om / & ' Vocabulary | Practice 4 | 4 Upper-Intermediate - B2 and other exams Teacher's Book IblicationsIntroduction Grammar Practice & Vocabulary is aimed at upper-Intecmediate / B2 level students. AAs well a8 teaching grammar points, the aim of the book is to familiarise students with the focmat of the Revised Use of Bogtish Paper of the Cambridge FCE Examination as well as with the Geammar and Vocabulary sections of the University of Michigan ECE. ‘This book consists of 24 units, 6 revision units and 2 practice tests, ‘Bach unit is made up of: + Grammar fa thorouga review of grammatical stuctuces with clear explanations and examples illustrating every structure + Grammar exercises a variety of exercises, some of which are modelled on either Paper 3 of the Cambridge FCE Exaraination or the gcarniar section of the Micbigan ECCE, providing general practice oo the grammatical structures taught in the unit + Transformation rewording sentences using key words; this exercise tests grammar + Phrasal Verbs ‘lear explanations of a set of phrasal verbs together with an exercise practising them + Prepositions and Prepesitional phrases ‘an exercise practising the use of prepositions with verbs, nouns and adjectives as well 2s their use in idioms + Derivatives an exercise based on word formation to help students ensich their vocabulary + Words easily confused ‘lear explanations of words that students comroonly confuse and an exercise practising them + Revision units aud Practice FOE and ECCE Tests ‘The Practice Tests are modelled on we Cambridge FCE Use of English Paper and on the Grammar and Vocabulary sections of the University of Michigan Examination for the ECCE, ‘The book includes a dictionary and appendices with: * Prepositions + Prepositional Phrases + Derivatives Thece is & Teacher's Book available withthe answers oveiprinted on the Student's Book, Revision Tests, Final FCE Test, Fina! ECCE Test and Key to tests,Grammar & Vocabulary Practice HQ. Mitchell Published by: MM Publications wwwsampinet www.mmpi.co.uk info@mmpi.net Offices Great Britain - Greece - Poland - France - Cyprus - USA - Turkey Associated companies and representatives throughout the world. Copyright © 2008 MM Publications All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or ‘transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers ‘The publishers have tried to contact all copyright holders, but in cases where they may bave failed, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Produced in the EU ISBLY 10: 960-443-260-8 ‘Teacher's Book ISBN 10: 960-443-261-3, ISBN 13: 978-960-443-260-5 ISBN 13; 978-960-443-261-5 Nu70a911921-2587:2588pages Contents Unit! Present Tine... oo - . 4 Unit2 Past Time. Unit Present Perfect. Unité Future Tine. Revision 1 Unit$ Infinitive Unit sing FOr nev Unit? Modal Verbs I Unit Modal Verbs 1 Revision 2... Unit Articles. Unit10 Nouns. . Unit 11 Adjectives-Adverbs-Comparisons Unit 12 -Deteeminers Revision 3 seve Unit 13 Pronouns-Possessives. Unit 4 Passive Voice.. Unit 15 Causative Porm... Unit 16 — Conditionals... Unit 17 Unseat Past-Would rather Has better Unit 18 Reported Speech Unit 19 Question Forms. Unit 20. Clauses 1. fn Unit 21 Clouses I Revision 5 Unit 22 Linking Words. Unit23.— Participles “ . Unic 24 BmphatiofExclamatory Sererures-laversion. Revision 6, Fina} BCE Practice Tes... Fioal ECE Practice Test. Dictionary Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions. Prepositional Phrases Derivatives Irregular Verbs. ‘Teacher's Book Contents. Final RCE Tea. Final ECCE Test Key to Testsunit O1| Present Time The Present Simple is use The Present Progressive is used: + for habitual or repeated actions and situations. + for actions or events happening at or around the time Lwatch this show once a week. of speaking. ++ for general truths and natural phenomena. Look! That boy is climbing up a tree. The earth goes round the sun. + for temporary states in the present. Most rivers flow into the sea. David is doing his military service. ‘+ for permanent situations in the present. I’m studying Frenehtthis term. James lives in Zurich. + for situations which are changing or developing * for future actions related to timetables and around the present. programmes. The problem of pollution is getting more and more ‘The train leaves at six o'clock. serious. * for headlines, sports commentaries, story-telling, * for planned future actions related to personal reviews of films and books, directions and arrangements. instructions. I'm travelling to London tomorrow. Three women rob bank. + with adverbs of frequency (constantly, always, etc.), Martin takes the ball and scores. for emphasis or to express annoying habits. In this episode, Bob marries Julia. Susan is very kind; she is always helping the poor. You turn left at this junction and you'll find it. He is always leaving his clothes on the floor! + in exclamatory sentences with “Here...!"There.. Here comes the bride! There he goes again! Time Expressions Time Expressions often, usually, always, never, sometimes, seldom, now, at present, ot the moment, nowadays, this rarely, hardly ever, every day/week, etc month, etc Stative Verbs They express a state - not an action - and are not used in the Progressive Tenses: + verbs of the senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, notice, etc + verbs of emotions and preferences: like, dislike, love, hate, fear, mind, want, wish, need, prefer, admire, etc + verbs of perception, belief, knowledge, ownership: think, believe, know, understand, expect, remember, forget, hope, have, own, belong (to), etc. + other verbs which describe permanent states: be, cost, weigh, seem, appear, consist (of), etc. Some stative verbs can be used in the progressive forms when they express actions rather thon states MEARE but with o difference in meaning State Action They hove a wonderful house. rm heving o bath now. {see Mary coming towards us. I'm seeing the doctor tomorrow at 11:00, I think she is clever. I'm thinking of buying a new car. Do | smell cigarette smoke? Why are you smelling the milk? Do you think it’s gone off? This chewing-gum tastes like strawberry. | She is tosting the soup to see if it needs any more salt He is very selfish, (=thot is his character) | Why is he being selfish? (=why is he behaving so selfishly?) Listen, look and watch, though verbs of the senses, can also be used in the progressive tenses becouse they express voluntary actions. Jane is listening to music.page 6 | Grammar Practice A Read what the following people have to say about learning English in Britain. Complete with the rogressive or the Present Simple of the verbs in brackets. Preser ‘As port of my job,1___travel_ travel] cbroad « lot, so|__need_ (need) to improve my English. For this reason, |_am attending {attend} course in Businass English at o Language lasttute in London. The couse __1a8ts__{lost) throw weeks. 1___come (come) from Italy but |_am studying _ {study} in England at the moment.|__am staying (stay) with o British family. In this way, ry English _Improves/is improving improve) faster because !_don't/am not _just__use/using [not use} i! in the classroom but in my everyday life as well. |__vs (ist) England every two or three years. so |__speak __{speak) some English but not much. At present |__am doing __ {do) a course at a Languoge School in London end |__amleaming _leara} lots of new stuffl Apart from that in the ‘afternoons |__€2__ igo) out with my classmates and we _UY/ are tying {iry] to practise our English as much as possible. B circle the correct answers. In this story, a ici (ind is finding a time machine and (tavelsy is travelling through time. Don’t bother me now. 1 write (am weiting) an important letter. 1 think about grandmother. We hardly ever{visi®/ are visiting her. Let's visit her tomorrow. ‘The minibus, which is taking fakes) peopte (o the other side of the island, leaves) is leaving at 11:00 a.m. and is returning /{returns}at 6:00 p.m.. 5.1 sleep my mother's house this week because 6. “When (are you leaving) do you leave for Rome?” “Tomorrow at 8:00 am.” 7. 1 (Ratak)/ axa thinking you should bay him a te. He is Biking /ikes}to deess formally. 8. Flowers| are blooming in spring. 9. You are turning /{fura)}eft at the traffic lights and (go)/ are going up Oxford Steet. is coming Kelly. Let’s tel her the news. have my house painted.oS has a similar total.) C Using the words given and other words, complete the second sentence so that to the first sentence, Do not change the word given. (Use 2-5 words mee 1, John never stops criticising my friends always Jona is alvays criticising my friends. 2, We've arranged to meet at 8:00 p.m. tomorrow. are We are meeting 41 8:00 p.m, tornorrow. 3, What time is your plane scheduled to arrive at Heathrow? land ‘What time does your plane land at Heathrow? 4, Thave arranged to have dinner with Jemry tonight. am 1 ‘am having dinner with Jerry tonight. 5. The older he gets, the more eccentric he becomes. is Asttime goes by, he ___is getting/becoming more anc more__ eccentric. 6. They don't like spicy food, so they avoid eating it. never They never eat spicy food fas they don’t like it 7. Jane bas found a job at a supermarket for the summer. is Jane. is working a a supermarket this summer, 8. How much is that green jacket, please? cost How much does that green jacket cost « please? | Vocabulary Practice A Complete using the correct form of the phrasal verbs given. Tt was my birthday so I asked out __ my best friond to celebrate asicfor: request sth us -" ask out: invite sb to go ou! with you iE With me, When we had finished having dinner, T_ashod for __ blow up: explode the bill. break down: (1) stop working (for a ‘AS was looking out of the window, I saw three masked men ying piece of machinery) £2) lose control of your to __break into the bank across the street. Before I could react, feelings or emotions there was an explosion. The robbers had blown up __a car that break in: enterc building illegolly vas parked near the bank to distract people's attention, so that they cor by force fintronsiive) oui _breakein without being noticed. break into: entero building illegolly or by force transitive) break up: {I} divide into smoller ports But they were unlucky. Five hundred metres down the street their @) ave an re ee car _broke down and they were caught. eth ee er ‘After the incident, the police broke up __ the crowd of people that had gathered and life returned 19 normal again. Just then, the robbers ran out of the bank and got into a white FiatES 0 7 B complete using the prepositional phrases given. 1. Tax forms must be handed in atthe beginning of March, at the age of: «a person's age at the time of an event After the 10th, you will have to pay a fine. at the beginning (of): ot the star of sth 2. They got married within six months of their first meeting; it at breakfast/ was love __at frst sight lunch/dinner: the lime of the 3,___Authe age of _ 35, Mark decided to study engineering. roses which 4. Tom had an accident because he was speeding. He was going at the end (of: of the last port of at 149 _km per hour sth 5,_Atthe end of the game, we couldn’t decide who the at first: initially ‘vinner was at first sight: when first seen ‘at... km per hour: the speed at which 6.