupenr A: You drive ta slowly, ‘Srupent B: [ Yes ] Right. } 1D0 drive too slowh: Lae 1. Susana should win the prize. 2. The essay was well written, 3. Rafael looks a lot like his brother: 4, The final exam will cover a lot of material. 5. They've been gone a lang time. 6 That new student’ really cute. 174 uNiTa4