MAGNETIC COUPLING CIRCUITS

BYRON CHAMUNORWA NGOSHI

20140268

Course Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of
The course CIRCUIT THEORY TWO

In

Electronics and Communication Engineering Department

European University of Lefke

1
Abstract
In this research project of magnetic coupling circuits I firstly analyzed the problems faced by
people when modelling and simulating magnetic coupling circuits. I then reaserched on best
models that can provide good results when evaluating these circuits. I mainly focused this
project on transformers and coupled inductors where these circuits can be used. I also
researched on statures of their circuits and their physical appearances. I managed to know and
learn more how to calculate their voltages, currents, power and impedances. I then simulated a
transformer circuit and I got the results which I was expecting as I had calculated the similar
circuit theoretically.

2
 1. Introduction
Definition
-Magnetic coupling circuits these are the circuits where by one loop affects the
neighboring one through current conduction. Magnetically connected loops affect each
other by the magnetic field generated by one of them whether or not they have
connections between them. When some of the magnetic flux generated by currents
running in one of the windings flows across both windings, the two windings are said to
be coupled.

Problems faced when simulating and modelling the magnetic coupling circuit
Many problems are faced when simulating and modelling the magnetic coupling circuits
for example when your circuit is wrong or not simulating using Proteus it is time
consuming to remake the circuit. Also using the Proteus there is no physical prototype
which could test the system.

Best models which provides better results in the evaluation

- Electric circuits – these ones consists of inductances and couplings. Using them
model parameters can be determined from circuit measurements If proper
measurement processes are followed, parameters can be measured with a high
degree of precision. They have linear models. They don’t have information on flux
paths or flux levels.
- Magnetic Circuits – in these circuits each winding's reluctance circuit and electrical
to magnetic connections, Flux routes are depicted as magnetic circuit components,
Reluctances and flux routes are simply estimates, Works with reluctance models
that are linear or nonlinear, Works with reluctance models that are linear or
nonlinear, Magnetic circuit parameters can be determined from electrical circuit
parameters, but not the other way around.

3
 2. Magnetic coupling circuits can be used to step up and step down voltages in
transformers according to the ratios of primary and secondary wire turns. A good
example is a linear transformer. Linear transformers are used for communication
applications and they uses impedances for their analysis. In these circuits voltage always
match the dot and current flows into one and the current out of the dot.

Calculating impedance of the following linear transformer circuit consisting of two coupled
windings.

V = ( R1 + jw L1) I 1 - jwMI 2

0 = − jwMI 1 + ¿ ¿ + jwL 2 + Z L) I 2
V
Z¿ =
I1

V w2 M2
= R1 + jwL 1 +
I1 R 2+ jwL2 + Z L

w2 M2
= R1+ jwL 1+ Z R
R 2+ jwL2 + Z L

4
 2 2
w M
Z R= (Reflected impedance which is a secondary impedance seen from the
R2 + jwL2+ Z L
primary side.
Calculating voltage in linear transformers
Suppose the dots are on the same end and both currents enter at the dots, the voltage will be
di1 di 2 di di
- v1 =L1 . +M . and v 2=L2 . 2 + M . 1
dt dt dt dt
If the dots are on the opposite sides of each other, then the voltages will be
dl1 di di2 di
- v1 =L1 . −M . 2 and v 2=L2 . +M . 1
dt dt dt dt

V1 V2
Voltage ratios - =
N 1 N2

N
V2 = V1
N1

V2 = V1N

Calculating power in linear transformers

- P1=P0
vi i i = v 2 i 2

Calculating current in linear transformers

- vi i i = v 2 i 2
i 1 = ¿2

Magnetic coupling circuits are also used in coupled inductors. These types of inductors are used
in fly back converters. Their structure is similar to that of the transformer consisting of a
primary side and a secondary side but they also includes an inductor to make it a full
component circuit.

5
 1 2
- Energy stored in coupled inductor - E L = Lm i m
2
Power in magnetic coupled circuit for primary side and secondary side is not always equal
?
V p I P ¿V S I S

The circuit of a coupled inductor consists of a switch which is turned on and off to emulate how
power is going in and out of the inductor circuit in switching converters. The following circuit is
an example a coupled inductor circuit.

6
 3. Simulated my transformer circuit using Proteus

Theoretical
Turns ratio is 1:2

7
 I1 N 2
- =
I2 N1
V 1 N1
- =
V 2 N2
- V 1= jwL1 I 1+ jwMI 2
- V 2= jwMI 1 + jwL2 I 2

N
V2 = V1
N1

1
= V 1( )
2
=3.53(0.5)
= 1.76V
V 1− jwMI 2
Current - I 1=
jwL1
62.83−3.53
- I 1=
6.28
= 9.44A
When finding the voltage the results I got theoretically and the ones I got in my Proteus
model were similar meaning the circuit was correct.
V2
- S1=V 1 I 1 = (¿ )
n i
= V 2 I 2=S 2
- S1 = 1.76 (9.44)
¿ 16.61 W

8
 4. Conclusion
During the course of doing my research project of magnetic coupling circuits, firstly I
researched where the coupling circuits are used and their advantages over their substitutes
on various components. In this project I focused more on transformers and a bit of coupled
inductors. I learnt that these couplings are used in transformers to step up and step down
different amounts of voltages be it on high scale and low scales.

9
 5. Reference
- S.-A. El-Hamamsey and Eric I. Chang, “Magnetics Modeling for ComputerAided Design of
Power Electronics Circuits,” PESC 1989 Record, pp. 635- 645.
- https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02446524/document
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
264387243_Electromagnetic_Modeling_and_Simulation_Challenges_in_Validation
_Verification_and_Calibration
- https://www.bartleby.com/subject/engineering/electrical-engineering/concepts/
magnetically-coupled-circuit
- MIT Staff, Magnetic Circuits and Transformers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1943

10