International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 10 (2022) 322–336

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks

journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/
international-journal-of-geoheritage-and-parks/

Research Paper

Gemiverse: The blockchain-based professional certification and

tourism platform with its own ecosystem in the metaverse
Dongying Wei
Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The traditional tourism industry is facing severe challenges and it urgently needs digital tech-
Received 9 December 2021 nology to improve the quality of service experience and storage security. Blockchain, as an
Received in revised form 30 May 2022 emerging technology, brings new opportunities to the tourism industry as it provides a trusted
Accepted 31 May 2022
platform for travel companies and tourists. This paper aims to address the challenges and for a
Available online 16 June 2022
real-world prototype development, it has proposed Gemiverse, a blockchain-based professional
certification and travel platform that offers specialized solutions to meet challenges and focuses
Keywords: on building immersive experiences. Finally, three development stages of Gemiverse and con-
blockchain
duct scene application tests is proposed.
Gemiverse
© 2022 Beijing Normal University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi
metaverse
professional certification Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
tourism platform creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction

1.1. Blockchain development

Blockchain is considered as the most disruptive technological innovation since the invention of the Internet. Blockchain tech-
nology is a distributed ledger technology that stores, validates, delivers and communicates network data through its own distrib-
uted nodes without relying on third parties. Relying on clever distributed algorithms of cryptography and mathematics, it can
reach consensus with participants without the intervention of any third party center on the Internet where trust cannot be estab-
lished, thus solving the problem of reliable transmission of trust and value at a very low cost. Hence it eliminates the need for a
central entity by validating and storing all transactions through distributed consensus (Duttaa, Choib, Somanic, & Butalac, 2020) .
Depicting the functions that represent how blockchain works, the following Fig. 1 shows a typical “work flow” using the
blockchain, which is fairly standard (Fu & Zhu, 2019).
The concept of blockchain was first proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in late 2008 in a Bitcoin white paper entitled, Bitcoin: A
Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. It is an underlying technology that supports the operation of Bitcoin. The development of
blockchain technology has gone through three stages: blockchain 1.0, blockchain 2.0 and blockchain 3.0. These three eras pro-
duced representative products, namely Bitcoin, Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric (Fig. 2).
The blockchain 1.0 era took place in 2008. When human beings have made the development of people and things incisively
and vividly in the glorious course of the Internet, new breakthroughs have brought us imagination space. A new concept called
“blockchain” has emerged, the technical property of which is its connection between things. The first application derived from
blockchain was “Bitcoin”, which was used as a blockchain platform for developing applications, especially financial applications.
In this era, various cryptocurrencies were developed (Nakamoto, 2008).

E-mail address: weidy@bnu.edu.cn (D. Wei).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2022.05.004
2577-4441/© 2022 Beijing Normal University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
D. Wei International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 10 (2022) 322–336

Fig. 1. The work flow of blockchain.

The blockchain 2.0 era happened in 2014. A bitcoin-inspired programmer first came up with a concept that was considered
“the next generation of cryptocurrencies and decentralized application platforms.” It was later designed as an application platform
called Ethereum, which uses the blockchain as the underlying technology and the concept of “smart contracts” that allow any in-
dividual or business to build or run services on it (Wood, 2014).
The blockchain 3.0 era began in 2015 and has continued to this day. Hyperledger is an open source project initiated by the
Linux Foundation to advance blockchain digital technology and transaction verification (Androulaki et al., 2018). It allows mem-
bers to work together to build an open platform for tracking and transacting in a secure, efficient and cost-effective manner by
creating open standards for distributed ledgers. Fabric is the representative platform of the blockchain 3.0 era. The biggest differ-
ence between it and other blockchain systems is that it is a private and permissioned network.

1.2. The rise of blockchain technology in smart tourism

The importance of tourism in the world economy is increasing. In some countries and regions, tourism has become a pillar
industry of the economy, playing a huge economic role. Inevitably, there have been some problems with traditional tourism
(Gretzel, Werthner, Koo, & Lamsfus, 2015). For example, tourists' travel routes are always determined passively, there is no mo-
tivation to motivate tourists to continue to visit, and it is difficult to promote new activities. Traditional tourism is in urgent need
of reform. The rapid development of the internet has brought new opportunities for tourism, and smart tourism has begun to
emerge.
“Smart” is understood as using real-time operational data for analysis, modeling, visualization, and integrating reasoning into
real-time decisions to create better value for the end user (Harrison et al., 2010). Smart tourism is defined as tourism supported
by integrated efforts at a destination, to collect, aggregate/harness data derived from physical infrastructure, social connections,
government/organizational sources and human bodies/minds in combination with the use of advanced technologies to translate
that data into on-site experiences and business value propositions with a clear focus on efficiency, sustainability and experience
enrichment (Gretzel, Sigala, Xiang, & Koo, 2015). Despite the great development prospects of smart tourism, smart tourism eco-
systems still have problems with data privacy, security and management. Blockchain provides a solution to the above problems.
Blockchain, as a platform with the potential to connect tourists and attractions in a trusted way, promotes the transformation
from traditional tourism to smart tourism.
Blockchain technology has changed the development trend of traditional industries. Tourism elements such as food, accommo-
dation, travel, travel, shopping and entertainment are all placed on the blockchain, which is a framework different from previous
service system, bringing revolutionary changes to the value chain of the tourism industry, reducing transaction costs, making the
operating environment transparent and improving service efficiency. Therefore, blockchain is an opportunity for developing coun-
tries to expand their markets and promote the sharing economy (Irannezhad & Mahadevan, 2021). Blockchain is widely used in
smart tourism, mainly in the following aspects.

