Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IN INDUCTION MOTORS
by
Michael J. Costello
President
Houston Texas
MOTOR VIBRATION
Vibration analysis and rotordynamics has become a science in
itself, generally studied and reviewed by mechanical engineers
or rotating machinery specialists. It is not uncommon for tur
bine and compressor rotors to successfully operate at speeds in
excess of 12,000 rpm. Therefore, most rotating machinery spe
cialists cannot understand how motors, having maximurn speeds
of 3600 rpm, can exhibit vibration problems which are so dif
ficult to diagnose. While motor speeds are relatively low com
pared \\-ith turbomachinery, the dynamics associated with them
can be extremely complex due to additional forcing functions
present which are not found in a mechanical machine. Add to
this a rotor which is a laminated steel cylindrical core held axially
under compression and shrunk on a shaft, as well as a rotor cage
which is inherently "loose," and the difficulty of motor vibration
diagnostics increases dramatically.
It is true that two pole (3600 rpm) motors behave the worst
when discussing mechanical performance; however, lower
speed motors operate on the same principles. Electromagnetic
forcing functions are generated at all motor rotor speeds; how
ever, they are more pronounced for two pole machines due to
the greater force between the magnetic poles [2]. In addition,
two pole motors have greater centrifugal forces and normally op
erate much closer to the first critical speed.
Does the addition of electromagnetic forces really complicate
Figure 1. Cutaway of a Typical Large Squirrel Cage Induction
motor vibration diagnostics? Not in itself; however, when they
Motor Outlining the Various Major Components.
are combined with the mechanical forces seen on all rotating
machines, analysis becomes difficult. The fact that the elec
tromagnetic forcing frequencies may be very close to running
speed, or its multiples, makes it easy to understand why
stator ID. The number of alternate polarity magnetic poles set mechanical and electrical engineers alike have such difficulty in
up by the winding connections dictate the speed of the rotating motor vibration diagnostics.
magnetic field. The motor synchronous speed is as follows: To understand vibration in motors, the first thing to re
member is that it is also a mechanical machine having all the
motor synchronous speed ==
forcing functions as any rotating mechanical machine. The shaft
must be straight, the rotor must be balanced, bearings must be
120 X frequency of applied voltage (Hz) adequate, etc. Electrically, various inherent electromagnetic
forces exist which cannot be eliminated. Problems \\-ill occur
number of poles when either the mechanical, electromagnetic, or elec
tromechanical forces become excessive, which can occur due to
a number of reasons.
Currents in the rotor cage are induced across the air gap of
As this presentation is directed towards the mechanical en
the motor in a manner similar to those induced in the secondary
gineer, the purely mechanical dynamics of a rotating system will
of a transformer. It is different from the transformer, however,
not be discussed. The electromagnetic and electromechanical
since the secondary or rotor winding rotates physically, trying
aspects will be the point of concentration. Electromagnetic
to gain synchronism with the stator winding rotating field [1].
forces are those which are purely magnetic, created by the rotat
The rotor cannot achieve synchronism because of torque or load
ing magnetic field. Electromechanical forces are those forces
on its shaft. The amount of speed by which the rotor lags the
most commonly generated as a result of an electromagnetic force
stator synchronous field is called "slip." The amount of slip and
and a mechanical force, such as unbalance or a bent shaft, acting
motor current are higher as the motor torque load is increased.
in cooperation with one another. It can also result from an elec
As the field rotates around the stator, the reactionary tangential
tromagnetic force and electrical dissymmetry (broken bars or
force, which is a function of load torque, core loss, and friction
cracked end rings) also working in concert.
and windage losses, slips behind the stator magnetic field.
