Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Refresher Lecture MSTHC

    Uploaded by

    Hubert Jay Fedalino Yubat
    51 views12 pages

    Original Title

    REFRESHER-LECTURE-MSTHC

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    51 views12 pages

    Refresher Lecture MSTHC

    Uploaded by

    Hubert Jay Fedalino Yubat

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 12
    GILLESANIA Engineering Review and Training Center SURVEYING AND TRANSPO. ENG'G. Compilation of Formulas TRAVERSE MEASUREMENTS N Latitude: Lat = Lcos8, North(+) & South (—) departure Departire Dep = Lsind, East (+) & West(~) fg ength ofthe tine L= flat? +Dep? 8 Bearing angle Dep = tant (72 a= tn(T) Area of Traverse DMD (Double Meridian Distance) Method 1. The DMD of the fist course is equal tothe departure of that course. 2. The DMD of any other course is equal to the DMD of the previous course plus the departure ofthe previous. course plus the departure of the course itself. 3, The DMD of the last course must be numerically equal to the departure of that last course but opposite in sign, 4. The double area of each course is equal tothe product of, the DMD and the latitude of the course, Double Area = DMS x Lat 1 Area => |" Double Areas DPD (Double Parallel Distance) Method 1, The DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude of that 2. The DPD of any other course is equal to the DMD of the previous course plus the latitude of the previous course plus the latitude of the couse itself. 3, The DPD of the last course must be numerically equal to the latitude of that last course but opposite in sign. 4. The double area of each course is equal to the product of the DPD and the departure of the course. Double Area = DPD x Dep 1 Area =5 |" Double Areas Fora closed Traverse: atc G : Dirton of | Hates BALANCING OF A CLOSED TRAVERSE Linear Error of measurement ‘A short line of unknown length and direction connecting the initial and final station of traverse. It is approximately determined by plotting the traverse to scale, or more exactly by computing hypotenuse of a right triangle whose side are the closure in latitudes and departures respectively, D LEC = VAI? + Ad? Where: Tatitudes d=)" departures Relative Precision/Relative Error Prepared by: Engr: fobertS. De La Cruz c= z LEC RE = Perimeter of Traverse Compass rule Compass Rule /Bowditch Method - The correction to be applied to the latitude/departure of any course isto the total absolute correction in latitude /departure as the length of the course is to the perimeter ofthe traverse. Corrections for latitude: C, ___Length of Course Al ~ Perimeter of Traverse Corrections for departure: Cq ___Length of Course 4d ~ Perimeter of Traverse Transit rule Transit Rule - The correction to be applied to the latitude /departure of any course is to the total correction in, latitude or departure as the latitude/departure of that course is to the arithmetical sum of all the latituces/departures of the traverse, Corrections for latitude: C, _ |Latitude of the Course| BI EMiae + iced) Corrections for departure: Ca _ |Departure of the Course| ad YEaep + Waco) Applications ofthe corrections Corrected Measurement Lat Dope, ‘atitude of the course ~ C, ‘= Departure of the course ~ Ca Absolute Length L= Vator)? + (DePcar)? Corrected Bearing angle Tatcoy STATISTICAL FORMULAS OF ERRORS Single Observations Most Probable Value Standard Deviation/Error Standard Error of the mean En =e E mat i Most Probable Error 2 PE = 40.6745 yn Most Probable Error of mean Ey? = s06745— mn aay = 2287 PE = £0.6745 Weighted Observations ‘Most Probable Value Towx) lw mpv = Standard Deviation/Error of unit weight Zoe?) E, u n= Standard Error of weighted