1.2.1. Tourism finance

The application of blockchain in tourism finance mainly involves cryptocurrency payment and tourism finance supervision,
which can enhance the storage of tourism information, improve the efficiency of tourism finance services, and strengthen the

Fig. 2. The development stage of blockchain.

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security and protection of tourism data. OpenBazaar is an example of an application that uses blockchain. By running a program
on computer, people can directly connect to other users of the OpenBazaar network and do transactions with them (Rashideh,
2020). The network is not controlled by a single company, but a decentralized mall, and is not managed by an organization,
which means that there are no fees to pay, no profile for people, and no censorship of transactions.

1.2.2. Travel credit

With the arrival of the era of smart tourism, tourism credit is the key to promote the high-quality development of the tourism
market. On the one hand, from the perspective of businesses, tourism enterprises experience vicious competition, forced shop-
ping, lack of law enforcement, inconsistent services, shoddy, and false publicity and other problems; On the other hand, from
the perspective of customers, tourists exhibit uncivilized behaviors such as disrespecting the customs and habits of tourist desti-
nations, making malicious comments and damaging infrastructure (W. Zhang & Zhang, 2013). The products of tourist attractions
can be traced to their source by using blockchain technology to prevent the circulation of fake and shoddy products and promote
the formation of integrity and order in the tourism market (Liu, Jian, & Yin, 2009). Blockchain technology can use a consensus
mechanism to create a trust order and build a credit investigation system in the tourism industry (Ning, 2019).

1.2.3. Tourism service

Blockchain technology is believed to be able to be combined with multiple tourism service scenarios, such as aviation and hos-
pitality industry services, specialty tourism development, transnational tourism and holiday tourism. In the aviation and hospital-
ity industries, blockchain technology helps potential buyers communicate directly with hotels and tour operators, and reduces
baggage loss rates ()(Calvaresi, Leis, Dubovitskaya, Schegg, & Schumacher, 2019). Combined with smart tourism destinations, it
can improve the tourist experience and loyalty through cooperation with communities (Tyan, Yague, & Guevara-Plaza, 2020).

1.2.3.1. Tourism community comment service

Reviewing tourism community comments is a regular fuction of tourism management and one through which problems in
tourism can be found and countermeasures can be analyzed. Tourism social blockchain is mainly a social service for the public.
Users can obtain rewards by publishing travel notes and guides or leaving comments. Data are stored in the public chain in an
immutable way. For example, Karode, Werapun, and Arpornthip (2020) proposed a global travel commenting framework based
on blockchain technology that relies on a community-driven environment, where user accessibility levels are controlled by
using smart contracts and the system has no single authoritative owner.

1.2.3.2. Tourist identity authentication

To build a blockchain tourism ecosystem, the first step is to carry out tourist identity authentication. Tourist users can establish
unique mobile personal identification number information through blockchain technology. Each user with an ID will have a string
of keys. Using blockchain technology, tourists can achieve fast airport services, use virtual or digital passports to book tickets, ho-
tels, etc., and buy specialty goods. Singapore Airlines uses these technologies to track the status and location of passenger assets,
the identities of crew and passengers or contracts with other participants in the supply chain (Valeri & Baggio, 2020).

1.2.3.3. Digital service platform

Online blockchain digital tourism service platform is becoming a trend. The application of service platform has helped to re-
alize the deep integration of offline tourism resources and advanced new technologies, different tourism scenarios are applied
to the blockchain digital tourism service platform in order to digitize and block offline resources (Liu, 2020). In Switzerland,
Fragnière et al. (2022), made recommendations to counter the fragmentation of the tourism sector by building a national public
blockchain platform based on the results from interviews with professionals.

1.2.4. Tourism consumption and supply chain

Tourism is a comprehensive industry including food, housing, transportation, travel, shopping, and entertainment, which re-
quires blockchain to play an important role in improving the revisit rate of tourists and the economic benefits of tourist destina-
tions (Li & Chen, 2019). Blockchain-based supply chain management can record archives through storable and immutable data
throughout the life cycle of travel products to ensure the authenticity of travel products, reduce payment costs, and enhance
trust between travel companies and consumers level. In the tourism supply and demand chain ecology, various participants
can share a new point-to-point decentralized travel world.