Under no load conditions, slip is low because torque needs only Electromagnetic Forces
to overcome the core and friction and windage losses; however, The two main electromagnetic forces in an induction motor
a slight current is induced in the rotor cage. Because of this, occur at 60 Hz and 120 Hz. The frequency of the main air gap
some slip is present even at no load, therefore, synchronous magnetic flux wave is 60 Hz; however, it is actually a torsional
speed can never be reached. function on the rotor. Any dissymmetry in the magnetic circuit
The torque to accelerate an inertial load to an operating \\-ill produce a lateral force whose frequency is at 60 Hz. This
speed, will at any speed, be equal to the difference between the component is generally very small and normally not a concern.
motor torque developed and the load torque. The motor torque Inherent 120 Hz Force- The existence of a 120 Hz force can
is a function of the applied voltage during starting conditions, result primarily from two sources. It is the result of the inherent
and the load torque usually varies with speed. The rate of accel magnetic attraction between the rotor and stator acting on a sin
eration is proportional to this torque difference, and the motor gle point on the stator core each time it comes under the influ
will hang up at a low speed value if the torque differential ence of a rotating magnetic field pole.
reaches zero. This may also occur if the motor design is such that In one cycle of voltage, a magnetic field pole will pass this sta
its speed characteristic curve has parasitic torques or cusps. tionary point t\\-ice in one rotation of the magnetic field for two
UNDERSTANDING THE VIBRATION FORCES IN INDUCTION MOTORS 69
pole motors, fiJur times in one rotation of the magnetic field for
four pole motors, six times for six pole motors, etc. The speed
of rotation of the magnetic field pules is exactly 60 Hz for two
pole motors, exactly 30 Hz fin· four pole motors, and exactly 20
Hz h>r six pole motors. As a result, the fi·eqHency of the frJrce nf
attraction between the rotor and stator is 60 Hz times two f(n·
two pole motors, 30 Hz times four hn· kmr pole motors, and 20
Hz times six f<n· six pole motors. This 120 Hz force can, there lltt9� 1/S
<Mqn Uc �
&bvO.l�tion
fhld, no
C{
!f<>l<>a
�:��!�"""" "'4'l""'�'"
f'l'll>
and assembly tolerances, this situation is impossihle to achieve. "A" •']�i" c�""t"'�
pdl
south pole). If, however, a point of minimum air gap exists in u<�J,al•nc�.;l tlJ&IJ>lOtl�
to��• ll•mo�, la
1'�11
'"'"'
the motor, and a magndic pole lines up with this point, it creates �QVQluU<>Il
tJ.. I.:I
<>�
PO!lo),
unb.t.o"�"" m•<,�r>�t!�
... <Jn<>U<
t�"'
..,.,u
......
po
a t llaa ravolvad heavy po
a t baa �ot•tad
fleld, tha rot.or hae, aa
tlald, tba n>tor h••• •• 59/60 ot 1 r'"'olut1on 19/30 of 1 revolution
a c•a"lt of dlp,
a raa11 1 t of ellp, {eaeualng a ror.or aptttd t. t...., • rotor apMd
novolved !>9/60 of I revolvlld 29/lO of 1 of SJI
I&whll• ayneh>'onoua ofl9 HawhUe eynchro""""
ntvolutlon jaaaumlng a
ra,...lutlon c•e-lng •
•-d le 60Hc). The epted le 0
l 8a), The
rotor &J>Oiad of S9 a
H wb1la
rotor apeed o! 29th: wl\Ua o;,ent�catod u.nl>alanoed pn•rated unbiolancacl
uyncobronoua apo�<�d h
...
a�nohs....a.,.. """"" la force �tio pull fore•
aao;,natlc pull
0
6 �
U J. lfooit.har pole
lORa). llona of tb.polaa neulUqfro.the point
raautt.lnv fcoatbe point
Unaa ..pwith tba point
u upwlth thapoint of
of alni- air 9ap "A" of •lnlaua alr q•p "lt."
of alnloo"'" &IJ< v•P I"A"),
alnUul10 elr v•P("A").
hua fraquan�oy<lf UOlla. hua tr..,...nc:y ot 2
10I
Ia.
:: !!:!:.S �;;
Aftar 7.5 ...volutlona of
Aftar 7.& ravolutlon• af
Artar lO ravolutlon. of
.,.9nat:1cUald, tll<l .,otor "' "tl" polnt
:!�"�: .
revolution•. Ttul point
wltb•C>Uthpole(U). An
r,...olutlona. llgaln,
or alnlawa air v•p "A"
unbal--gnetlc pu.ll
pole H n.. up
�=�:!;�"'"""
Unea upwU:h one aouth
forca ia gane.,atad but la
.
pola (8 1 ) produ.,lnv an
...
not pronounced ln
Ngnatic pull
<:e>aoparlaon to whoon
u • upwlth •A-.