___Atfirst___, I thought sie was joking but then I realised sth moves that she was serious. 7, We've having a small surprise party _at lunch __ today, so make sure you're back at the office by 12:30 p.m, C Complete using the correct form of the verbs given. rent (v): hire (y) let (4: leave (.): forget (¥): borrow (v): Jend (v): regularly pay money to the 1. My parents never__'t_their country hovse ‘owner of sth in order to have because they go there every weekend. cand use it for a long period of 2. When she moved to the city, she rented a flat. {I} oy money tothe owner of 3 The school __iedi_a teacher t hep the slow sth in order to use i for @ learners period of fime . @) employ sb to do o particular job for you cllove the use of your propery in exchenge for money forget or deliberately noi take: sb oF sth with you (used when the place is mentioned) fail to remember or bring sth 4, We couldn't get into the fashion show since we had the invitations at home. I couldn't pay for the shoes I wanted to boy. I had with you forgotten __to take my credit card. toke sth from sb with their 6. If you____berow_ something from a friend, you permission, intending to retum should take good care of it it inthe fare 7. Stevenever ___le0ds his CDs to anybody. allow sb fo use sth that you ‘own for a period of timeunit O2\Past Time The Past Simple is used to describe: The Past Progressive is used to describe: + completed actions that took place at a definite time in + an action that was in progress at a definite time in the the past. The time is either mentioned ot implied. past. Mary visited the British Museum when she was in This time last Friday, I was flying to London. London. + actions happening at the same time in the past. While Helen was watching TV, Nick was studying. + a lengthy action that was in progress when a shorter or sudden one interrupted it. The longer action is in the Past Progressive and the shorter one is in the Past Simple (usually introduced by when), ‘She was having dinner when the lights went out. + background scenes to a story. Irwas early in the evening and it was beginning to get dark. She was having a cup of tea. ‘+ temporary past states or actions. Peter won first prize in the art competition. + permanent situations in the past. John lived in Ireland for 15 years. (He doesn't live there any more.) + completed actions that took place one after the other in the past (in story-telling or narratives). Sue woke up, washed her face and had breakfast. + past habits or repeated actions in the past; adverbs of frequency (always, often, seldom, never, etc.) may Coles He was writing a play in those days. When Poul was younger he often wet sing with is eet ast acon ox annoying ast habits (vith eae always, continually, et.) My brother was always getting into trouble in the past Time Expressions Time Expressions yesterday, then, ago, last month/night/week, when, while, os, etc. etc. PPFP « used to + infinitive expresses permanent states, past habits or repeated actions in the past. My grandfather used 10 be a librarian. He used to smoke heavily when he was younger. + would + infinitive expresses past habits or describes someone’s typical behaviour in the past. Every evening he would do his homework, watch TV and go to bed quite early. The Past Perfect Simple is used: The Past Perfect Progressive is * for an action which was completed before another one in the past. The used: action which happened fist isin the Past Perfect Simple while the» to emphasise the duration of an action that action which fotlowed is in the Past Simple (in time clauses introduced had been in progress up to a moment in by before, after, when, by the time). However, when we describe the the past or before another past event, actions in the order that they happened, we often use the Past Simple. By 1987, he had been working in New York By the time we arrived, the film had started. Sor 5 years. They (had) hung up before I answered the phone. He had been teaching for 35 years when + for a past action that was completed before a definite time inthe he retired. past. + for an action whose duration caused Angela had finished cooking by 11:30 a.m. visible results later on in the past. + with adjectives in the superlative degree and expressions such as: When they came back from the beach, the first’second.., the onlyans their skin was red. They had been lying in That was the first time I had been to Paris. the sun for 5 hours! It was the worst time I had ever had. Time Expressions Time Expressions by-+a certain time, by the time, afier, before, when, etc. by, for, since, after, before, how long, ete.po9e 8 | Grammar Practice A Circle the correct answers. 1. Asa teenager, (sed) would to do things that my parents weren't approving /(didn’t approvelof. ‘They(were always complaining had always been complaining about my actions. When they feetured)/ had lectured me, I had covered / (would cover)my ears and ignore them, Now, I'm experiencing the same thing with my own children! 2, Tay had ha fbadn ful day. Greed was arriving atthe offic, a) was siting down at my desk and suddenly had ascovered/izcovered tat (Gad To) lst document on my computer because ofa vin. 1 worked (Gad bee (working)on it for the past two days. As if that{wasn"?)/ wasn't being enough, a colleague would get (ras gettingjon my nerves. While I had been trying /(was trying)to remain calm, she had laughed /(was laughing)at me. B rephrase the following sentences using the words in bracke 1. I put om ten kilos and then I decided to go on a diet. (by the time) By the time | decided to go on a dlet, | had put on ten kilos. oF | had put on ten kilos by the time I decided to go on adiet, 2. First, they washed the car and then they waxed it. (after) After they (had) washed the car, they waxed It. or They waxed the car after they (had) washed it. 3. Lisa made a sandwich and then sat on the sofa to watch TV. (before) Before Lisa sat on the sofa to watch TV, she (had) made a sandwich. of Lisa (had) made a sandwich before she sat on the sofa to waton Ty. 4, We packed our suitcases and then left for the airport. (as soon as) ‘As soon as we (had) packed our suitcases, we left forthe alrport. er We left for the airport as soon as we (had) packed our suitcases. 5. Judy was walking down the street when she saw an accident. (as) ‘As Judy was walking down the street, she saw an accident. or Judy saw an accident as she was walking down the street.el C Choose the correct answers. 1, When the children boine, it was obvious that they had been playing in mud, a. weee arriving ®arived ©. arsive 2.Micheel__in the queue to buy a ticket for the tain when he heard a strange voice, waited was waiting ©. had waited 3. In my youth, T the world and often slept under the stars. @reavelled b. was travelling travel 4. The thieves__ houses for wo years before they were finally caught @Ind been breaking into, are breaking into . break into SL my studies by 1990 a. complete . was completing ©had completed D Using the words given and other words, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not change the word given. (Use 2-5 wards in total.) 1, When he was younger, hie went to the cinema every week used ‘When he was younger, he used to goto the cinema every week. 2. Thhada’t tasted Chinese food before first Te wes the, first time | had tasted Chinese food 3. While we were in Londen, it never stopped raining. continuously It _¥@8 alning continuously/rained continuously hile we were in London, 4, worked at a restaurant in those days, was In those days, I was working at a restaurant 5. After walking for a mile, they realised that someone was missing. had They ___hadwatked/hac been welking __ for a mile when they realised that someone. was missing 6. That was the only science-fiction book he had read. never He hag never read a science-fiction book before. 7. When Mark was a student, he wss in the habit of forgetting his books. always Marke was always forgetting his books when he was a student. 8. Jake made a speech and then we left the ceremony. until We didn’t leave the ceremony ntl Jake (ad) made a speech.ST 5: 17 | Vocabulary Practice A Complete using the prepositional phrases glven. ot lest: finolly ot least: no less than; the minimum thot could be done ot night: late in the evening et noon: in the middie of the day ina stole of hormony/coaflct now at the same time: simultaneously 1, ‘The unemployment rate is high__at present. 2, You could atleast clean up your zoom, You don’t €o anything to help me with the housework. 3. He started working on this report at 8:00 a.m. and stopped at noon for lunch. 4. You shoulda’: eat and talk at the same time 5.___At ast the bus arrived. We had been waiting for an hour. 6. The baby woke up___at night __and started crying. It was afraid of the dark. 7. In order to be happy, you should always be __at peace with yourself. B complete using the correct form of the words in bold type. A GARLIC A DAY KEEPS THE DOCTOR AWAY You may know that Asian, Middle Eastem and Mediterrancan cultures have agitionally_ used garlic in their dishes. What you may not know is that garlic was. TRADITION also thought of as valuable medicine by many ancient civilisations VALUE, Today, Professionals in the field of nutrition have come up with new PROFESSION information which is indeed quite __surprising _. Apparently, not only INFORM, SURPRISE is garlic good for you but it also helps you overcome various __tlnesses ILL “The rain disadvantage of eating garlic is of course bad _Presth _, Cooking it, ADVANTAGE, BREATHE reduces the strong smell and eating parsley, which is @___natural_deodoriser, also NATURE helps minimise the smell. $o, it's time we took the benefits of garlic__serousy _, — SERIOUS Why not add it to some of your __favourtte dishes! FAVOUR C complete using the correct form of the words given. job (0): the work sb does in order to eam money; employment work jn): (1) particular tosks sb hos to do in their job (2) the place where sb does their jal duty (6): the work that sb is responsible for getting done task (o}: activity sk has to do, usually 15 port of a larger project see (i) notice, observe, take a look at sb/sth watch (v}: look ot sb/sih for a period of ime and observe what is hoppaning Jook {at) (v}: turn your ayes to a particular direction, see what is there or 1, Don’t interrupt me now. I've got a lot of _work _ to do, 2, Jukie found a good _|ob__close to where she lives. 3. One of my _dutles __ as a murse is to be on time because lives depend on it Our teacher gave us afew tasks to do during the summer holidays. 5S. Thappened to look __ out of my window when my ‘cousin was walking past. 6, Did you__see__ Mary’ costume at the carnival? it was wonderful! . 