1.2.5. Tourism management

The blockchain-based scenic spot management mode, with its distributed characteristics, helps scenic spots realize the inter-
connection between the internal management of scenic spots and their external supervision of scenic spots, improving thus effi-
ciency of communication and problem solving. A notable example is TUI Group, which uses smart contracts to manage internally
and has developed BedSwap, a project that relies on a blockchain system to maintain a real-time inventory record of hotel beds.
For smart tourism, DApps are regarded as the blockchain applications available to consumers, which can simplify the implemen-
tation of smart cities and smart city and develop various business models for consumers (Nam, Dutt, Chathoth, et al., 2021) . Tour-
ism companies can better establish contact and interaction with customers by developing their own DApps.

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1.2.6. Government measures

For the government, the value of blockchain in tourism is the prevision of ideas on how to manage tourism. In Croatia, the
Tourism Ministry created the Rijeka Market digital platform based on blockchain technology for the development of smart desti-
nations (Erceg, Sekuloska, & Kelić, 2020). Blockchain provides possibilities for improving the efficiency of government services and
reducing costs in terms of smart tourism and economic society. Blockchain can provide a more efficient and traceable solution for
notary public services, document certification and authentication, and registry management of government administrations. Dubai
and Switzerland have applied blockchain to create digital passports that work with smart doors and scanners (D'Cunha, 2017).

1.3. Internal relationship between blockchain and metaverse

The term metaverse comes from the combination of “meta” and “verse”, and its combination with transcendence denotes
transcending the real universe. Science fiction writer Neal Stephenson first wrote about it in his 1992 science fiction book Snow
Crash. He described an online world parallel to the real world, which he named metaverse. Everyone in the real world has a
cyber doppelganger in the meta. This meta is known in English as the metaverse, and consists of the roots Meta and Verse.
Meta stands for transcendental element, verse stands for universe, Together they usually refer to the concept of a “transcendental
universe”, an artificial space running parallel to the real world.
A landmark event occured on March 10, 2021, when the sandbox gaming platform Roblox exploded in tech and capital circles
as the first company to write the concept of a “metasverse” into its prospectus. In its prospectus, Roblox mentions eight key char-
acteristics of the metaverse: identity, friends, immersive, anywhere, low friction, variety content, economy, and safety (Roblok
Corporation IPO Investment Prospectus, 2021). In addition, the Roblox community guidelines require all participants to abide by
four principles: (1) safety, (2) civility and respect, (3) fairness and transparency, and (4) security and privacy (n.d., 2021).
Metaverse and blockchain have a pure natural internal connection, people usually regard the blockchain as the metaverse, or
the metaverse as an extension of the concept of blockchain. In a strict sense, blockchain is only one component of the metaverse,
and its share of the total metaverse is very small.
Blockchain is a natural carrier of the metaverse. Blockchain exists as optimization and empowering traditional industry. By
transforming the underlying logic of traditional industries, it has created a new way and approach to solve the pain points and
difficulties of traditional industries. Therefore, blockchain technology is applied in all walks of life, including education, agriculture,
smart cities, etc., and even in the judicial ranks, blockchain can be vaguely seen.
Blockchain can be said to incubate and sustain similarity to the “mother” of the metaverse. The biggest function and role of
blockchain is not in itself, but in that it can connect a large number of high and new technologies together, so that they can
play the effect and role of “1+1 > 2”. The blockchain in this case is more like an “aggregation” of new technologies than a single
entity. As a virtual and real being, the metaverse offers the same advantage, and it can integrate more new technologies, not just
limited to one or some new technologies. There is no doubt that this feature in the metaverse has a high degree of overlap with
that of blockchain. It is precisely because that the metaverse can be transformed from a concept of nothingness into a real exis-
tence.
Blockchain is also seen as the “key to the door” of the metaverse. It mainly reflects the promotion effect of the technological
evolution of blockchain on other external technologies. In other words, the technological progress of blockchain directly affects
the future development and evolution of the metaverse. If there is a “second universe” and a “third universe” after the metaverse,
then the underlying technology that truly causes these new species must be the evolution of blockchain technology itself.
As it has been stated that there is a pure natural internal connection between the blockchain and the metaverse, in fact, it is
only the connection between the metaverse and the blockchain at a certain stage. Only by continuously promoting the further
development of blockchain technology, can blockchain continue to play the role of aggregator of new technologies and promote
the evolution of the metaverse itself.

2. Related industries and work

2.1. Professional certification

Professional certification refers to the process from taking a certification exam to earning a certificate or license to become a
professional. According to the International Professional Management Assembly –Asia Pacific Region ATS International Certifica-
tion Agreement, the interpretation and definition of professional certification are as follows.
Broadly speaking, for a certain professional technology or field, through a certain standard appraisal or test, professional cer-
tification is divided into several grade-level according to the technical difficulty or professional degree, and is recognized and is-
sued by a government unit or a credible professional organization, which is used to commend a document of personal
qualifications or qualifications to practice.
In a narrow sense, the so-called professional certification is divided into license or professional certificates. A license is a qual-
ification for a particular regulated trade or business. It is generally regulated by legislation, or required by industry groups to meet
qualifications or certifications. Documents issued to regulate or require qualifications for the exercise of the business or behavior.
A professional certificate is a qualification certificate that represents a certain professional technology or field, passes a certain
standard or appraisal test, and is issued to an individual to demonstrate or recognize the technical ability.