mean wv?) lw (mh N ine of Most Probable Error of weighted mean Where: corresponding observation size of observation Residual value, v = mpv - ‘w= corresponding weight of observation Adjustment of weighted observations * ‘The weights are directly proportional to the number of observations, w = kn. + The weights are inversely proportional to the square of the corresponding probable errors, w = k/E®. + The weight is inversely proportional to the distance, w kid. Propagation of Errors Errorin sum ee Bad JEL + Ep + ES +~ BR hey bth, |/—_____________| h+htke Prepared by: Engr Jobert S. De La Cruz c= Error in product E=tV(a- By)? + (b+ Ea)? atk, Area = ab + Ey DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS Pace Factor distance ‘ave. number of paces Tape corrections Correction for absolute length: Where = Correction per tape length Designated nominal length L = Measured length of a line Thermal correction: Cr = aT — Ty) Where = coefficient of thermal expansion, For steel, = 11.610 ‘Ta=Observed temperature atthe time of measurement TT, = Standardized temperature Measured length ofthe line Pull of Tensi correction: Cn = FL Ce AE Where Applied pull during the measurement 2 Standard Pull Measured length ofthe line ‘A= Cross-sectional area ofthe tape 8 = Mogulus of elasticity ofthe tape material Sag correction: oat S24 R Where ‘w= linear weight ofthe tape length 2, = Applied pull to the tape | = measured length between supported two points Slope correction: Approximate, ¢, =! L roximate, Cy = >— PP n= OL Exact, Cy = L(1 — cos 0) a Where 6-Angle between the measured sloped distance Land the horizontal L=measured sloped distance ‘Mean Sea Level correction: L Le _ dns R+h RB Correction, Cs = L = Lmst Where h=altitude of observation L=Measured distance at an altitude ReRadius ofthe Earth, taken (6400km) ‘True or Laid distance Lmeasured + Crotat Deru For C = absolute correction Cy e Derue = Lmeasurea (147 *Correction will be (+, added) for too long and (- subtracted) for too short Stadia Surveying, [ oe eee Da Distance along the line of collimation/sight Prepared by: Engr: fobertS. De La Cruz c= D=KScos8 +C Horizontal distance: Deos@ Vertical offset from the middle reading to the horizontal through the center of instrument Dy =Dsin@ Where: K= Stadia interval facot C= Stadia Constant tadia or rod intercept = UP - LR Upper reading Middle reading Subtense Bar 2tan (9) ngth of bar (usually 2m) ingle subtended by the bar Where Sensitivity of Bubbles - The division of bubble tube are usually spaced at 2 mm intervals. This is useful in measuring the adjusted rod reading ifthe bubble were off centered, Proportion: Ah D ‘Where hy and he = Rod readings adius of curvature of the tube squivalent arc ofthe tube for a deviated rod reading LEVELLING Differential Levelling : oh is Fle Flevy Hi, = Eliy+ BS, El = Hh, — FS: Diff.in elevation = FS ~ BS Where HI= Height of instrument from a datum. BS = Backsight reading FS = Foresight reading Effects of Curvature and Refraction Horizontal line Line of sight —— Level line Vertical Gplarnb Tob ine Curvature Effect: C.= 0.07850? Refraction Effect 0.011? Combined Effect 0675D? fer Note hg isn meters, and D in kilometers Prepared by: Engr: fobertS. De La Cruz c= HORIZONTAL CURVES Simple Curves “oO zi 3 ackward tangent Elements: PC =Point of eurvature PT = Point of tangency. oint of intersection of tangents Backward tangent PPT = Forward tangent (= Center of the curve Radius of the curve ‘Angle of intersection of tangents Tangent distance Long chord ength of curve External distance Middle ordinate Solving for Radius with degree of curvature (D) Are basis (20-m are) 3600 z_ 7D Chord basis (20-m chord) 10 sin(D72) Radlus, Tangent and External distance PI