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DEMOGRAPHY & VITAL STATISTICS

Introduction:-
The discipline of the study of human Population is known by two terms:
(1) Population studies and
(2) Demography.
Population studies is a study of a group of individuals taken from the general Population who share a
common characteristic, such as age, sex, or health condition living at a certain point of time within a specified
territory demarcated by natural, cultural or political boundaries.
Whereas demography is derived from the Greek word. Demography= Demos+ graphein, “Demos”
meaning “Life” and ‘Graphein’ means description of human life. Hence Demography is the systematic study of the
description of human life is discussed in details.
It is considered that “Demography studies is confined to the components of Population variation and
change”, or the study of their size, composition and distribution across space. whereas “Population studies are
concerned not only with Population variables but also with the relationships between Population changes and other
variables social, economic, political, biological, genetic, geographical and the like.”
The main difference between demography and population studies

DEMOGRAPHY POPULATION STUDIES

Demography refers to the study of population,
especially with reference to size, density and
distribution.
Studies the whole population.
Formal demography focuses on the
measurement of population process.
Decisions can be related to individuals in the
population.
Population study refers to the study of people
who share similar common features like age, sex,
or health condition.
Focus only on a specific group taken from the
general population.
Focus on the relationships between social,
economic, cultural, and biological processes
influencing a population.
Decisions can be only made for individual who
belong to the specific group taken from the
general population.

Similarities between Demography and Population Studies

 Birth rates and death rates are considered in both demography and population studies.
 Both demography and population studies use different data collection methods like registration method,
population census, and sampling in data collection.

That means demography is study both qualitative and quantitative aspects of human Population.
 Quantitative aspects Include:-
 Composition.
 Density.
 Distribution.
 Growth.
 Movement.
 Size.
 Structure of the Population.
 Qualitative aspects are the sociological factors such as:-
 Education quality.
 Crime.
 Development.
 Diet and Nutrition.
 Race.
 Social class,
 Wealth.
Population characteristics refers to the attributes that individuals in the Population posses biologically or
sociologically.
Some of the biological characteristics include.
 Age.
 Sex.
 Race.
These attributes are not changeable.
Sociological assigned attribute are
 Occupation.
 Marital status.
 Education.
 Income etc.
These attribute are changeable.
There are two different type of Demography-
Formal Demography-
 It is mainly concerned with measurement and analysis of components population change.
 It focus is on quantitative analysis.
 Uses Statistical and Mathematical method for forecasting Population growth and changes in composition of
population (number of males, number of females, number of youth, working Population, rural and urban
Population, birth, death, migration).
Social Demography.
 It concerns with changes or the consequences of the Population structure and changes of the society and
how it affects.
 It focuses on social, economic or political aspects of population.
 Believe that social processes and structures regulate demographic process; hence trace social reasons
behind population trends.

Vital Statistics
 Vital Statistics is a subfield of Demography
Vital Statistics, also known as Vital events or Vital records, are an important source of Demography data.
They explain statistically such events as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, etc. According to B. Benjamin “ Vital
Statistics are conventionally numerical records of marriages, births, sickness and deaths by which the health and
growth of a community may be studied”, & research of characteristics of the civilized Population.

The birth rate is an example of Vital Statistics and an investigation of trends in birth rates is an example of
Demography. There are various examples of Vital Statistics such as death rates, or the number of marriages, human
Population, etc.
Type of Vital Statistics
The major types of vital statistics are
 Birth Statistics.
 Marriage Statistics.
 Divorce Statistics.
 Death Statistics.

COVERAGE AND ERRORS IN DEMOGRAPHY DATA

Despite the care taken to ensure the quality of the data collected by enumeration and registration, it will
some time give obvious indications of errors in basic information. Usually errors in
a) Censuses.
b) Vital statistic registration (VSR) and
c) Adhoc Demographic Surveys.
There are of two kinds:
a). Sampling Error.
The sampling error is a Statistical error introduced when sampling is used.
b). Non-Sampling Error.
1. Coverage.
2. Content.
ERROR OF COVERAGE:
It is the common observation that a conduct or survey some households are missed and not counted, others
may be counted two times. In VSR (Vital statistic registration) there are cases which skip in registration (birth,
date, marriages).There are some situation errors in Demography data offer must be made to cover all units and
events of all observations which fall in our domain.