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There are three general types of certification, corporate certification, product-specific certification, profession-wide certifica-
tion.
Corporate certification is to provide internal certification for training to improve the service quality and business level of en-
terprise personnel. For example, a company requires all sales people to take a one-day training course, and those who pass will
receive a certificate. It should be noted that the portability of this certificate is limited and can only be applied to this company,
but it is the simplest to develop.
Product-specific certification relates to products and is intended to be a reference for the company's external market. This type
of certification is very common in the information technology (IT) industry, where personnel are certified in software or hardware
versions. It is portable across locations and other companies can use the software, but not across other products. Therefore, if you
obtain CISCO certification in networking, it does not mean you can say you are certified in Microsoft or Oracle.
Profession-wide certification is the most common type of certification. In order to apply professional standards and improve
professionalism, certification can be established by professional organizations. This is portable to all places where a certified pro-
fessional might work. An example of this is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA), which would not be certified for just one corpo-
ration or one piece of accountancy software but for general work in the profession.
Professional certification shows consumers or potential employers that certified persons are specialized in the occupation and
that certified persons are proficient in that skill. This will increase their trust in people. Professional certification makes an indi-
vidual more valuable to employers, so the individual can expect to earn more than someone without certification. Professional
certification also provides opportunities for advancement and management. A person will have a competitive advantage and
earn higher income compared to candidates without credentials.

2.2. E-learning industry overview

At the end of 2019, the global e-learning market was valued at $187.877 billion. According to the growth of online education
statistics for 2020, it has currently reached over $200 billion and could rise to $376 billion by 2026. Table 1 discusses the most
amazing e-learning statistics for 2021 to show where the industry is headed.
E-learning is the future and a booming industry, as these mind-blowing e-learning statistics clearly show. With data visualiza-
tion, task and time management apps, e-learning is more convenient than ever.

2.3. Online travel market overview

To be successful in the travel industry, having an online platform is crucial. The global online travel agency market was valued
at US$258 billion in 2018 and is expected to reach US$372 billion in 2023. The growth of the online travel industry is driven by
consumer attitudes and the development of internet technology. In the travel and hospitality industry, there are many factors that
have led to changes in consumer behavior and, therefore, are also responsible for many of the travel tech trends that are most
relevant right now.

2.3.1. Virtual reality

Virtual reality (VR) technology is a technology that uses a computer to generate a simulated environment, and makes users
“invest” in the environment through a variety of special equipment, so as to realize the direct interaction between the user
and the environment. It integrates the latest development achievements of computer graphics, multimedia, artificial intelligence,
multi-sensor, network, parallel processing and other technologies, making real-time interactive landscape display and real-time
roaming of three-dimensional landscape possible.
Virtual reality technology has been applied to today's travel industry and has had a profound impact. With the advantages of
immersion, conception, and interactivity, virtual reality technology relies on the virtual tourism platform to simulate or restore the
tourist attractions in reality to build a virtual tourism environment, which can provide simulations of vision, hearing, touch and
other senses. Make people feel like they are in real life.

2.3.2. Augmented reality

Augmented reality (AR) is an emerging technology developed on the basis of virtual reality. It can superimpose computer-
generated virtual objects, scenes or system prompt information on the real scene seen by the user, thereby it realizes the en-
hancement of the real world.
AR technology is of great subversive significance to the tourism industry, and its application prospects in the tourism industry
are very broad. AR enhances people's perception of reality by seamlessly overlaying computer-generated graphic images into the
real world. AR tourism generally has five application scenarios: advertising marketing, tour guide, navigation, tour guide, and
shopping guide.

2.3.3. Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is generally considered to be a technology that presents human intelligence through ordinary com-
puter programs, and robots are the most typical example. Of course, AI is already being used in all walks of life.
The travel industry is slowly incorporating artificial intelligence to provide travelers with personalized and customized expe-
riences. With the help of artificial intelligence, both business processes and customer service in the travel industry have changed.

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Table 1
E-llearning statistics table.