::..�==�!::d �: "�•. !:
llagnetle Uolcl, thto rotor tleld, point "II" hU
Afta., lO ""volutlon• of
59 0 cotatfi<I'J.S7 r•votutl<><>•·
Hald, t'"" rotor hae r•
volvo d 29/30 of 0
1
..-aval.,tiona. Naltba.. 9.&7
.,...o
. l�ttlona or
pola Unaa upwlth "A". r-olutlona. llona ot tbcl
pol•• liM up with the
point <>I •inlii!IIIO dr g•p
"!1".
;:::
J,ftar 5
1 roYolutiwa of
Af� .. lO "ovolutlona of Aft•r lS .-.-Iutton• of
!!:!�� a;�;
lt.ftoor lO CGV11lut10II8 of
llald, tho rgeor ha•
""'')netlc fiald, tlla"'tor nlltl� polnt .-gnatloUald, point •u•
rovolved 29/30 of U
balll rllvolvad59/60of lO r 4 ha• revolved 14,5
rhOlutlon• or 14. $
nwglutlone ""' 29.5 r<lvolutlona tharftby "evolution• th'"""by
r-olutlon•· Tha point
� : ::
Unh19 upwith tb• north
!!!
r•,.,olutiona. The poh>t Unlnt up1<itll a<><�tll pole
"!I"
.,....u..
of alnt- air gap
of 10lfli01Ua d .. gap "A" natl.n pole (Ill). Thh """"t••
..-UMe upwlth north
ltl...._. �lMI an eddltlonal unbahn""
�::!�"...a . ,.,.u.,
Hn,.a upwitll tlllt aowth
pole 111 1
1 g an
pola (II) pn><Sucing &P �natlcl)l.lll for.,.wbotle ••gnotl.c pqll torce "ho•a
�>nbalane<!l<l,...g""tl" p.�ll
. pull oHO>�t h a puhatio11 of etfoct la a pulaation of
fo.,.,..
the 2
i0&
H fotca. thool
20H
afgrca.
Aftar 4S ,..,,.olqtlona of
After22 .B.,.,..luUona of AftOirU tel<olutlone of Attar n.� "evolution• of
oiUlQ!nOt1oUald1 the rotor ajlfinatlc flald, point "M"
Uold, tbo:t n>tor haa fhold, point •n· hall
ha• r•volved59/60of 4
5 baa tot•t•d 7.U
revol'lad 2t/JO of 22 .1 cewolved 44.2 5 cevolu·
rawolqti<lna or U. 2 5 ravolutiomo Hnl.q up
raY<>luUo,.. o" 2 1. n tlwa and no tonv-� linea
rav<>lutloca. Nalthar wlth-th pola(l). The
ravolutlo11a, Thoo point up 1<lth tl>e point of
polaUfl<ta upwlch "!1", of •int."'" dr gap "A" .... Utu•t.lon occure a•
alni..,...airqap •A•.
Unaa upwlth aouth polo """" "n" Unad upwlthSl
;::!!7
(II), p....m.dn9 an deacrlbad prevloualy.