Rte 1 Pc ® ° ‘Tangent Distance: T= Rtan ()) External Distance e= A[sec @ =| Radius, Long Chord and Middle ordinate wm in Pe F ° Long chord T t= 2rsin(5) Middle Ordinate: nanli-co( Stationing, Given Station of Pr Stage = Sttpy—T Stét pr = Staipc+ be Compound Curves PCC = Point of sth ‘compound curvature Length of common tangent Te= T+ PC Pr Statloning, Given Station of Pl Sta.pe= Stap—x—Ty Stapce = Sta.pe+ bes Prepared by: Engr. JobertS. De La Cruz c= Stapp = Sta.pec+ bea Reversed Curves Length of | common tangent T= T+ PRC=Point of \ reversed curvature Stationing, Given Station of Pl Sta.p¢ = Sta.py.—T St.pyp = St.pe* Les + To Stapp = Stapc+ bes + Lea ‘Note: All element ofthe stmple curve are the same elements ofthe compound and reversed curve. Only with additional point in the compound curve (PCC) and with reversed curve (PRC). These point are in the figure Spiral Curves Elements: ‘TS = tangent to spiral SC= spiral to simple ewve CS = simple curve to spiral ST= spiral to tangent Re radius of simple curve 6, = angle of intersection of simple curve 6, = spiral angle form SC tangent distance set distance from tangent through SC jistance along the tangent from TS to SC offset distance from tangent to any point ofthe spiral distance along the tangent from TS to any point on the ral length of throw ng tangent hore tangent external distance nyppegs ng ea Formulas: Ye Offset distance B *= CRIs eal oR Xe Length of throw,p =“ Distance along the tangent By Yeo be GRE spiral angle B OO TRL, a= #8 SOR Deflection angle Prepared by: Engr Jobert S. De La Cruz c= oe at isq&u=5y Degree of spiral at any point DL Di” Ts D.=degree of the simple curve Radius, Tangent and External Distance 3 REE 1 5 Rep Tangent distance S++ pran(5) weral dsc: E= (e+psee($)-2 Short and Long tangent Short tangent: Long Tangent: be=Ye~ Desirable length of spiral _ 0.03602 * R ‘Where Ls and Ris in meters and v in kph EARTHWORKS cut & Fill, Sta, SiaB La Hy Length along fil tym 2k Fat Howe * Apia Length along cut Leut = L— Lyin Grades and length relation L(Gg - Gy. set eA Prepared by: Engr Jobert S. De La Cruz c= Ger SE ‘Trapezoldal Rule: Area = 5 [hy + Q(z + hy + hy +o hy-1) + ha] MIR Simpson's 1/3 Rule: Volumes of Earthworks End Area Method: L Fit) Prismoidal Formula: L Vy = GA + 44m + Aa) Prismoldal Correction (Use for level up to three-level section) D ground profile (section) Toad width oad width Volume of Prismial Correction: Voc = (CG ~ C(O ~ Ds) 12 Corrected Volume: Voor =Ve Voc Volume of a Pit or Reservoir Trapezoidal Rule: d V = STA + 2A + Aa + Ag to Ana) + An) ‘Simpson's 1/3 Rule: $l +29 Awa +4 Aeven + A] Volume by Unit Area Method hy hy ky ta hy hy hy hy I Assembly of rectangular prisms voablt2¥ he #3 het AB Prepared by: Engr Jobert S. De La Cruz «=i eight found on one area only hnz= height common to two areas hhs= height common to three areas eight common to four areas VERTICAL PARABOLIC CURVE Symmetrical curve Grade diagram Area under grade diagram equals the difference in elevation between two points on the curve Area =6 Square Property of Parabola: h y 2? 2? Vertical offset from Pl to the curve: L h= 3 (01-2) Rate of change ofthe grade per 20-meter station: H- 9 7m , where n = no. of station Length of the curve L=20mxn Location of the Summit or Lowest point of the curve, 5 so. lol loi! +Igel ‘Unsymmetrical curve Grade diagram a Grade of the common tangent: abi + Gabe BN Ws bia Vertical Offset from PI to the curve Lyle(gi = 92) = Ta, +h) And hy = hy = 4 “Location of the summit or curve can be solve by proportion based (on the constructed grade diagram. Useful for both Symmetrical or Unsymmetrical Parabolic Curve. ‘TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Rate of change of Centripetal