Source Data Content

Globe News The massive open online course (MOOC) market could be MOOCs are free learning online platforms that allow for unlimited
Wire worth $25.33 billion by 2025. participation from students worldwide. Most of them provide valuable
courses, resources, and forums for discussion and quizzes to their students.
Following the establishment of the first MOOC platform in 2006, many other
valuable ones have been created, some of which are Udemy, Coursera, edX,
Udacity, etc. According to e-learning industry statistics, the MOOC market is
currently worth $5.16 billion. It is projected to grow at an annual rate of
32.09% until 2025.
Market The US e-learning market could grow by $12.81 billion Statistics on e-learning in the United States indicate that 63% of high school
Research between 2020 and 2024. students in the US use digital learning tools daily. Also, 45% of elementary
school students make use of at least one digital learning tool every day. How
about middle school students? Well, 64% of them make use of one digital
learning tool daily. What's more, a good percentage of American graduates
(52%) and undergraduates (39%) consider online learning better than class-
room learning. Hence, there is a growing importance for e-learning in the US.
Globe News Mobile learning could reach $80.1 billion worldwide by 2027. Statistics on the e-learning market size in 2021 indicate that mobile learning
Wire remains one of the fastest-growing markets in the sector. It has maintained an
average steady growth rate of over 20% over the past years. In 2015, the
mobile learning market was worth just $7.98 billion. In 2020, that number had
risen to $22.4 billion. Experts speculate that the number grew rapidly due to
the COVID-19 pandemic and the ever-growing group of mobile users
worldwide. They also predict that the mobile e-learning market will rise to
$80.1 billion by 2027.
Globe News Augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) are key trends that There is no doubt about how vital mobile learning and the other forms of
Wire could drive the e-learning sector forward in the next couple of e-learning have been to the world of online education. However, statistics on
years. e-learning trends for 2021 show that with AR/VR, developers can take it a step
further. Both AR/VR provides an opportunity for trainers to better engage their
students through immersive experiences that make learning much more
practical, effective, and enjoyable. And considering the growth of both AR and
VR industries, it's no wonder the educational sector will take advantage of
both.
Forbes The worldwide e-learning market is projected to be worth The corresponding figure for 2014 was $165.36 billion, according to e-learning
$325 Billion in 2025. stats. This means the market will have nearly doubled in a decade. There's a lot
of demand for online learning. It's cost-effective and quite beneficial to a
company's bottom line.
Statista 43% of US college students found digital study technologies Back in the day, you had to go to the college library to do your homework.
extremely helpful for doing homework. That's not the case anymore for a growing number of college students, as
statistics in 2020 speak volumes about the growth of online education. When
the library buys an eBook, any given number of students can read it
simultaneously. In fact: Many students now prefer to contact their instructors
via email instead of during office hours. And this flurry of emails has a massive
effect on the total number of emails sent per day. E-learning statistics are quite
clear: Digital learning technology is there to help students – whenever they
happen to need it.
Class In 2020, 180 million learners used MOOCs worldwide. The pandemic has caused considerable growth for these platforms, as over ⅓
Central of learners on MOOCs joined in 2020 and 2021. These impressive numbers
were majorly a result of the pandemic, which led students and educational
institutions to turn to online learning.
Edutechnica Canvas had the largest LMS (learner management system) E-learning stats also show that BlackBoard claimed second place with 26.8%.
market share in the US, with 36.7% of institutions using it in Moodle, which is open source, had the third-largest market share (16.2%).
2020. LMSs, also known as virtual learning environments, allows instructors to
upload lecture notes, PowerPoint presentations, writing assignments, and
even taped lectures! Students have easy access to course materials, while
instructors can now spend their time more effectively. No wonder pretty
much any higher education institution in Europe and North America uses one.

Source: https://techjury.net/blog/elearning-statistics/#gref

For example, machine learning can track tourist travel preferences while enhancing customer service by providing real-time re-
ception. Chatbots can enhance the customer experience by instantly answering customer questions.

2.3.4. Big data

To put it simply, big data is a dataset with a particularly large amount of data and a particularly complex data category. It has
the characteristics of large capacity, many data types, fast access speed, and high application value.
Big data is widely used in modern tourism management, and almost tourism companies have their own data collection tech-
nology. Personalization is improved by using collected information to make adjustments to products. Another use is to analyze
current business performance. Hotels use big data for revenue management, forecast future revenue levels, and provide promo-
tional strategies.

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Fig. 3. Blockchain data structure.

3. Preliminaries

3.1. Blockchain data structure

A block is the basic part of block chain. Block is connected in the form of a chain to form the block chain. Each block is divided
into two parts: the block header and the block body, where the block header is the core part of the block. The data structure of
blockchain is shown in Fig. 3.
The block header contains the version number, previous hash value, Merkle root, timestamp, difficulty coefficient, random
number, etc. It is the “brain” of the entire block. As described in Table 2.
The block body stores the detailed data of the block, which contains several rows of records, either transaction information or
some other information. All data is entered into the block header using the Merkle tree hash to generate the unique root of the
block body. Merkle's design is very clever, it can quickly summarize and verify the integrity of the block data, but also improve the
operational efficiency and scalability of the blockchain.

3.2. Consensus mechanisms of blockchain

One of the core concepts of blockchain is decentralization. Unlike traditional database system, blockchain has no centralized
database. This requires a mechanism called a consensus mechanism to ensure that each node is peer, (Bai, 2019).