7, 1__watched __¢he football match before I went 10 bed.unit} O3)/Present Perfect The Present Perfect Simple is used: * for actions which started in the past and are still happening. Thave known him for three years. (I still know him.) for past actions whose results are connected to the present. The dog has spilt the milk. (The floor is dirty.) to announce news, changes or events that affect the present. He has lost almost all his hair. for past actions whose time is not stated, or for recently completed actions. He has travelled to India. T've just finished my homework, with today, this morning/week etc., if these periods of time are not finished at the time of speaking, He has written two letters this morning. (It is stilt morning.) with adjectives in the superlative degree or expressions like: the only/first/second... et This is the most expensive suit I've ever bought. This is the third time Jack has visited the USA. Time Expressions since, for. ust, ye, clreody, how long, ever, never, et Differences ‘The Present Perfect Simple is used: + for permanent situations, ‘She has lived in London all her life. + to emphasise the result of an action, I’ve called him three times this morning. + for actions that are already finished. Look at the car. Sam has washed it. ‘The Present Perfect Simple is used: + for past events which have a connection to the present. ‘The exact time is not mentioned. I've found anew job. + for events that began in the past but are still happening in the present. have lived in Athens for ten years, (L still live in Athens.) + with today, this morning/week, etc. if these periods of, time are not finished at the time of speaking. Helen has called me twice this morning. (the morning is not over yet.) The Present Perfect Progressive is used: + to emphasise the duration of an action which started in the past and is still happening. The action may or may not be completed, ‘They have been studying French for five years. + for actions that have been going on up to the recent past with obvious results in the present. “Why is the road so slippery?” ‘thas been raining.” + for actions which are temporary rather than permanent. He has been working overtime this week as there is a lot of work to do at the office. + to show anger, annoyance, iritation or to demand an explanation for a very recent action Who has been wearing my coat? Have you been drinking again? 1¢ Expressions how long, for, since, all day/moming, etc. ‘The Present Perfect Progressive is used: * for temporary situations He has been staying with friends for two months, ‘but now he wants to get his own place. + toemphasise the duration of an action, ’ve been calling him since ten o'clock * for actions that may ot may not be finished. ‘Sam has been washing the car for an hour. ‘The Past Simple is used: + for completed past events which are not connected to the present. The exact time is mentioned. found a new job three months ago. + for events that took place for a certain period of time in the past but are over atthe time of speaking. ‘Susan lived in Manchester for three years but now she lives in Liverpool. ‘+ with today, this morning/week, etc if these periods of time are finished, Helen called me twice this morning. (the morning is over.)page 13 They've been to lily. (hey ore back now] They've gone fo loly. (they are stil there.) feel, learn, tive, sleep, study, teach, wait, work, etc, con be used in the Present Perleci Simple or the Prosent Perfect Progressive with no difference in meoning, He has worked in that factory for three yeors. He has been working in that factory for three yeors. Time Expressions A. for - since for is used when we want to indicate the length of a petiod of time. since is osed when we want to indicate the starting point of a period of time. two hours [-2o’clock aweek . July for six months since —~_ 16,4 twelve years Twas a child for two hours. She's been talking on the phone since seven o'clock /she came back from work, since + Past Simple (affirmative) Iehas been a long time since we sav him. (since we UBmese— im) B yeralready Yet is used only in interrogative and already is used in affirmative and interrogative sentences; itis negative sentences and is placed at usually placed between the auxifiary and the main verb, but the end of the sentence. can also appear at the end of the sentence for emphasis. Hlave you finished yet? Thave already heen to the Science Museum, He hasn't arrived yes, Have you already seen this fim? You've finished your homework already! | Grammar Practice A Choose the correct answers. | 1 This isthe second time I that song. | 2am hearing have heard hear 2. Hello, about your advertisement in the newspaper. have been calling ®am calling c.call 3. John ‘on abit of weight lately, and he is trying to lose it. @has put b. is putting . puts 4 The new neighbours their house. It looks nice! 1. paint b. had painted @have painted 5.Fed_ mec yesterday that they're professional athletes. roe b. has told c.is telling 6. Apparently, he them since he was a child a. is knowing, Phos known has been knowing.oe 18 B Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Simple, the Present Perfect Progressive or the Past Simple. Tthink I have lost (ose) my sunglasses. 1_have been looking ___ (look) for them since noon, but I can’t find them. And they __were (be) very expensive! Amanda: I___have lost (lose) three pairs so far and 1___have leamt___(Learn) my lesson. Ionly buy cheap sunglasses now... Maybe you tent (eave) them at Harry's house this morning, Jack: No, I Mave already asked _ already, ask) him. ‘This is the most interesting book |___have ever read ___(ever, read. Where aia you get (get) that book? 1__have been trying __ (try) to find it for months now! My brother gave (ive) it to me for my birthday. 3.Tanya: I'm afraid Tom isn’t here. He __has been delivering (deliver) newspapers since 7:00 axm., but he should be back soon. Peter: He __left/has left eave) three messages on my answering machine but I'm not home, so please tell him to call me at my grandparents’ house. 1__have been staying (stay) with them for the past two weeks, but I forgot (forget) to tell Tom when Last saw (see) him. C Rephrase the following sentences using the word in brackets. 1. Lucy is swimming in the pool. She started swimming half an hour ago. (for) Lucy he been swimming in the pool for half an hot 2. Dave has had this computer for three weeks, (ago) Dave bought/got this computer three weeks ago. 3. ‘They went to the supermarket at 6:00 p.m. Now, it’s 7:00 p.m.. (for) _They have been at the supermarket for an hour. 4, It’s 10:00 a.m, and I’m about to start writing my fourth letter. (So far) It's 10:00 a.m. and | have written three letters s0 far. 5. I started training five months ago. Now, it's August. (since) {have been training since March,LT 507: 15 D Using the words given and other words, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not change the word given. (Use 2-5 words in total.) 1. He has never driven another car since he started driving. only ‘This is the only car he has driven ince he started driving. 2, The last time T watched TV was a week ago. for I haven't watched TV for ee 3. When did he start working for this company? been How tong has he been working for this company? 4. This is her second visit to the dentist this month, second time she has visited time This is the the dentist this month, 5. Let's not go toa café as I had some coffee earlier already Let's not go to a café as 1 have already had/drunk some coffee, 6, Ray still doesn’t know which car to buy made Ray (still) hasn't made up his mind which car to buy. 7. We have never experienced such a cold winter in Greece before. ever It’s the coldest inter we have ever experienced in Greece. 8. We bought this house two years ago. had We have had this house for two year,O'S SS | Vocabulary Practice A Complete using the correct form of the phrasal verbs giver 1. Mike has been ill for a week. He will have to work really hard call off: cancel sth carry on continue doing sth to _satch up with _ his class. carry out perform a task 2. The match was__calledoff_ due to bad weather. catch up (with): (1) reach sb by walking/ 3, ere witl never oath up with me, I'm a far beter eunner. running foster [2) reach the same level & After the earthquake, the islanders had to__camy on os sb with their everyday lives 5. Swdies___¢arriedout__by the World Health Organization indicate that cities are getting much noisier. s B Complete using prepositions. 1. We were all shocked by __ the news of the bomb exploding in the city. 2. Children are usually frightened _Of_the dark. 3. All the students were anxious _@b0Ut__ their exam results 4, Blen was worried _8B0Ut __ her grandmother's health 5, He was puzzled by his colleague’s unusual behaviour. 6. Tom was ashamed Of what he had done and asked for forgiveness, 7. The writer was surprised _®9/@t__the critic's review of his book. 8 The childcen are afraid Of the neighbour's dogs. 9. Tell me more about the country you come from. I'm curious 800% it, 10. Don’t be shy __f__ having your picture taken. 11. She's scared Of making the weong decision. 12. Pm never jeaious people who ase wealthy because I'm happy With _ my life. C Complete using the correct form of the words given. mention (i) relerto or speak about 1. We decided to _18P0_the robbery to the potice. sth brielly or 2. Lean’t find the words to___*B1888__ how I feel. incidestaly 4, How could you forget? 1_mentioned ito you lastnight report (¥): inform some authority ee ee ‘about sth that has happened express (y} show what you think or feel by saying or doing sth result (o) the outcome ofca ==. Pollution has a very barmful___effeet_on ovr heath ction or situation 5. Ifyou don’t ake our advice, you'll have to face the effect (of sth consequences ‘on sth else) (a): (1) she change that sth | Io}: (ike foal glee 6.Did you get your exam __results {2) the power to influence or produce avesult ~ consequence (n): the result or effect of sth (usually unpleasant}04) Future Time The Future “Will” is used to express: + adecision one makes at the moment of speaking, I's getting cold; I'll close the windows. + predictions or personal opinions about the future, usually with perhaps or probably, or after the verbs believe, expect, think, be sure, be afraid, etc think Arsenal will lose this match. I'm sure John will be very happy to meet you + requests and offers. Will you do the ironing for me, please? il take you to the airport tomorrow. * promises, threats, warnings, hopes, fears, invitation, refusal, willingness, determination. Stop making so much noise or the neighbours will get angry. Time Expressions “Be going to” is used to express: « predictions based on evidence The sun is shining; it's going to be a lovely day. + plans or decisions that have already been made. Pm going to study archaeology this year She doesn’t like Alan, so she isnot going to invite him to her party. ‘The Future Progressive is used to express: + actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future. This time tomorrow I'l be fying to Rome. future actions which have already been planned or are part of a routine. The president wil be visiting Egypt next month Tom won't