'"""'"91'1"t1o pull
hq•lly, 60 Pin&Uy, lO
tevolutiona or f1el<l, ravolutl<rfl• of fi,.ld,
point "M" H��ea up with polnt •u• U��e• up with
�!:"·..:!. ;� � !�..�:�
ll'lndly, afcar&OraY<>lu• 1'111ally, attar 30re,..luM tll<l nonh pole (11:). Aa north 5101" (II}. A•the
tt " Uon1 ot tlald, tba cotor the->lt-flUII denalty oaad-Uu• denuty h
. h•• otadil 29 ra¥oluUcm• h at tha aoutbpola(O), at pola (Ill), tho
or 1 eUp cycla. TM or 1 eUp cyc.:l•, The the "nbalan"lltd a&O""tl" unbabnc.<l lll&'illl<1tlo pull
polnt. of ain�et r gep point of•int-alr gap pull for"' """'tad by "ll" foroe oraat<HI by "H"
"A" nowlJ.nae upwlth th<l "A" now Un•• up with llniru<l up with (II) h Uning up with (R) h
nonh pol• (M) .,.,..tlng north pole (II) ureatJ.ng can<�elled or "Dahnoed" """""11"" ar "batan.,<l<l"
en unbelai\Oild N'ifnootl" an unbalano-lltd -gneU<' and not uotad. A• a and 11ot notod. Ae a
pull forca. hi\�, in JIUillor.,.. a
H n.,.ln o,.. raawlt, foc l eUpCiyola,
: :::
"eault., tor l allp cycl•,
!:!!.,
�he um..lenc:od ..11nat1c
9 unbdenced --.net1<: pull " haly
•tfoCit o auac:tlvely
force oc:our�od four tl �r . .... ••
tbh t"o polaooot or. lor thla four pole,..,toc.
Figure 3. Demonstration of Electromechanical Force with a Fre Figure 4. Demonstration of Electromechanical Force Having a
quency of the Number of Poles T imes Slip Speed . Frequency One Times the Slip Speed.
lance amplifying the unbalanced magnetic pull force. Therefore, should not be excessive. The amplitude of modulation should
the resulting modulating force will occur once in one cycle of not be above 20 to 25 percent. If it is, a more severe dissym
slip. This situation is demonstrated in Figure 4. metry is present, most likely due to sloppy machining or exces
While it is also possible for this to occur on slower speed sive tolerances during motor assembly. Critical problems such
motors, a one times slip frequency force is much more difficult as broken rotor bars, end ring cracks or bent shafts exhibit the
to produce. As seen in Figure 4, for the four pole motor, a pro same modulation characteristics; therefore, all excessive mod
nounced force occurs when the unbalance force lines up with the ulation must be investigated.
unbalanced magnetic pull force created by the point of A common misconception is that these unbalance magnetic
minimum air gap. In addition, a force is created each time the pull forces exist only when the machine is operating at full load
unbalance force comes under the influence of a magnetic pole or close to full load. This is probably due to the fact that one can
except when the pole is 180 degrees from the point of minimum hear an audible beat at full load while not hearing one at no load.
air gap. This, in effect, also creates an unbalanced magnetic pull The unbalance magnetic pull force will not exist at no load if the
force; but, it is not as great as when the unbalance lines up di dissymmetry is load related such as a broken rotor bar or a ther
rectly with the pole. Because of this, the unbalanced magnetic mal bow; however, if it is from sloppy manufacturing tech
pull force will have a tendency to modulate at one times slip fre niques, the forces exist even at no load.
quency. As this forcing function has yet to be seen on slower Since the unbalance magnetic pull is dependent upon slip,
speed machines, it should not be of a concern. and as described in the basic theory section of this paper, slip is
Either of the electromechanical forces previously described present even at no load, it makes sense that these modulation
above would be superimposed on any of the vibration compo forces can also exist at no load. At no load, however, the slip and,
nents whether it be the unfiltered or filtered values. The result therefore, the forcing frequency is very low. Typical no load slip
would be that particular vibration component modulating at ei frequencies are between 0.001 Hz and 0.003 Hz (0.06 rpm to
ther one times slip speed or the number of poles times slip 0.18 rpm), whereas, full load slip values typically range between
speed. It is important to remember that a slip frequency related 0.25 Hz to 0.5 Hz ( 15 rpm to 30 rpm). As a result, during no load
unbalance magnetic pull force is always present; however, it operation the time for the revolving point of minimum air gap
UNDERSTANDING THE VIBRATION FORCES IN INDUCTION MOTORS 71
to come under the influence of maximum flux density will be ap For modulation forces to be eliminated, a perfectly symmetri
proximately five to seventeen minutes. However, during full cal machine, both electrically and mechanically would have to
load operation, this time is only between two and four seconds! be manufactured. As this is not possible, the motor should be
It is for this reason, extremely low frequency, that a beat cannot made as symmetrical as tolerances allow.