3.2.1. Proof-of-Work
Proof-of-Work (POW) exists in the category of the public chain. Simply speaking, POW is a proof that the work node has done
work. In blockchain 1.0 technology, a bitcoin application is used for this proof of work mechanism; its core idea is to ensure the
consistency of data and the security of the consensus mechanism through the computing power competition of distributed nodes.
Visually speaking, to determine the appropriate value, the system will give a mathematical problem every time, and let all nodes
to solve this problem; the node with a more powerful computing ability and the fastest speed in solving this problem obtains the
right to bookkeeping. Obtaining the right to account for the node proves that the node has done the corresponding work, which is
the brief description of the proof of work mechanism. In a word, labor gets rich, more labor gets more.

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Table. 2
Field table of block header.

Fields Describe

Version number Version number indicates the version number of a running consensus protocol, which is used to track software/protocol updates.
Previous hash value Previous hash value refers to the hash of the previous block in the blockchain.
Merkle root The hash value of the Merkle root traded in this block
Timestamp The approximate time (accurate to the second Unix timestamp) at which the block was generated.
Difficulty coefficient The difficulty goal of the block workload proof algorithm
Random number Counters for proof-of-work algorithms

However, POW also has obvious disadvantages. POW mechanism relies on machine computing power to carry out mathemat-
ical operations to obtain accounting rights, but the mathematical operation has no practical significance and is only a complex
mathematical operation to obtain the target value, so it causes a huge consumption of time, energy, power and computer hard-
ware resources. Every time the whole network reaches a consensus, all the nodes of the whole network need to participate in the
calculation, and only one node succeeds in the end, and the efforts of the other nodes will come to nothing and the operation
efficiency is low. Therefore, the proof of interest mechanism POS well solves the obvious defects of POW.

3.2.2. Proof-of-Stake
Proof-of-Stake (POS) determines the right to account by the number of coins held and the time of holding. POS mechanism is
an alternative solution to solve POW defects, but its essence is to obtain the right to account through computing power. Similarly
to the stock dividend system, people with relatively large stakes can receive more dividends. In short, it is a system that pays in-
terest based on how much money the user holds and for how long (token age). In fact, the most typical examples are stocks or
bank deposits. In a word, the more is held, the more is gained.
However, POS also has some disadvantages, because the POS blockchain system lacks the POW “mining” process, but it still
competes to obtain accounting rights based on hash operations, which are weak in supervision. The POS system faces the problem
of how to distribute virtual assets and does not address the pain points of business applications itself. All confirmations are prob-
abilistic, not deterministic.

3.2.3. Delegated Proof of Stake

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS) is also called certificate of authorization. At present, it is the fastest, most effective, most
decentralized and most flexible consensus mode among all consensus agreements. The basic idea of DPOS is that each node
has corresponding voting rights according to the shares it owns, and the node can cast its vote for a representative node,
which is similar to representative democracy. The currency holder is authenticated and accounted for by these representative
nodes whose rights are equal. Compared with POS, DPOS can greatly improve election efficiency and improve performance at
the expense of some decentralized features. There is no energy and no hardware; The block generation time and confirmation
time are shortened, and the system efficiency is improved. Generally speaking, if you win the people, win the world. The more
you win, the more you obtain!
However, DPOS is generally suspected to be too centralized, and there is a huge space for human operation in the election pro-
cess of agency bookkeeping nodes. The entire consensus mechanism still relies on tokens, which are not currently required for
many commercial applications. However, in the future, they may be acceptable.

3.2.4. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance

Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithms were proposed as early as 1982 in Leslie Lamport's paper， The Byzantine Generals Problem,
and since then, leading researchers have been working to improve Byzantine fault tolerant algorithms. Practical Byzantine Fault
Tolerance (PBFT) is computation-based and has no token reward. Everyone in the chain votes, and if less than (n-1) /3 nodes ob-
ject, they get the right to publish information. PBFT is a general consistency algorithm based on message passing, with (N-1)/3
fault tolerance. The algorithm goes through three stages: pre-prepare, prepare, and commit. These stages can be repeated. Because
the system is able to provide service after one or more thirds stop working.
However, PBFT also has some disadvantages. First, PBFT has weak scalability and decentralization. Due to the limitation of the
number of nodes, PBFT has weak scalability. Meanwhile, nodes need to be elected or licensed. Unlike POW nodes, which are free
to join, PBFT nodes are less decentralized. Second, the fault tolerance is low. The fault tolerance of POW network is 50%, that is,
51% of attacks must be prevented. PBFT, on the other hand, is only one-third fault-tolerant, or 34% of malicious nodes can launch
attacks, affecting the entire blockchain network. This affects blockchain applications that use the algorithm.