come with us on Sunday; he wilt be playing basketball (=he does so every Saturday). a polite request about someone’s plans, especially if we want to ask for a favour. Will you be using your computer tomorrow? next week/month/year, elc., tomorrow, in c week/month/year, etc The Future Perfect Simple is use + for actions which will have been completed before a specific point of time in the future or before another action in the future (the verb describing the second action is in the Present Simple). By dinner time I will have written all the letters. T guess John will have stopped working by the time Time Expressions by, by the time, before: providing, until, whi Give my regards to her when she call. The Future Perfect Progressive is used: + to show the duration of an action up toa certain point Of time inthe future. The action may continue futher. By midnight we will have been lying for seven hours. Time Expressions by Ale: the words after, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time, if, provided, when, etc. we use the Present” Simple, not the Future "Will We can also use the Present Perfect Simple after the above words to emphasise that an action will be completed in the future. He'll come as soon as he hos finished studyingpogo 18 Phrases with future meaning ‘The following expressions indicate that an event will happen very soon, be Gust) about to They are about 10 leave. ‘be bound to —| + infinitive You're bound to ger there on time. be to We are to meet tomorrow at 10:00. be on the point of + -ing Susan is on the point of collapsing. no matter who/what/which/where/when No maiter where we go, we'll have a great time, + present tense A] teense eer you decide do, suppor vou whatever/whoeverfwhenever/wherever bbe due to + infinitive is used for schedules and timetables. The plane is due 10 land in half an hour. | Grammar Practice A Put the verbs in brackets into the Future “Wi the Future Periect Progressive. |, Kathy can't come shopping with us on Saturday morning, She wll be having (have) a French lesson. ‘the Future Progressive, the Future Perfect Simple or 2. Jenny, Ms Kingsley __will.contact_ (contact) you as soon as the documents are ready,__Wilt__ you tet (let) me Know when she does? 3. Atlunchtime tomorrow you, willbe entertaining (entertain) your friends from Mexico, so 1 vl rng, (Ging) you later on in the evening 4 wil you be going (go) to the concert by car? 'd really appreciate a lift 5. 1__willhave painted (paint) the living room by the time Dad comes home. Hel be so surprised! 6. Lhope I _willhave Interviewed (interview) all the applicants by the time the manager arrives. 7. Do you think that they __Will have completed _ (complete) the construction of the tunnel by the end of this year? 8, Call David. He ___wilt have arrived _(arrive) home by now. 9. By the time we reach Gstaad, we _will nave been driving’ (drive) for twelve hours. 10. | _will have been studying (study) for three hours by 8:00 pm.5: 19 B Choose the correct answers. 1. Don't panic, sir. The doctor due to amtive any minute. Gis b. will be «had been 2. By the time the train , we will have been waiting here for more than half an hour. 2. had arrived ». will aztive Qanives 3. She. the phone no matter who calls her. @won't answer b, won't have answered ¢. hadn't answered 4, They some extra staff next week. 8, will have employed, b. employed @are going to employ 5.1 con my guitar for an hour and then we can leave. am going to practise b. will have practised ¢. had been practising 6. She can’t come to the phone right nov, she about to Jeave for her dancing lesson a, will be Bis ©. had heen 7.You_______ able to see much beter with these new glasses. @willbe ». will have been «. have been 8. Brian, me your camera, please? a. did you lend ®will you lend ©. are you lending C Using the words given and other words, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not change the word given. (Use 2-5 words in total.) |. The plane takes off in half an hour, due ‘The plane __15.du8 to take off in half an hour. 2, Her baby will be bom in October. is She 's going to have a baby in October. 3, He is to take his driving test tomorrow morning. be He will be taking his driving test tomorrow morning, 4, Pll come with you wherever you go on holiday. matter Til come with you ‘no matter where you go ‘on holiday. 5. The Tigers are likely to win the Cup Final probably The Tigers wll probably win the Cop Final 6. Sam will go scuba diving only if the weather is good. provided Sam will go scuba diving provided (that) the weather is ‘200d. 7, Lwill have dinner ready by the time your parents artive, prepared 1___will have prepared dinner_by the time your parents arrive. 8. She started working here at the end of June, nearly two months ago. deen, By the end of August, she ____will have been working _ here for two avonths,20 | Vocabulary Practice A Complete using the correct form of the phrasal verbs given. come across: find sth by chance 1, Gome along/on | We're going to miss the bus. come along/on: (1) hurry up 2. When did Jane _come up with this idea? It's perfect? (2) encourage sb 10 do 3. tf you _comMe ACTOS that CD, could you buy it for me? sth simon _ came into one is sndifather"s come into: inherit (money, property 4. Simon __C8me into __ a lot of money after his grandfather's ora title) death. come round: {1} to stop by, visit 5. Ittook the boxer five minutes to _come round after he was (2) recover consciousness: sd out come up with: think of and suggest sh Smocked on (plan, ideo, ete) B complete using the correct form ot the words in bold type. MISSING THE HUSTLE AND BUSTLE My father was a police _Inspector_ my mother a__teacher__ Their Gecision__19 move to a small town when I was a child changed my life. It was a very Peaceful place and of course living there meant that Thad much more ___ freedom 9 go wherever I pleased. The people were __fendy ut 1 missed my close friends, my school and the __O0I8Y _ city I’nad lived in, ‘As I grew up, {realised that there wasn't much for a young person to do there, except rsh into _ Marriage _. When I left, my parents were sad, but they realised that staying there would only make me _ Miserable ‘The big city I live in now is not very far away, so Tcan visit my parents _fequertly and have the best of both worlds. C complete using the correct form of the words given. INSPECT, TEACH DECIDE PEACE FREE, FRIEND NOISE MARRY. MISERY FREQUENT wait (for sh/sth) (): spend time doing + Whet ime do you _ex985 __the guests to arrive? le while 2. P'm _looking forward to visiting Spain. expecting sth10. 3, Can you wait for me, John? happen or sb 10 aarive look forward to (doing) sth |v): ‘anticipate sth to happen expect i) believe thot sth wail hoppen, anicipote ovobout sth) ee ratrtoms ® 4 People who 80884 __ abou their own achievers excessive pride area’t usually popular. praise sb for sth (viexoress approvel of 5. The teacher___BYalsed_ her sudens for their good ‘or admiration far exam results. sb's echievements, or quolitiesunits 1-4 ‘Revision |01| | Grammar Practice A Choose the correct answers. 1 The meeting will start when everyone a. will ative arrives ¢. is ariving 4. will have arrived 2. We Betty since she moved to our neighbourhood @have known b. had known ¢. are knowing 4. knew 3, The students were tired. They hard all morning, @bod been working ——_b. worked chave been working. d had worked 4. By this time next month, the builders the house. : 1. will complete b. will be completing @will have completed —_d. will nave been completing 5. This time next week we __om the beach!” “Tean't wait” a.are lying ® will be lying ¢. will have lain 6. will have been lying 6. Mark _ about my cooking! It's so annoying! a has always complained b. was always complaining (is always complaining, had always complained 7. Sue ‘TV when she heard a knock on the door. a, watched © was watehing has been watching has watched 8. By two o'clock, he. on the drums for three hours. J hope he stops soon! @ will have been practising b. will be practising. -¢. has been practising d. is practising 9. Yeserday, I met an old school friend who I for years, a. didn'tsee b. haven't seen chad seen @hadn’t seen 10, "The phone’s ringing!” 1 it” a. get ®wil ger «will be getting got 11, Naney since she came from work. @nas been sleeping is sleeping &. slept @. bad slept 12. Jack his wallet last week. a, was losing, b. had lost ‘c. has lost @ios 13. You the wine after the meat is cooked a. are adding ». will ade @aa é. have added a1 ‘wo letters 50 fa. @aave written i, wrote had writen 6. have been waiting 15, When we finally got to the airport the plane a.has already landed —_—b. landed already «. already landed @had already landedSS B Using the words given and other words, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not change the word given, (Use 2-5 words in total.) 1. Lucy first started playing tennis in May. been Lucy hhas been playing tennis since May. 2. Thad never read a better book by that suthor. best Tt was the best book | hed ever read by that author, 3. Soot, is this your wallet? belong — Scott, does this wallet belong to you? 4. This is Pete’s third atempt at climbing Mount Everest. time This is the third time Pete has attempted to climb Mount Everest. 5. We've arranged to leave by train tomorrow moming, are We are leaving/are going to leave by train tomorrow raomning. 6. By the time my favourite TV show starts, I will have dinner ready finished By the time my favourite TV show starts, ( will have finished cooking dinner. 7. Ie’ ages since she last ate spaghetti. for ‘She hasn't eaten spaghett for ages. 8. They reatised that they had taken the wrong nurning after driving for an hour. had They had driven/nad been driving for an hour before they cealised that they had taken the wrong turning. | Vocabulary Practice A choose the correct answers. 