Acceleration ie 91> ai, Where v= speed of the vehicle (mm/s) R = radius of the simple curve (m) Lclength ofthe spiral eurve (mn) Superelevation & Impact Factor tan(0 +) = a Forsmall@ tue etre Where e= superelevation = coefficient of friction Prepared by: Engr Jobert S. De La Cruz c= = gravitational acceleration R= radius of the curve Minimum Stopping Sight Distance SSD = RD +BD Y SD = M+ TT Where v= speed of the vehicle before braking {= perception-reaction time = gravitational acceleration = coefficient of friction G = grade of the road(+, upward motion) (~, downward motion) Minimum Passing Sight Distance Psp Opposing behice hy 13d, scelertes pees bs & Comte ina ie PSD = dy + dy + dy +dy stance covered during the initial maneuver do distance covered during the whole maneuver dds = distance the passing and opposing vehicle at the end of the maneuver = 2/32 = time covered during the initial maneuver ime passing vehicle occupies the left ane Sight distance on Horizontal Curves be When < Le 8 Rom When > Le L(25 = L) 8m Where length of the curve R= radius of the curve S= sight distance Sight Distance on Vertical Summit Curves Line fie i oe > T When s <1 AS* 200( T+ Va)” Whens > L 200( Vii + Via)” L=2s -—~——— A Where A=gi~ a2 (inpercent) S= sight distance hhy= hetght of eve level from the ground hha height ofthe object from the ground Standards for hs and he Prepared by: Engr Jobert S. De La Cruz c= a en ery Type cr 108 2.60 Truck 233 260 Maneuver 408 060 Passing 108 108 Carheadightte 060 ° road surface Truck ocartal 2.33, 260 “Note, the boxed value above are the most common value of hs and ‘(if not given in the problem). Sight Distance on Sag Parabolic Curve = 0.610 (standard design val), = Whens <1. AS? 1 = a00S tanp +) for H= 0.61m and f= AS? 3.58 +122 When > L 3.55 +122 8 Where A=gr—gs (inpercent) L=length ofthe curve S=sight distance FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Space mean speed - Space mean speed (harmonle mean speed), lis Is the average speed of vehicles occupying a given length of road at an instant of time. D Hs Tove Time mean speed - The arithmetic mean of the speeds of vehicles passing a point during a given interval of time lati ta tt Un ei » Where D=length of the road tae = average time of the number of vehicles passes the road = velocity/speed Flow rate & Density Flow rate, q is the number of vehicles passing a polnt during a specified period of time; often referred to as volume when. expressed in vehicles per hour (vel/hr) measured over an, hour. Density, kis the number of vehicles per unit Iength Flowrate in vehicles per hour qak-ns Where k= density (vehicles per kilometer) = i ehiles/road Tengen of road Speed-density relation (Greenshield’s Model) free flow, py Jam Density: Where ‘Gnas = capacity of a section of road (vel/hr) ‘Time headway Sh) Where S= yt + (average center-to-center spacing of vehicles) j= average speed of vehicles L= average length of the vehicles ‘t= reaction time Prepared by: Engr Jobert S. De La Cruz c= Average Daily Traffic (veh/day) No. of passing vehicles per year apres 365 Peak Hour factor maximum flow PHF = Design hourly volume Accident Rate Per Million Entering Vehicles for an Intersection R= gag (1,000,000) Accident rate per hundred million vehicle-miles of travel for ‘a segment of ahighway N ADT «t 7 (100,000,000) Where N= number ofaccicents {t= time of period of analysis in years L= length of segment in miles PAVEMENT DESIGN FORMULAS Thickness of Rigid Pavement The thickness of a rigid pavement is designed by its assumption that it will fail at the corners of a pavement (Older’s Theory) and 4 | A Rigid pavement (Without Dowels): sw Tet Rigid pavement (With Dowel t 3 at th

    You might also like