3.3. Metaverse

The metaverse is a real-time online network powered by integrated technologies, including blockchain, AI, and interactive
sensing. It is an organic ecosystem formed by the interaction of the digital and physical worlds. The metasverse has six core fea-
tures: an immersive experience, openness, virtual identity, constant evolution, virtual and real interaction, and new ways of

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Fig. 4. Six technologies of the metaverse.

confirming power. The six technological pillars supporting the metasverse include blockchain, interactivity, game, AI, network and
the internet of things, and the internet of things. The initial of each technological pillars forms a word called BIGANT, a metaverse
in which each human being is like an ant wandering through the rich and lonely world of fantasy where reality and the virtual
merge. It is both expectant and frightening to consider. Fig. 4 shows that the metaverse is a BIGANT.
The six technical pillars of the metasverse have different functions and are widely used in various fields (Fig. 5).

3.3.1. Blockchain
Blockchain is the core technology supporting the economic system of metasverse. Through the hash algorithm and time stamp
technology, data transmission and a verification mechanism, and consensus mechanism, distributed storage, intelligent and dis-
tributed book contract, it can establish effective metaverse decentralized clear settlement platform and a valued transmission
mechanism has been transformed, guaranteeing value attribution and circulation and a metaverse economic system operating
with stability, high efficiency, transparency and certainty.

3.3.2. Interactivity
Human interaction technology is the biggest bottleneck restricting the immersion in the current metasverse. With the devel-
opment of human-computer interaction technology represented by VR and AR, the immersion in virtual open world games, which
are carried by more realistic and high-frequency human-computer interaction, is also expected to be greatly improved, thus
narrowing the gap with the mature form of the metauniverse.

3.3.3. Game
Game technology includes game engine related 3D modeling and real-time rendering technology, which is the key tool of vir-
tual digitization. The operating threshold needs to be significantly lowered so that ordinary people can operate this technology to
greatly accelerate the process of real world digitization. The collaborative development of video game technology and interactive
technology are the two prerequisites for the explosive growth of users in the metasverse. The former solves the problem of ex-
tremely rich content, while the latter solves the problem of immersion.

3.3.4. Atificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence technology is ubiquitous at all levels of the applications and scenarios of the metasverse. It includes in-
telligent contracts in blockchain, AI recognition in interaction, automatic generation of code characters, objects and even plots
in games, AI capability in intelligent network, data AI in Internet of things, etc. It also includes voice semantic recognition and
communication of virtual characters in the metasverse, AI recommendation of social relations, AI in the operations of various
DAOs Operation, AI in the construction of various virtual scenes, various analysis and prediction reasoning, etc. Lowering the
threshold of content creation through blockchain and AI technology can improve the malleability of games.

3.3.5. Network
Information requires a network and its computing technology to realize distribution and circulation, which requires high syn-
chronization and low delay, so that users can obtain a real-time, smooth and perfect experience. Limited by the number of base

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Fig. 5. A panoramic view of six major technologies in metasverse.

stations, the actual transmission rate of 5G may be difficult to reach its design level. The 6G delay is expected to be reduced to one
tenth that of 5G, and the transmission rate is expected to reach 50 times that of 5G, which is expected to truly realize the key
feature of low latency in the metasverse. In addition, edge computing is often regarded as a key infrastructure for the metasexes.
By using open platforms near data sources and providing the nearest service directly, it helps end users to complement local com-
puting power, improve processing efficiency, and minimize the risk of network latency and congestion. The metasverse requires
users to log in with any device, immerse themselves in it anytime and anywhere, and to monitor data in real time and perform
many calculations. It is difficult for a single server or a few servers to support the huge amount of computing in the metasverse.
Cloud computing is a kind of distributed computing, and its powerful computing capacity is expected to support a large number
of users online at the same time.

3.3.6. Internet of Things

The Internet of Things connects the physical world with the virtual world, enabling people in the virtual world of the
metasverse to observe the details of the physical world without going online. The Internet of things technology not only under-
takes the front-end collection and processing functions of the digitalization of the physical world, but also undertakes the func-
tions of infiltrating and even managing the physical world in the virtual world of the co-existence of the virtual and real in the
metasverse.

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Fig. 6. System architecture of Gemiverse.

4. Gemiverse

4.1. System architecture of Gemiverse

There are two entities in this system: company and student. The company relies on static nodes to maintain the blockchain
and provides services through smart travel interfaces. Students use smartphones to run lightweight nodes, join the blockchain
network through the network communication module, and participate in the consensus process. Fig. 6 shows the system architec-
ture of Gemiverse.
The static node is composed of six modules, each layer completes a core function respectively, and each layer coordinates with
each other layer to realize a decentralized trust mechanism. Its functions are described as follows.
Smart tourism interface provides students with accurate training and certification services, including video learning, including
video learning, live classroom learning, community sharing, training courses, and results presentation and other content.
Smart contract module refers to various scripting codes, algorithmic mechanisms, and smart contracts that give ledger pro-
grammability. Its largest function is to use the program algorithm to replace the human to automatically execute the contract re-
lated matters, and reduce the operation risk caused by manual operation.
Incentive module develops the “salary system” of accounting nodes. It mainly provides certain incentive measures, including
an issuing mechanism and distribution mechanism.
Consensus module provides the consensus mechanism, i.e., the proof of participation. It provides the proof of who has acquired
the right to account for a block chain and can receive rewards for packaging the block; however, whoever intends to do evil will
be punished. This “accounting” approach will affect the security and reliability of the entire system.
Network communication module provides the protocol to communicate with other nodes. It includes a P2P networking mech-
anism, data transmission mechanism and data verification mechanism to realize the information exchange between nodes in the
blockchain network.
Data management module encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp technologies to
manage the data and the state of blockchain and applications, such as the blockchain state, transaction pool and account state.
Lightweight nodes are simpler than static blockchain nodes. Each lightweight node contains a consensus module, network
communication module and data management module, but does not have an intelligent tourism interface, intelligent contract
module or incentive module. Static and lightweight nodes are connected to each other to form a peer-to-peer blockchain network
that maintains the blockchain.