be heard at no load. The vibration troubleshooting chart presented in Table 1
It is, therefore, possible to ascertain the slip frequency mod should be beneficial when motor vibration problems occur. It
ulated electromechanical forces during a no load run by monitor covers most of the common occurrences in a simplified way;
ing a vibration component continuously for up to approximately however, because of the multitude of electrical and mechanical
15 minutes. In addition, the no load slip speed can be deter factors which may precipitate a vibration problem, it is often
mined by aiming a strobe light, set at exactly 60 Hz for hvo pole necessary to perform a basic analysis based on fundamental con
motors, exactly 30 Hz for four pole motors , etc. , at the shaft end cepts, most of which are discussed herein. Since not all combi
keyway. One can then see the keyway start to lag behind the nations of electrical and mechanical problems can ever be
strobe very slowly. The time required for the keyway to make accounted for, it is very important to understand the nature,
one complete revolution is the no load slip speed. An example origin, and behavior of the forces discussed here.
of using this technique is demonstrated in Case History Number
3.
Table 1. Vibration Symptoms and Causes for Squirrel Cage Induction Motors.
IHUIU l n d if
lffllf'ltle
t IIIJ*10'illf'lwhhlll
� -..rotorbllrt. c""INiend tllll
b)poor Ialani bearing �IIIU!Ckogreater ln thhorhonul diep!Hftlfnlllt lltelllngronu\uln
._.. dlreetlon than tha ¥ertlut. Sl.ob· ....,_,_,_ C aul d leld to ber brut., . .
har-lcr"onenc:eM)'c-evlbra· (lllt-1\Mtbeeorrectedbyrel""'l"'.
tlonat1/Z,1/3,1/4, etc., o f
rotatl-1 frequene v .
o)lkln·UI'Iiflltllltotor -.:h ...tutlvfornd•
h•ft bolllit
h er et
e��reet..,.tng nsewb\y gr Qii! IMr-l el
l e chn t
he
roto rhe et1141.
ITit��ullotatl-1
plD
S ft fnt llllltl llloflr-llt bll,.,p:���t
Frequency
ct.,..ir!ll, il!IPI'opll' "''..,.ng, etc.
t�oat c_,cal.llt of vlbratlon, Ohm procb:u -vnttlc dt..-,-rrv
�tltldeUeady, teapondtraodlly ....:le•celtlvel2tlllz vlbret1Qn.
to"-1-ewlohtt.
totetlonel lp.edd.srlngc::ooetdowl.
Multlple�ofRotetlonal
f)EilC::HIIV.brlt\ngehllt811C:H/Ot SheftYibntlonis oftentrllter ln the F requenc y
eRuulve tetenl elur..-.:ea horhontel dlrec::tlon thin the wrtleal
dlrec::tlon. t)OUt of rOIR!jouriiDh Vlbr•tlonciiMOtberecb!edbynor��tl
blll-lllllt
l hochbeloweectrtelnyelu..
ltiC NV ehobe2 or 11ote tl11ee
ftllqlllV
rotltl-1.
IJ E c
centri cjourn11h Vlbretion camotbe rotduced by nor1111l
1
betarw:••thochbrtow e cert•ln v•lue. a)lnherent��qn��t lc forces CIIIISH lttc:al ata tor he a tlng. V\t1r1tion
frequentyllll)'olsobeZotlllOr8t!IIII!S e�duetolllndlna �HIIOIOrheiUUp.
tot•tionet. clrcult orphtseinbelenc..
Figure 6. View of Crack in Rotor End Ring after Motor was Dis Figure 8. Service Shop Worker Attempting to Tighten Rotor
assembled at Service Shop. Cage by Swaging Rotor Bars. Swaging is the act ofmechanically
displacing har material ill a manner such that it becomes tighter
in the slot.