2. ERRORS IN CONTENT:
The term error of content refers to instance where the characteristic of a person counted in a census
enumeration or in registration or in a survey are incorrectly reported, recorded and tabulated or sometime they are
completely missing.
Besides from the errors due to carelessness or mistakes in judgment in a census or VSR, errors of coverage or
content or both can arise at any step from initiation of an original record publication to the final tabulation or final
record. The five principles are:
i. The respondent.
ii. The recorder/ enumerator /investigator.
iii. The coding process.
iv. The editing process.
v. Compiling and printing process.
The respondent error may be occur due to ignorance, illiteracy or will full wrong answer. For example: a
person may not remember his/her correct age or he/she may fully give wrong age or income etc. Sometimes the
respondent does not understand the question and give wrong information, this type of errors known as
respondent error.
The second source of error is one part of enumerator who may not listen correctly or may made wrong
entries. The errors at the stage of coding, editing and classification are quiet common. Placing of code at the
right place is very much necessary. Editors have to give extra care in comparing logical answer of similar and
related question. Similarly at the time of classification, tabulation and printing certain error do crept.

DETECTION OF ERRORS:
In VSR errors may be detected by comparison of either tabulated data or individual records. Comparisons
of tabulated data may yield or may be made either by internal comparison with previous census results or
comparison with independent collateral data. Internal comparison may reveal inconsistency between related
data in the tabulated result ratio to male or female for ages at some stages of life may appear to be out of line.
Comparison can be made with previous census and Vital Statistics. For example: a census may shoe fewer or
more persons in an age group than expected keeping in mind mortality and migration patterns.

Control
Potential sources of coverage error were recognized during the planning stage of the 2011 Census, and the
following measures were taken to minimize the associated risks:
 Collection unit (CU) boundaries were carefully defined and mapped to ensure that no geographic areas
were left out or included twice.
 List/leave areas: The enumerator's manual contained instructions on how to canvass a CU so as to
minimize the risk of missing dwellings (house). The total number of dwellings from the 2006 Census was
provided to the field operations manager to help him/her identify significant changes. In addition, when the
listing operation resulted in a substantial difference in the number of dwellings relative to the 2006 Census,
the listing was checked. Lastly, specific quality control procedures were applied to the CU to evaluate and
correct any changes made in the listing.
 Mail-out was based on a list of addresses from Statistics India's Address Register. Listing activities were
carried out mainly in the fastest-growing areas. Some collective dwellings had to be checked by field staff
to verify their occupancy status. If they were occupied then they were identified and included in the census.
 Special procedures were developed for the enumeration of persons who have difficulty responding
(e.g., people who are fluent in neither Local Language nor Hindi or are illiterate) and persons located in
specific parts of large cities where response or coverage was poor in the past.
 Advertisements informed Indians about the census and indicated what to do if they did not receive a
questionnaire.
  The Census Help Line (CHL) was available to answer any questions about the census, including questions
about coverage.
 There was a 'Whom to include' section in the questionnaire to tell respondents which persons should be
included.
 The questionnaire had a question on whether there was anyone the respondent was not sure should be
listed. A telephone follow-up was subsequently carried out with the respondent to determine if the person
in question should or should not be listed in the questionnaire.
 Telephone follow-up was carried out after questionnaires were reviewed for coverage inconsistencies or to
verify household status, including questionnaires containing only foreign or temporary residents.
 Non-response follow-up included a dwelling coverage check.
These procedures, along with appropriate training, supervisory checks and quality control systems during the
collection and processing stages, helped to reduce the number of coverage errors.
Definitions
Algebraic definitions of coverage errors are calculated. Let T denote the total or the 'actual' number of persons in
the target population. Let C denote the published census count of persons in the target population. The error
associated with using C instead of T is as follows:
N=T−C
This error, denoted as N, is the net population coverage error.
Let U denote population under-coverage, the number of persons not included in C who should have been left out.
Let O denote population over-coverage, the number of excess enumerations included in C that should not have
been. O has two components. One is the excess enumerations of persons enumerated more than once. Coverage
studies focus on these excess enumerations that should not have been included in C. The other component of O is
persons included in C who are not members of the census target population. For example, foreign residents visiting
India who are listed on a census questionnaire as usual residents of a dwelling should not be included in C.
Fictitious (not real) persons are another example. According to previous studies, the number of persons who are
enumerated but are not in the census target population is generally very small and can be ignored.
Since U refers to persons who were not enumerated but should be included in C and since O denotes enumerations
that should not be included in C, the difference between T and C is U less O. That is,
N=U−O
The actual number of persons in the census target population is therefore
T=C+N=C+U−O
An estimate of T is given by 𝑇̂ , where
𝑇̂=C+𝑁 ̂ =C+𝑈 ̂−𝑂̂
𝑈̂ is an estimate of the number of persons not included in C who should have been, and 𝑂̂ is an estimate of the
number of persons included in C who should not have been. We can assume that over-coverage from persons
included in C who are not in the census target population is zero, since it is negligible. Consequently, 𝑂̂ is simply
an estimate of the number of duplicate enumerations. The purpose of census coverage studies is to determine the
values of 𝑈 ̂ and 𝑂̂.
ERROR IN CONTENT:- It refers to where the characteristic of a person counted in a census enumeration or in
registration or in a survey are correctly reported, recorded and the tabulated or sometimes they are completely
missing( birth, death or marriage)
Besides from the errors due to carelessness or mistakes in judgment in a census or VSR, errors of coverage or
content or both can arise at any step from initiation of an original record publication to the final tabulation or final
record. The five principles are:
vi. The respondent.
vii. The recorder/ enumerator /investigator.
viii. The coding process.
ix. The editing process.
x. Compiling and printing process.
The respondent error is very common in demography it may be occur due to ignorance, illiteracy or will
full wrong answer deliberate.
For example: a person may not remember his/her correct age or he/she may will fully give wrong age or income
etc. Sometimes the respondent does not understand the question and give wrong information, this type of errors
known as respondent error.
The second source of error is one part of enumerator who may not listen correctly or may made wrong entries. The
errors at the stage of coding, editing and classification are quiet common. Placing of code at the right place is very
much necessary. Editors have to give extra care in comparing logical answer of similar and related question.
Similarly at the time of classification, tabulation and printing certain error may be present.