4, Leouldn’t hes, She is a fast inner. a. come up with Deate’s up with «. bring back a. get away. 2. When his aunt died, Luke 4 lot of money. a. came along . came across ©eame into came round 3. I'm really worried the boys. They haven’t come back yet and it’s almost midnight, a. for Gabor cof wide 4, Are you afrai the dark? a. with bby eat Oot 5. We the theft to the insurance company the following morning, a. replied) b. expressed , mentioned @repored 6. Thad to Jemy some money as he didn’t have any to get home. alet Geena ‘¢. borrow 6. gain 7. Samantha is good results in her examination. a. looking forward ‘@expecting ¢. waiting 4. wanting 8. He a lot about the money he makes. ®poasis b. praises . says 4. mentions 9, Lfet awfut when I realised that [ coulda’t pay for the meal because I had my wallet. @forgotten b. left e.let lent 10. Do you believe in love first sight? a. with . from Ou by ALL This is a lousy excuse! Couldn't you something better? a. break up ‘®eoine up with ©. carry on ask for 12, She the wedding at the Jast minute, @ecalted off b. carried out . asked out 6. came intoIBA thief ‘our house last month and stole all of my mother’s jewellery. @broke into ». broke in «. broke down 4. broke up 14. You could drive me to my house. It ceally isn’t that far. aatlast ‘atleast al present 4. at the same time Is.t'm seeing Sally agein after to years a. expecting b. waiting, «. looking @ woking forward to B complete using the correct form of the words in bold type. 1. This is a very ___valuable__ grandfather clock. VALUE 2.Katie’s illness ___has kept her away from school for a week. ILL 3, Nowadays most teenagers have the freedom __ to do whatever they please. FREE 4,A good friendship will last a lifetime, FRIEND 5. An __inspection _ of the building was made and it was declared safe. INSPECT 6._Naturally___, we are concemed about our son’s progress at school. NATURE 7. The children were playing __nislly in the garden NOISE 8 The children looked unhappy and __ miserable MISERY C choose the correct answers, Last weekend, my friend Anne and { decided to take @ road trip. (1) but it had (2) a couple of days before. Asa @)___, we decided to (4)____one for 30 dollars a day. We both took Monday off from 6) so that we could have a full four days. ‘Our goal was to drive from New York to Washington D.C., and back. The tip itself was great, Toe weather was beautiful, and we (6) ‘many interesting places we were going to take Anne's car, along the way. There was @ lot to (7) in ‘Washington, so we spent two days there. Ihe sac thing was that had forgotten my camera, even though Anne bad specifically (8) that she didn’t have one to bring along. So, we bought lots of postcards to remind us of cour tip. Bven though we arrived back a bit tired on Monday night, the trip was well worth it) 1. a At present 4 a bire Dac fest ®een 7. a.Jook «Atleast culet b. notice 4. At most buy Ose 4. watch 2.a, broken up 5. job b. broken into b. task 8. @mentioned ¢. broken in @work reported @dvoken down 4. duty c. expressed a. told 3@reut 6@ came across ». consequence ’. came along. ©. effect cc. came into 9. reason , catme roundunit Q5| Infinitive Infinitive Forms: ‘Time Referenoe Forms Active Passive Present Infinitive, simple (10) give (10) be given Present / Future Present Infinitive, progeessive (za) be giving — put Perfect Infinitive, simple (to) have given (to) have been given as Perfect Infinitive, progressive (10) have been giving Negative Form: no!+ infinitive Full Infinitive (to + infinitive) ‘The foll infinitive is used: Examples 1. to express purpose ‘She went to the post office to collect her parcel. 2. aftor cortain verbs (as theit object): She pretended not 10 have seen him. afford decide hesitate plan remind Unemployment levels tend t0 rise in Burope.. agree demand hope prepare seem They volunteered to help us. ‘appear deserve learn. pretend sweat arrange expect manage promise. tead ask fail mean refuse threaten beg forget need =——regret. ©—_volunteer claim happen offer remember want, ec. 3. after the object of certain verbs: ‘My friend invited me to join them. advise challenge force omder_—teach They persuaded her not 10 see him again. allow convinces hire permit fell ask encourage instruct persuade urge beg expect invite remind want cause forbid need. «require © wara, ete. Help + object con toke either a full or bore infinitive. Could you helo me (to) pack my suitcases? 4, after verbs followed by a question word (who, what, Have you decided where zo go for Christmas? which, where, bow, but not why): Do you remember what to buy? ask forget remember understand Could you show me how to use your computer? decide know show wonder, eto, explain eam tell 5. after certain adjectives: Jack was retieved to hear his son was out of danger. afraid careful lucky —relioved surprised You have to be careful not to say anything insulting, amazed determined pleased sad_——upfet anxious glad prepared shocked willing, et, astonished bappy ready sorry3: 25 6. after: would like, wonld love, would prefer 7 aftek: the firstisecand/dext/last/best, ets., itbtead of a, relmive clanse 8.dfier certain nouns (pleasure, shotk, etc.) 9. afro: some, aay, no and their compounds 10, after the following stracrures: sit + be + adjective (-+ offor + object) +50 + adjective + as, in formal or polite requests 11, with too/enonigh: {00 + adjective/adverb } negative meaning enough + nan : , adjecsive/adverb + enough } Posicive meaning 12. after only, for emphasis or expressing disappointment 13, atthe beginning of the sontenee: as a subject or in ‘xed expressions (io be honest, to fel you the trav, to begin with, etc.) vould prefer t-be on holiday instete of working. Tanything tappens, you' tbe the frst to iron. JFoanwas the last 0 hear about the accident UWas a great pleasire to meet you TU matke you something 10 eat. He doesn't have anywhere to sity. It's very comforting to listen to your voice. ‘Tewas very kind of her to call. At is necessary for him to have a resi. ‘Woulel you be'so kind as to help me with these suitcases? This shirt is too large forme t0 wear i This shirt is targe enough for me to wearit, Ae passed the wrinerctest anlyto fail the oral exeon, To lend money is a risky business, To be honest, Udidn's want to meet him, Bare Infinitive {infinitive without to) ‘The bare infinitive is used: 1. after most modal verbs (cén/could, may/raight, wil/ ‘would, shall/should, must, etc.) 2. after: would rather, would sooner, had better 3. after the verbs hear, let, listen to, make, notice, observe, see, wate, ei. ‘These verbs (except for et) take the full infaitive bu Ohe passive voice, . 4 in the follwing structures: ‘Whiy.o2/ Why not... for suggestions aiid advice) Examplés You should wake up earlier in the morning. Fane veould rather go to Califonita by plane. You'd better hurry up, we're late again! WRill you ler me go to the party tonight? She heard him come in. Fie was seen to open the door Ae was midide t6 do some extra: eork, Why noi have ariativer drink? Why walkvohen Teould give you.a iif? anything My son does-nothing all dlty but watch TV. sooty {if tae cree + ep Perfect Infinitive ‘The perfect infinitive refers to actions or events that have-already finished. ‘Tie perfect infinitive is used: Examples, 1 with tiodal verbs (could, would, Haay, milght, tiust, ete.) Ze conde have sified snare, But he aichn's: 2, diter terbs suolt as: Spear, claim, expect, hope, happen, pretend, promise, seq, bt, 3. after certain verbs in thee passive voice (personal _ sonstruction): deliove say. think consider suppose understand, etc. He appears to have left she county, She is belteved to have secretly met the Prime Minister.oS | Grammar Practice A choose the correct answers. 1. Don’t hesitate, for help if you need it. @to ask b. ask 2. Why not him and ask him out on a date? a. tocall @ealt 3. Swould prefer somewhere less noisy. @ro x0 b. tobe gone 4, John and Karen persuaded me the conference. 4. not fo be attending rot co auene 5.10 a pleasure you again after so long ©. to be asked ©. to have called © 80 ©. not to have attended @wo see b. to be seeing ©. to have seen 6 honest, I have never done this type of work before. a.Be Orerve ¢. Tohave been 7. She claims the Prince. @ro have met b. to be meeting ©. 10 meet 8. I must the telephone bill by tomorrow. a. be paying b.to pay Ov 9. The famous actor Jerry Grant was heard (0 say that he would for President. @nn ». have nin . ¢.tomun 10. You could ‘Aupt Martha while you were in London. a. visit ave visited ©. be visti B Circle the correct answers. 1. The Johnsons seem to{be having) have had 4 great time at the Wyatt resort, where they axe staying this summer. 2. He doesn’t need Aire given any more medication. 3, Jack is willing to be volunteering / his services atthe club. 4 [failed tofarrive)/ have arrived at the meeting on time. 5, Twas a shock to(fearay be learning tat she hhad been missing for three months. 6 The robbers were made — Gage themselves up ‘7. He was surprised to have awarded ‘fhave been awarded}a ‘medal for bravery, 8, I'm always the lastfo}/ — find out about anything in this office. 9. The police warned the fans to not /faot tohapproach, the rock star. 10, He might to /()be promoted next year.SS 52 27 C Using the words given and other words, complete the second sentence so that it has « similar meaning to the first sentence. De not change the word given. (Use 2-5 words in total.) 3, I'seems that Mike isn’t enjoying himself tonight. appears Mike appears not to be enloying himself tonight 2. At the wedding, she was constantly gossiping about the other guests, nothing Acche wedding, she did nothing butvexcent gossip about the other guests. 3. Leaming that no one was bust daring the fire was a great relief. relieved We were (greatly) relieved to learn that no one was hurt during the fice. 4, When they arrived at the airport, they discovered that they had left their tickers at home. only ‘They arrived at the airport only to discover that they had left their tickets at home, 5. The kidnappers forced the woman to get into the car, made ‘The kidnappers made the woman get into the cat. 6. Dr Thompson studied the symptoms of the disease before anyone else did. first Dr Thorapson was the first to study the symptoms of the disease. 7. People say that he has travelled the world. said He is said to have travelled the world. 8, Neither of thera was old enough to have a driving licence too Both of them . were t00 young to have a driving livence. | Vocabulary Practice A Complete using the correct form of the phrasal verbs given. get olong/on |. [find it dificult to __get by __ on the money I earn, (with sb): form or have a 2. Wendy is very easy-going and can _ get along/on with anyone. friendly relationship with sb 3. The boy __gotup __and kindly offered his seat to an old getaway: — escope man jet oway with: go unpunished for . yea going sh wirong of risky 41 f00k Sue two weeks to get over _ the fu get by: confinyeto live in spite 5. IF don't __get on with _ this work, I'l never finish it et off ences ‘tof 6, Joe ran as fast as he could and managed to___geton the. i t get of Ore Sr bite 2 leave a bus just before it left. plone, train, boat, etc, 7: The thief___got away before the police arrived. get on: (1) ploce yourself on.o 8. Sue, could you help your little brother get off his bike? horse or bike (2) enler 0 plone, train, boot, ele get on with: continue doing sth, especially after on interruption or in spite of dificuhies get over: {I} recover rom an illness (2) overcome a problem Me doesn’t want to ride it anymore! 9, She always gets away with not doing any housework! Ic's just| B Complete using the prepositional phrases given. 1. The house was__for sale, so we desided to buy it. for ages: fora very long time for a change: doing sth different then 2. Red is not a colour I would usually wear, but f think I'l boy usual that red dress _for a change (toke sth/sb) 3. We haven't seen the Joni for ages! More th for granted: occept sth as normel without ‘¢ haven't seen the Johnsons __for ages _! More than ten thinking about it yoars, T tik. for hire/sale: available to be hired, 4. 