ROTOR SHAFT
equal to the amount of energy imparted to the rotating system. brazed bar joints to the end rings. For these reasons, it is impor
This heat, of course, is greater when accelerating high inertia tant to allow an unrestrained and predictable axial growth of the
loads such as this. The temperature rise of the bars and end ring rotor bars. The end ring balance/support ring assembly the man
results in an axial growth of the bars pushing the end ring assem ufacturer utilized on this machine mav have avoided a balance
blies awav from the rotor core. Stresses are created due to cen problem; however, it did not allow for the design- considerations
trifugal f;rces acting- on the end ring and bars along with temper just mentioned.
ature gradients on the bars due to skin effect. These factors Once this problem \Vas identified, the motor manufacturer de
create bending stresses at the bar protrusion section and at the signed and assembled new rotors utilizing a tight cage, larger
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINETEENTH TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM
end rings for the high inertia starting, and a balance ring which
was allowed to slide on the shaft. Problems have not been re
ported on these machines since.
Case History 2
During acceptance testing of a 1500 hp, 3600 rpm motor, no
load coupled vibration levels on a dynamometer stand were very ¥ 2.35
MAXIMUM SHAFT VIBRATION
REPAIRED RO'rOR-END OF HEAT RUN
low. Maximum unfiltered levels of 0.80 mils on the shaft and
if
0.25 mils on the bearing housing were measured. When the Ol
-'
motor was placed under load, the corresponding vibration levels ....
::0:
gradually increased over a four hour period and stabilized at un z
.... MAXIMUM SHAFT VIBRATION
filtered levels of 2.5 mils on the shaft and 0.75 mils on the bear w FULL LOAD-END OF HEAT RUN
CJ
ing housing. Filtered rotational speed vibration levels showed �
2.35
A 600 hp, 2300 Volt, NEMA 5000 frame motor was experiencing
very high vibration, modulating at two times the slip frequency
on both bearing housings and all shaft probes. Additionally, the \Vhen the motor was assembled, the twice line frequency vi
twice line frequency vibration component was predominant and bration was lower; however, the excessive modulation was still
was also modulating at two times slip frequency. present. Only when another frame was modified was the cause
It is important to note that twice line frequency vibration is identified and corrected which resulted in reduced vibration
present on all induction motors no matter how many poles. On levels. It was discovered that in addition to the 120Hz vibration
a two pole motor such as this, it inherently results from the rotat problem, the original frame was improperly bored so that it was
ing magnetic field passing a single point of the stator twice in deflecting excessively in one direction simulating an out of
one voltage cycle (sine wave). The resulting stator and rotor at round stator. The maximum shaft vibration is shown in Figure
traction forces are independent of the voltage polarity, there- 12 both before and after the modifications to the frame.
�------·
0
0
: J.IO'l'OR AS �-
� : :
AliPRox. ::14 <*-m
:
: :·
·
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
r·.50
. UlfFIL'I'�REJ? � VI�TII?N TR�ND:
.
WITH MO'f'OR AT NO LOAD
.
.
..
. 4.5 5.0 10. 5 l2
2
: 1 . 35mils
Case History 4
A two pole, 1250 hp motor had undergone vibration testing
at the motor manufacturers plant without any problems. Unfil . . - - :- - ·. : _;...,._..,..;:
.� ..,. _ :·"':"'. . -::-:-
. :-:- . :
.: . -:-:.--:- . . . . · · : ... : · ·
. . .
frequency. Shaft vibration spectra was recorded as shown in Fig component revealed that one and 1:\vo lines slip speed sidebands
ure 14. It is quite common for a beat or vibration modulation of were prevalent. Overall vibration levels at this time were not ex
twice slip frequency to occur on 1:\vo pole motors, and as long as cessive; therefore, electrical performance testing was com
this is not excessive, should not be a concern. Due to machining pleted during which the vibration was not monitored. When the
and assembly tolerances, always present is a point of minimum machine was again run under no load, the overall vibration
air gap in the motor. This \'1-ill come under the influence of max levels had increased significantly and were now above the
imum flux density 1:\vice in one slip cycle, producing the unbal aforementioned specified values. Because of this, the motor was
anced magnetic pull force whose frequency is 1:\vice slip speed. disassembled and inspected thoroughly.