Error due to census:-

Two types of errors in reporting arise, Random and Systematic. Random errors may arise by careless
reporting by one individual of the facts on behalf of another who may happen to be absent during the
inauguration. The effect of these errors may cancel out on an average and is therefore unimportant. Systematic
errors arise from bias on the part of the person reporting. People often tend to report age in multiple of 5.
Young woman tend to report their age more frequently in the age group 20-24 and in 25-29. Often the number
of children in the first few years of life is understated. Some of the items are systematically reported as
unknown or not stated. Such systematic errors may be leads to serious distortion in the statistical produced and
on competition based on them.
Errors of Registration:-
Registration of deaths is relatively accurate because of the stress laid on the enforcement of official
certificate requirements. As regards reporting of the age in the same inaccuracies as in reporting of age of
living may arise. The registration of births is often less complete than that of deaths. In constructing life-table
for some region care must be taken to distinguish between births and deaths of residents and non-residents.
Various attempts have been made for correcting the error of clustering of reported ages about
quinquennial points. In the computation of mortality rate the effect of clustering is to the same extent
automatically corrected when these rates are computed on the basis of quinqunnial age groups taken as a
whole.
Two methods have been developed to correct for deficiency in recorded number of young children.
The first method makes use of the records of births and deaths among infants and it’s suitable for communities
in which there is accurate registration of births. The second method makes the use of records of deaths among
infants and the recorded population at specified ages beginning at the point where they may be accepted as
reliable.
The Registration of births and deaths Act, 1969 provides for statutory authority at the centre and each.
In India, there is no uniform central law on registration of marriages and divorce.
Sample Survey Error:-
 A sampling error occurs when the sample used in the study is not representative of the whole population.
 Sampling is an analysis performed by selecting a number of observations from a large population.
 Even randomized samples will have some degree of sampling error because a sample is only an
approximation of the population from which it is drawn.
 The error is reducing by increasing the size of sample.