1'll be gone _fora while. You won't have to wait long for rented/evcilable to be sold for o short period of fime me 5. Nowadays, many children take everything _for granted for a whil C Complete using the correct form of the verbs given. THE ART OF ADVERTISING Tn our _Ife/lives__ we are constantly bombarded by advertisements whose role ist) LIVE, ADVERTISE make products attractive _ enough so that people will want to boy them ATTRACT immediately IMMEDIATE “There has been a lot of _discussion _ on the powerful effects of advertising. Are sds DISCUSS seally__useful__? Are they __tuthful_? Do they give us e__reallstic_ides of USE, TRUE, REAL the product” People are rarely in agreement __ on any of these questions, but the fact is AGREE that ads are __helpfull__ in Jetting people know tie wide variety of goods available, HELP D complete using the words given. debt i): noun of money tha you me 1, The magistrate imposed £100 ___fine_on the man to @ person or a bonk for throwing liter on the sie. oan (o): money thot you borow (usually from a bank) 2. The___Income __ Sandra earns allows her to live very donation {n}: contribution to 9 charity or other organisation ‘comfortably, fine {n): Bunishment in which sb hos to 3. Tike tw make __donstions _ to worthwhile causes. {hey have done sth wrong or 4-Do you make a large __profit_out ofthe jewellery broken o cule charge (r):omoun' of money 3b hos to pay Yousell? - for a service or 10 buy sth 5. If Idon’t get good service ina restaurant, I never leave tip (0: extra money given to a (e.g. to gates Pore eic. in oer fo s__? __. rank them for thelr service 1 You forgot your __chang change (0): (I) coins (2) money thal you © Come Backs srt You forgot your change receive when you poy k sth 7. The Jones took out a Joan to buy a new car. ‘sith more mopey thai! casts : , because you do not have the «8: There's no extra__charge__ for delivery. exact omount of money 9. What currency _ is used in Austcia? currency {n}: the money used ine porticulor country 10, The nstionat___debt_i always increasing and as a profit (9): money sb gains when they ore paid more tor sth than it costs them to make, get or do income (n): money sb earns or receives result the cost of living rises. bill (9) co writien stolement of money 1 Fvust pay this electricity _bill_by ext week, thar you owe for goads oF 12, Make sure you get a__2eIpt forthe furniture you services receipt (a: piece of poper thal you ge! buy. {rom sb as confirmation that they have received money or goods from youunit O6 -ing form -ing Forms Form Affirmative Negative Present verb + -ing giving not giving Perfect having + past participle having given not having given Use ‘The «ing form is used: Examples |. as amoun (subject or object of a verb) 2. after a preposition or verb + preposition 3. after certain Varbs (as their object): admit dislike mention recall appreciate enjoy mind recommend avoid fancy miss resent consider finish postpone resist, delay imagine practise. risk Seny involve prefer suggest discuss keep (on) quit tolerate, ete + prefer can also take a full infinitive. prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive ‘+ mind can also go with an if-clause, ‘Some of these verbs can also take a that-clause. 4. after verbs or expressions with to: be/get accustomed to look forward to be/get used to object to in addition to take to . after certain expressions: as well as, no good/use be in favour of, it’s worth can't stand/help there's no chance of feel like there's no point in have difficulty (in) what's the point of. how about what’s the use of..? 6. after the verbs need, want, require, etc. with a passive meaning, 1. after the verb go, indicating physical activities catch B.afterthe verbs find —| + object leave S.after: be busy spend/waste + expression of money/time ‘Swimming is a very good form of exercise. Thave some shopping to do this afternoon. Touch your toes without bending your knees. Helen is excited about studying abroad. Tony distikes driving small cars. Would you mind waiting for a moment? Have you finished reading that book? He avoided answering my question. I prefer swimming to playing football (general preference) Iprefer to watch TV at night. (specific preference) Iprefer to start exercising rather than go on a diet. Would you mind if L opened the door? He never admitted that he was wrong. The children were not used to living in the country. They are looking forward 0 travelling abroad. As well as going to the cinema, he likes reading science fiction stories. I don’t feel like going out tonight. ‘She can't help erying whenever she peels onions. ‘My car needs repairing. (=My car needs to be repaired.) We are planning to go skiing this weekend. ‘She caught him stealing some money from the drawer. I found her sleeping. on the sofa. They left me waiting in the rain for half an hour. ‘She is busy feeding the baby. Every day they spend two hours studying French. You shouldn't waste your time watching soap operas.ove 90 Infinitive or -ing form with no difference in meaning + The verbs like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, intend, prefer, can’t bear, etc. can take either a full infinitive or -ing with Tittle or no difference in meaning: Tim loves playing/to play tennis. BRTERE like +-ing: we enjoy something. ke + full infinitive: we think that something is @ good ides Mory likes reeding poetry Ike to hove my tyres checked whenever I buy petrol + begin, start: usvally the -ing form goes with simole tenses and the infinitive with progressive tenses {lo avoid having two -ing forms together). 1 storted raining aa hour ogo. Be quiet! The lecturer is beginning to speok! ing object + full infinitive + advise, allow, encourage, permit, recommend, require + [_ The manager does not allow smoking in the office. The manager does not allow anyone to smoke in the office. Infinitive or -ing form with different meanings + Some other verbs can take either -ing or infinitive, but the meaning i different try + slog: make an expesimeat. try + ful infinitive: make an effort Ifyou want 0 get rid of your sore throat, try drinking ll try o persuade her to come with us, bt I don't think something hot she wil change her mind remember remember we rememberforget/ forget 4 co eter 4 ‘+ full infinitive regret something regret Peete regret before doing it, remember visiting Berlin is 1982, Don's forget to goto the supermarket 0 on +-Ing: the action continues. 0 on + full infinitive: che action changes. He was so fascinated by the book that he went on reading When she finished school, she went on to study Medicine. it for hours. stop + ing: the setion was stopped and not repeated, stop + ell infintve: che ation was interrupted, but They had a major argument and stopped talking to each probably continued afterwards ater. {was writing a leer, but I stopped to answer the phone bal eae for actions which are S°® bai ee J “ing incomplete orstitin Mea sxc] + bare infinitive compete feel listen to, etc. Progress. notice, etc. 1 as walking past the reception hall when I saw him We saw him play the piano ata concert. (=1 wimessed Playing the piano. (=I wimessed a part of the action) the whole action from the begining tothe end.) smell can take only an -ing form. He could smell something burning. BP «The subject of the -ing form con be different from the subject of the verb. In this cose, it con be o noun, an object pronoun, c possessive adjective or c noun in the possessive case Angela objected fo Michael/him/his/Michoel’s going on holiday to Jopon. ieee + excuse, forgive, pardon, prevent, understand + possessive adjective + -ing form Forgive my being so fussy, but everything has to be perfect possessive adjective/case + -ing * prevent + | 24 + from + doing sth She tried to prevent his/her son's seeing Jone. She tried to prevent her son from seeing Jone.231 | Grammar Practice A complete using the -ing form or the infinitive of the verbs in brackets. L._Tewas Mr Kent who suggested Mary’ studying (study) abroad. 2. You don'r expect me __to believe _(believe) that you actually met Orlando Bloom, do you? 3. The board of direciors discussed the project, then went on to discuss _(discuss) another topic. 4. Why continve _ to work/working (work) there if you don’t like your job? 5. He regrets not going __ (not go) to see his grandfather in Paris 6 Is worth __shopping __ (shop) at Stacey's as it’s very cheap. 7. My doctor doesn’t permit me ___to eat (cat) ed meat 8. Greg would rather __8ENd_(spend) the holidays skiing __ (ski) than Sunbathe/ sunbathing (sunbathe) on a beach somewhere, 9. Tas driving home when Inoticed some workers Putting YP _ (put up) new traffic lights on Coronation Sireet, 10. Anyone can get (get) used to living __ (live) atife of luxury. 11. Will you quit complaining (complain)! It doesn't help __{t0) 80NV@__(colve) the problem. 12 If you ever decide __t0$€l_(sell) your car, let me__ know (know). 13. T would like you __towater_(water) the plants for me at the weekend. 14, I clearly remember setting, (set) my alarm clock before going (go) to bed last night. (5. These plants require __wetering__ (water) every day. 1G. 1 resent you speaking (speak) co me like that! Have some respect! 17. It would be good for the chiléten to play _(play) outdoors more often 18. | promised to take (cake) Jill 0 the party, but I don’t feel like going (go) now, 19, Don’t waste your time __looking for__{Jook for) the document, Ask Mr Gale. 20. Please, excuse his __leaving_(leave} so early. He wants __t0-eateh up __ (catch up) with his, studying (study). B Choose the sentence closest In mecning fe the given one. 1. Byen though the telephone rang, he went on playing his violin a. He didn’t continue to play the violin after the telephone rang, re continued to play the violin despite the fact that the telephone was ringing. ¢. He played the violin until the telephone rang. 2. Jane forgot to put a stamp on the letter before she sent it. a, Jane doesn't remember whether she put a stamp on the letter or not. b. Jane puta stamp on the letter but she doesa’t remember doing so. ©ane didn’t puc a stamp on the letter because she didn’t remember to do so, 3. Sue cegrets selling her car. 4, Sue decided not to sell her car because it would be a mistake. b Sue may’ not sell her ear, Sue sold her car but now chinks it was a mistake, 4. We stopped to buy a bottle of wine before visiting the Johnsons. @ We bought a bottle of wine on our way to the Johnsons, b. We no longer buy a bottle of wine before visiting the Johnsons. , We didn't buy a bottle of wine before visiting the Johnsons, 5. Chatlie couldn't sleep last night, so he tried listening to music but it didn’t help. a. Chaslie made an effort to listen to music but he coulda’t © Charlie hough listening to music might help bur he was wroag, . Chatlie listened to music and fell asleep.OE, C Using the words given and other words, complete the second sentence so that It has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not change the word given. (Use 2-5 words in total.) 1. It wasn't easy for her to find a place to stay on the island, aiftieuley She had difficulty (in) finding 2 place to stay on the island. 