When this is superimposed onto other vibration frequency com As was stated previously, it is normal for vibration modulation
ponents, the result is a modulation of that component at 1:\:\.ice to occur at 1:\:\.ice slip frequency as a result of manufacturing toler
slip frequency. As the motor exhibited a modulation ofonce slip ances of the machine. In this instance, there is a force whose fre
frequency, an unusual situation was occurring on this machine. quency is one times slip frequency. This can occur if there is a
What cannot be shown in Figure 14 is the 100 percent modula multiple dissymmetry, such as when a mechanical dissymmetry
tion of all the vibration components. Zooming into the 60 Hz and magnetic dissymmetry occur simultaneously bel:\veen the
stator and rotor. An example of this would be a rotor not
adequately centered in the stator and also exhibiting excessive
PROX PROBE lY
1 . 05 ,------,
STATOS: PADSED
unbalance. For instance, when a magnetic pole lines up with a
MILS
, , , ,. ,. , , , , point of minimum air gap, the mechanical unbalance is 180 de
. . .:
o , o o I o , , l o •o o o \ o o o � o o I o o o I o o I o , o , o o
.
.
grees from this point; therefore, the magnetic pull will tend to
•••' I 0 • ' ' I ' ' ' '
.
l ' ' ' '
.
I ' '
.' ' I ' ' 0 '
.
I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' equalize the mechanical unbalance and the resulting force will
150 ....:....�..
. . . . ; . . . . � . .; , , , , ; .� ;� , ; . , , .
be negligible for one half cycle of slip. During the other half
: SPPJ;mA : cycle, the magnetic pull will be in phase with the mechanical
••:• •' .
IMILS
/DIY •
.
•
. . . • I ' ' ' ' : ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' '
.
I ' ' ' '
.
I ' ' ' ' : ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' unbalance and the resulting force will, therefore, occur once in
one cycle of slip.
. . . . . . . . ! . _.;.:�,�! . . . . i....:....�.. . . !.... On this motor, the significant vibration increase from one no
. . . . . .
load test to the next pointed to a mechanical shift from its origi
•
' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' t ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' 0
''•• • • • • 1:LINI!
• • • • :: • • • • • ' • . • • • .t. • • ' ••• •
:1 Z!DI simultaneously, the resulting electromagnetic force occurred
.
.
. once per cycle of slip. Actions for correction of this problem
· � ·
• I • • : ' I • ' •
t • • • • : . 0 0 • • ••••
.
150 • • • • , o
. o , I
. , , , , I , , , , 1 , o o , I o o , o included machining of the end ring eliminating the variation and
••• .
. . . . .
rebalancing the rotor. The motor was subsequently tested, and
. 60llz . • • ,. • • • • ,. ., • • •
IIIM1LS
/DIY ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' 0 ' I ' ' 0 ' ' I . 0 • • • • 0
vibration levels were low, thermally stable and repeatable. Mod
•••• I o o o o t o o o o
.
I o o o o .,� . . · � · · · · � · . · · � . . . . ulation at one times slip speed was still present , however, to a
• .• • • . • • •.
. .
much lesser degree (down to 35 percent instead of the original
•• • _:,<": 60
• • . 5sHz
• • • • • • • •: • • • • •: • • • •
J ' .· .. .. .. 100 percent).
• • ' l • • • r • •
0 l. J
I
� liN: 75alfz 7 ak REFERENCES
PROX PBDBE lY STA'IUS : PADSI!D l. Sommers, Ernest W. , "Vibration in Two Pole Induction
350 Motors Related to Slip Frequency" Transaction, AlEE,
. . ·�1+� � �- . ! . . . . � . . 0 0 ; . . . .
IIIM1LS
. .
;. ..;
. . ! . . . 0 . . 0
(April 1955).
/DIY :I 12<*•
• ••'' ••• •' ••• 3. Brozek, B., "Discussion of Two Pole Motor Vibration" , Un
z
• 0
·
.
• o • ' ' • o • r 1 " • • I ' • t • • • ' 1 ' ' 0 I
· · . .1:�9--��. . . ;. . . . . ;. . . .
published (May 1984).
.
o
.
o o o
. l
. o o o o I 0 o o o l o o o :; .
0
llOHz liN: 7511Hz 130Hz1
Figure 14. Full Load Shaft Vibration Spectra from 0-400 Hz, 50-
70 Hz, and 110-130 Hz. T he latter two plots differentiate the run
ning speed from the line frequency components and multiples
thereof