2, Tean’t wait to tell Karen the good news. forward Tm {ooking forward to telling Katen the good news. 3. When they arrived home, their dog was sleeping in his kennel. found ‘When they arrived home, they found their dog sleeping in his kennel. 4, The teacher doesn’t permit eating in the classroom, anyone The teacher doesn’t permit anyone to eat in the classroom. 5. She never appeared on TV again after the scandal became known, stopped She stopped appearing on TY __aer the scandal became known. 6. The boys said that they hadn’t broken the window. denied The boys denied breaking/having broken the window. 7. He continued to interrupt me although I had told him to stop. Kept He kept (on) interrupting although J bad told him to stop. 8. The police will prevent his leaving the country. from. The police will prevent him from leaving the country. | Vocabulary Practice A Complete using the correct form of the phrasal verbs given, give away: (1) reveel information or ella secre! 1 At the end of the year, the students had to 2) give sth to sb free of charge _Give back _ all the books they had borrowed from, give back: reium sth you hove borrowed or the library. token js 2. Jenny kept annoyi . give in: (1) admit that you are Jenny kept annoying her parents until they defeated __#2v2 i_to her demands. 2) do sth you dide't wan! to 3. The rescue team __63V6 UP _ the search when it give out: distribule some things omong 0 got dark. umber of people give up: {l) auton aon 4, The checolate company were EMINE aWBY/OUE free (2) resign from your job chocolate bars during the pronation of their aew product. 5. Make sure you don’t __8NE AWAY our hideout to anyone. B complete prepositions, 1. You shoulda’t laugh __at__ other people's misfortunes. 2. My family were very prood _of __ me when I won a schiolarship to Oxford. 3. Jenny is keen 0% _ Chinese food and cooks it at least twice 4 week, 4, She is so fond of _her dog that if anything happened to it, she'd be devastated 5. I'm very excited _ab0ut_ my new job. 6. 1 8 9. Dave is interested _in__ ancient Greek art, so he’s thinking of taking a course-in it ‘That girl is smiling _@t___us. Do you know her? . He has developed an interest__in_ computers lately. . Stop joking _about such a serious subject! 10, Are you pleased __with the service provided by the staff?00 C complete using the correct form of the words bold type. SOMEONE TO WATCH US ‘There has been a significant __ reduction __ in police popularity in the last few years. REDUCE ‘That's why this week a public relations campaign is being launched to make people more Sensitive to the role of the police officer. The ads will stress that police SENSE do more than just give motorists _ speeding tickets. They often act as unofficial MOTOR social workers, visit schools and talk to students, familiarising them with traffic signs and warning them of __various __dangers. Being a police officer is __fisky__, VARY, RISK considering that every day they deal with criminals __such as thieves and even CRIME murderers In_conelusion__, the campaign wants to make the public realise that. MURDER, CONCLUDE ‘even though in some cases the police’s approach may seem extreme, they cannot ignore the possibilty __of injury or even_death while on duty. POSSIBLE, DIE D complete using the correct form of the words given. ‘crew (n): people who work on a ship or aircraft staff (n): people who work for a ‘company or organisation, employees team (n): group of people who work together or play « particular sport or game together ‘employee (n): « person who is paid to work for an organisation or for another person colleague (r): 0 person you work with (at « professional job) dient (0): @ person or organisation that receives o service from «@ professional person or ‘another organisation in return for money ‘eustomer (n): a person who buys goods or services, especially from a shop guest (9): sb whois visting you or is at an event because they have been invited host (n) sb who receives or entertains guests visitor (n): sb who is visiting a person ora place 1.The hospital_staft_are_ gr on strike today. 2.1 work for a law firm which has a lot of business people as clients . 3.My___team played well + but we lost the game, 4, always buy my groceries from this shop. I am a regular customer here, so Texpect ood service, 5. There weren't many people on the plane; just the ten of us and the _¢rew 6. Whenever I need help at work, I can always rely on my colleagues. 7. Employers often complain that they can’t find reliable employees, statt. 8. All__visitors entering the factory must wear this card 9, We had guests/visitors. staying with us for ten days. 10. Our__host_provided us with a delicious meal.“O7 Modal Verbs | ‘The modal verbs are: ean, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, need, have to, ought to, used to Need may also be used as a main verb Modal verbs do not have all tense forms and + are followed by a bare infinitive (present or perfect) except for need (when itis used as a main verb). ‘+ have the same form in all persons, except have to and need (when it is used as a main verb). + form questions and negations without auxiliary verbs, except have to, used to and need (when itis used as a main verb), ‘Modal verbs have several meanings and uses, You shouldn't leave your dog alone at home. You should have answered the phone. He needs to see the doctor. ‘She must call the plumber immediately Your car needs to be repaired/repairing. Can he repair his car? He cannoi/ean't repair his car. Do you have to see the doctor tomorrow? He doesn't need o get up early every day. A. Ability Modal verbs Use can Ability in the present or Future, Be able w Can is more commonly used for the present Cua Could expresses general ability in the pas. Wauwere Waslwere able to express ability in a particular ee situation in the past. + Both can be used in negative sentences with no ifference in meaning. + Iethe action was very difficult, we can use ‘managed to instead of was/were able to. Examples Can you play the gultar? ‘Mary will be able to play tennis after she has had some lessons. He could swim atthe age of five George could swim, so he was able to save the boy from drowning. He had a terrible accident but managed to BREE | Pesfect and future tenses are formed only with be able to. Nick hasn't been able to find @ job yet | think Sandra will be atle to pick you up from the airport Examples Tina may/could/might (not) be at home now. George could be working late tonight, My brother can be very rude sometimes. She could have left her umbrella inthe classroom. T'm surprised to hear that Jim was not atthe party. He might not have known about it. Be careful! You could have crashed into that B. Possibility Modal verbs Use can —) present Possibility in the present o future. could | , infnitve + Can isused when something is only may —| * Gimpleor sometimes posible might! progressive) soua, Petect Possibility nthe past, [| infinitive + In negative sentences only may not m9] * Gimploor "ad might not canbe we expres progressive) possiblity in the pas (not could not) could), pent Foran event hat was posi in the might] * infinitive past butdid not eventually happen. tree!Possibility con olso be expressed with be likely to. Mary is likely 10 orrive late. Itis likely that Mory will arrive lot. page 35, May ond might expressing possibility cannot introduce interrogative sentences; Do you think...? ond Is it likely -? are used instead. Do you think she migh! be at home? Is it likely that she is still at home? Modal verbs present infinitive sould (Sipe ot ought to!” progressive) present infinitive sould 4 (simple or aughtto—” progressive) Modal verbs must + present infinitive (simple or progressive) can't + present infinitive (sirmple or progressive) must. + perfect infinitive (simple or Progressive) can't perfect infinitive couldn't! * (Simple or progressive) Asking for permission Can I (possibly)...? Could’. May. Might. Informal Polite/Formal C. Probability Use Probability in the present or future. Something was expected to happen in the past, but either didn’t happen or itis not certain if it happened. D. Deduction Use Positive deduction about the present ‘or future. (We are fairly sure that something is true.) ‘Negative deduction about the present ‘or future. (We are almost certain that ‘something is not true.) Positive deduction about the past [Negative deduction about the past. E. Permission kim Formal F, Requests Modal Verbs can wil could, may ‘would Examples There are plenty of flats available for rent in town. It should/ought to be easy enough to find a place to live. ‘She has been working very efficiently lately; she should/ought to have been Promoted. Examples John must be atthe dentist's; he was complaining about a toothache. ‘The 6:30 train to Liverpool can’t be leaving yet; it's only 6:10. can't find my glasses; I must have left them at the ofice. He can’ tcouldn’t have been working yesterday; it was Sunday. ‘Synonymous expressions wonder if I could/might... 1s it all right if 1.2 ‘Would it be possible for me to..? Do/Would you mind if1...? Examples Can you help me with the ironing? Will you please put out your cigarette? Could/May I have some coffee, please? Would you pass me the sait, please?oS | Grammar Practice A complete using can, can’t, may, may not or must. L Cen ___ you lend me your dictionary, please? ! really need it. 2. Rebecca is eighteen months old. Now that she fan walk, I have to wateb out for her all the time! 3. Roger can'témay not come to the cinema with us because he has a Jot of studying to do, 4 Yane___Must___have bought a car. I saw her driving past my house this morning, 5. “I'm surprised that John didn’t answer the door. J rang the doorbell many times.” “He _May/Must__ have been sleeping.” 6,_Can/Mey 1 play a game on your computer? 7. They 22" have walked all the way to town, 2's to far! 8,__Can/May _1 have some more red wine, please? 9. They can't afford to rent a summer house this year, so they've decided to go camping instead, 10. “T've gota temperature and a sore throat.” “Oh, you__must__be feeling awful!” B choose the correct answers. 1. Samantha asleep because there's no light on in her room. @must be b.can be ¢. can't be 2.1 might the test but I’m not sure. I haven’t received the results yet. a. pass , have been passed have passed 3 . __Luse your phone? Ineed to make an urgent phone call a. Would b, Will @Can 4, Tom is a talented musician, He should the competition, a. won have won 6. t0 win 5. You have asked me Gist before you invited them. @eoouid >. may c, must 6. Don’t make any plans for Tuesday because we leave in the moming. 1’ let you know tonight acan ®may ©, would 7. Martha have left. The lights in her house sre on. @ean't b, shouldn’t ©, needn't 8, Miike feaves work at 3:00 pm. so he be home by now. a. can @shows ¢. would C Using the words given and other words, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. De not change the word given. (Use 2-5 words in total.) 1. These is @ possibility that they won't visit us at the weekend. might They night not vite us at the weekend. 2. I'm sure it wasn’t Tim who called you because I saw him outside, . been It can’t have been ‘Tim who called you because I saw him outside. 3. think you'll find the hosse easily, as the directions are quite clear. ‘ought ‘The directions are quite clear, so you ought to fin the house easily 4, 1 suppose Bruce has gone to the dentist since he bad a terrible toothache, have Bruce enliet have gona to the dentist since he had a terrible toothache,527 7 §. It's frustrating when you cant communicate with foreigners. able 1's frustrating when you aren't able to Communicate with foreigners. 6, Pechaps you didn’t buy that watch from this shop. could You could have bought that watch from another shop. 7, Gary couldn't remember where he had put his walle was Gary was not able to remember/was unable to remember where he had put bis wallet 8. Karen, I like you to help me with the washing-up. will Karen, wall you help me with the wasbing-up? | Vocabulary Practice A Complete using the phrasal verbs given, count on: rely on sb 1, We hadn't paid the bill, so our water supply was __ cut off cut down (on): reduce the consumption 2. I'm afraid ")|__end up failing my exams if I don’t smdy ‘of sth harder, cut off: (1) stop providing sth 2) intenup fe.g. 0 3. Lean never _count on_ my brother for help in times of telephone conversation} emergency. cut up: cara ite severl 4, The doctor told the diabetic patient to _autdown on sugar, end up: eventually avira 5. The small boy's mother __sutup his food into smal! pieces somewhere or find yourself to enable him to eat it easily. in siation, usually without planning to B Complete using the prepositional phrases given. 1. Tdon’t have any cash on me, s0 Til have to pay you by occides not intentionally by air/rail/ —_bycheque __. road/sea: ——_trovelling vie thot roule 2, When I feel depressed, 1 like to sit____by myself. and by bus/car/ read a book. plane/boat: ——_frovelling using o Bool pariculor means of 3. The boys went across the lake by boat tronsport 4, Lpicked op the wrong keys by accident/by mistake and bychance: unexpectedly, not coulda’t get into the office. planning to by cheque: payment by means of 5 THe villagers wouldn’s sorrender, 0 the enemy soldiers took the cheque, not using cesh village __by fares by force: using violent action 6. The television advertisement says that you can order the book by heart when you lear sth 50 either by phone or by post well thet you can remember it without 7. Tleamt the poem off ___byheart__to say at our hoving to read i! end-of-year celebrations by mistake: in error 8, Paul found the lost document completely by chance /by accigent by oneselt: alone; without help by phone/post: using lho! parevler 9. When my brother bought his new car, he travelled everywhere means of coramunicotion _byroad__only.OS C complete using the correct form of the words glven. DON’T GIVE UP HOPE! ‘The economic crisis facing many countries today has created secious unemployment __ problems. Energetic young people, willing to work, EMPLOY, ENERGY ase confronted by many __siffcutles __when tying to Sind a job. Filling in DIFFICULT countless application __ forms and hearing that they exe __ungultable APPLY, SUIT for the job because they don’t have the right __qualifestions can be very QUALIFY dishesrtening, Finding @ job seems just impossible. However, POSSIBLE ‘their _dlsappointment _ shouldn't affect thei nor make them give up. There isno “DISAPPOINT. straightforwacd solution __other than__patlence _and persistence. SOLVE, PATIENT D Complete using the correct form of the words given. travel (v/a): going from one ploce to another trip (6): 0 short journey to place ond back again tour (9); an organised trip during which atin lcs voyaige (7): 0 journey by ship or spacecraft = eruise (0): holiday during which you S. travel on o ship a flight (9): a journey by plone Journey (0): travelling from one place to ~~ nother route (n): the woy from one place to nother 1. Oar business ‘tip__to Brussels was productive and very pleasant 2, What's the quickest route __from your house to the city centre? 3. As soon as they arrived, they went ona__tour_of the city, 4. Avthe airport they told us that the __flght__ to Rome had been cancelled. 5. Instead of going to an island, we decided to go.on a luxury __eruise __around the Mediterranean, 6. People say that the safest and quickest way to __travel_is by aeroplane. 7. The Journey from Boston to Monteeal by car takes eround five hours. 8, The old captain nad spent his fe making __VOVOeS_to the Far East.unit O8|Modal Verbs II Modal verbs will Will (you)...2 could Can 1.2 Could 1...? Shall L..? (= do you want me to...) Would you like] | noun prefer * full infinitive ‘Would you rather + bare infinitive Modal verbs shall could Why don’t. How about + [— Modal verbs shall ss 4 present infinitive should | 4 Gimple or tte progressive) had better + bare infinitive perfect infinitive + (simple or progressive) should ‘ought to, A. Offers Use ‘To be willing to do something for someone else, Informal offers and invitations. ‘To offer to do something for someone else. Polite or formal offers and invitations. B. Suggestions Use Informal suggestions Polite or formal suggestions Suggestions can also be expressed by: Let’s + bare infinitive: Let's ploy tennis. Why don't we go for a walk? Noun: How about some more coffee? ~ing form: How about having a pizza for dinner? C. Advice Use ‘To ask for advice. To ask for and give advice. ‘To say what is generally right or wrong, To give strong advice; it often expresses a threat or warning and is, stronger than should/ought to, Something should have been done but did not eventually happen. Examples T'll make you a sandwich if you are hungry. Will you have some tea? Tcan/ could lend you my umbrella. Is there anything | could do to help? Can I take your coat? Shall I post this letter for you? Would you like a drink? Would you like me to help? Would you prefer to stay here with us? Would you rather have a cheese sandwich? Examples We can go 10 the cinema, if you like. ‘Shall we go shopping on Saturday? We could go for a swim in the afternoon. Examples Shall I dye my hair? Lthink you ought to see @ doctor. You shouldn't be watching TV now; you should be studying. You'd better not argue with him. He'd better study harder if he wants to ass the exam. You shouldn’t have lied 10 your parents. They ought to have informed us earlier.“Modal. verbs sed to would + prasent infinitive will must: inave to bave golto oun ‘ing form ll infinitive 4 inflaitive need + ‘ought to Use ‘Examples For past habits and sitnations that are Asa child, she usedl to be very difficuls, no longer true. + Interrogstive and negative sentences Did they use 10 go fishing every Sunday? are formed with did. He didn't use to be 50 tozy. “To describe past habits or a person's My grandmother would give me a bar of typical behavious in the past chocolate whenever I visited her. To describe a person’s typical When John is happy, he will sing all day. Dehaviour at present, E. Obligation - Necessity Use Examples ‘ntemal ebligation: the speaker feels ‘that be or someone else is obliged to do something. ‘Bxtémal obligation: it comes from facts, not from the speaker’s opinion ot feelings. + have (got) to can be used with adveibs of frequency. Necess + Whén need is a main verb, interrogative and negative sentences axe formed with do/did. ‘We remind somone of a duty o obligation. They will soon hove to tell him the truth. ‘Modal verbs doo’rhave to haven't gotto needa’ don't need to hieedn't + pectect infinitive didn't need wo + infinitive Modal verbs musta’t can’t I must repair the roof before winter comes. You must get up early fomerrow, Policemen have to wear a uniform (regulationy I've gor to see my dentist tomorrow. G have an appointment) Do you often have to work at weekends? She needs a.new pair of gloves. This room needs painting. Do Iinéed to take an wnbrella? Need I take an ubretla? You aught to post these letters today. Must is used only for the present; for the post and the fufure we use the forms of have 10, expressing either internal or external obligation He hod to leave eotier yesterdoy. F. Absence of necessity Tse ‘tis mot necessary to do something. Something was not necessary but it ‘was done. ‘Something was not necessary, and itis, not clear if it was done or not. G, Prohibition Use Prohibition Not being allowed to do something. Examples J don't have tafhaven't got 19 cook dinner ' onight; we are going to a estaurant. You rieedn't take your jacket, Itisn't cold, He doesn't need fo work that hard. You needn't have bought any magazines; ve got plenty. They didn't need to pay anything extra for the tour. Sxamples You musin’t enter this tom, We can’t use this equipment.22 21 | Grammar Practice A.complete the sentences using cam, should, would, mustn't, have fo or don’t have to. 1. You_mustn’t__ smoke during take-off. 2 Would __ you like some more tea? 3.1m aftaid we have to cancel our skiing ip. 4 can T get you a drink? 5. You _don’t have 19 do any cooking as I've already prepared something. 6.You should _have told her the truth earlier. She wouldn't have been so angry. 7.1 was a very goad student and I would always do my homework. 8.We con 20 swimming if you like, [t's warm today. B Circle the correct answers. 1, Mary: The ehildsen must (eed aew sports shoes, but { don’t have time to go shopping. Gary: 1G would take them shopping if you want You Qioulda7/ musta’t have been driving so careless! You could have killed someone Mike: Bill likes computer gamnes, He would /{will)st in front of his computer for hours. Lucy: Yes, but youlGught fo) shall encourage han to take up other activites as well 4. Tom: {weed /fausbury. 1 don’t want to mis the bus and keep Sally waiting Jack: You mustn't /eeedn'Dgo by bs. Could) should drive you there iF you tik How about we buy him a silk tie? Steve: No, he doesa’t wear ties. We would /Gan}always get him 4 aice shin, though, 6, All the employees in this company had to aust) work overtime every day next week. need bein bed, You need’ /GGoukam Abe playing ouside! 8. Pm sorry, sit, but you omsta’t (ean’}see Dr Browa today. Youffave toy ‘need have an appointment. Is Tuesday afternoon OK? 9. They needn't /@an’ need)to buy any more bread. There was plenty at home. 10, Angela: [ didn’t need to /fdidn’t use foexercise regularly, but now that [have more free time, Ido, Petor: What do you think..(Shal)/ Will I start exercising? Angela: Sure, but you(fad)/ would better consult your doctor first 2, With a temperature like that, you C choose the correct answers. Lt buy a present for Mary because her birthday is on Saturday. Greed to bo need 6. am needing (0 will need 2. You _ have lied to your Dad about taking the car @shovldn’t b. couldn't . mustn't d.can't 3. Ann, you ceally have studied a bit harder for the exam. a. must b. need to ought to 4. would 4. Tom to see a doctor, Hle’s been ill for the past weeks. a. should Qreeds ©. must 4. ought to 5. We worry about getting to the airport on time; its seally ctose by. a. cooldn’t . ought not 10 c.can't needn't