4.2. Gemiverse operates the process

On the web end Gemiverse platform, the operation is initiated by the web end, and the data are transmitted through the net-
work. The transaction is realized through the smart contract, incentive module and consensus module, and the data are written
into the block after completion. The main operation process is shown in Fig. 7.
Step 1 is to generate the application. The Gemiverse platform provides video learning, live classes, community sharing, training
courses and results presentation services. New application information is generated by operating on the Gemiverse platform.
Step 2 is entire network broadcasting. By sending nodes, new data is recorded and broadcast to the entire network.

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Fig. 7. Operation flow chart of Gemiverse.

Step 3 is POW. Each node performs POW calculation to determine who can verify the transaction, and the node that calculates
the result fastest will verify the transaction.
Step 4 is full node verification. All receiving nodes in the whole network verify the block to confirm whether the transaction
contained in the block is valid, and to confirm that the block has not been repeatedly spent and has a valid digital signature. Then,
the block is acceptted, the block is officially connected to the block chain and the data cannot be tamperred with .
Step 5 is blockchain storage. The block is formally included in the blockchain storage, the whole network nodes expresse their
acceptance of the block, and the method of acceptance is to treat the random hash value of the block as the latest block hash
value. The manufacture of a new block will be extended on the basis of the block chain.

4.3. Three stages of developing Gemiverse

Gemiverse is developed by Gemiverse Limited Corporation, which an edutainment platform designed to integrate into the
metaverse and it will develop step by step.

4.3.1. Stage one: Interpretation certification and practice platform (2022−2023)

For the first stage, the professional career certification programs will be introduced, such as the Certified Interpretive Guide
(CIG) offered by the National Association for Interpretation, Heartfelt Associates, etc. The invited trainers will give the training
courses, and the learners can register to learn and obtain Gemis (which is an ERC-20 token that is being created, issued and dis-
tributed by Gemiverse Limited) from the trainers according to the evaluation system and NFT certification when they finish all the
requirements. In addtion to participation in the theoretical courses from the trainers, the trainees will need to practice their skills
at different natural heritage sites, museums and parks and they will need to pay the Gemis to the park managers who build the
setting to obtain access to the setting; they will provide the interpretive service to the visitors and visitors will pay Gemis as tips.
When the trainee finishes all the theoretical courses and has earned 10 Gemis of her or his services earning in the parks, she or he
obtain get the NFT certification which can be traded in the market.
For the early developers of the park and museum setting, will be provided the examples and supportive tools from the
Gemiverse Limited Corporation. They can receive entrance fees and compensation from visitors for the services they provide,
such the interpretation, art performance, and NFT souvenirs, and they will be encouraged to develop more cooperation relation-
ship with the certified interpreters and art performers.
The Gemiverse Technology Team is building the sample parks now and will be available in early 2022. Here six scenarios are
provided for further explanations.
In scenario 1, Tim is the trainer of CIG, and was given the Gemis by Gemiverse Limited Corporation to offer the certified in-
terpretive guide course. He invites the friends who want to obtain the certification to his training center and when his friend
Lisa finished the whole 7-day training, he gave her 200 Gemis as a reward.

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In scenario 2, Tommy is the developer of the Yellowstone National Park setting. He learned the skills from the courses that
Gemiverse provided, set up the 3D interactive setting and invited Lisa to provide the interpretive service for the visitors. If Lisa
presented a very good interpretation about the Old Faithful Spring in Yellowstone National Park, and received a tip of 20
Gemis. She gave 20% of the tip, 4 Gemis, to Tommy.
In scenario 3, Lisa returned to Tim's training center and requested NFT certification after submitting the proof of her practice
experience and her earnings. Tim minted the certification for Lisa, who sold it on the marked for 800 Gemis. She spent 600 Gemis
to buy a ticket for Lady Gaga's solo concert in Yellowstone National Park.
In scenario 4, Tommy invited Lady Gaga to hold a solo concert in Yellowstone National Park. and signed the NFT contract with
her, under which Tommy would obtain 20% of the ticket income. To generate more audiences, Tommy place the advertisements
in other parks, paying 10 Gemis for each park and also giving some tickets to KOLs in hopes of generating more attention for dif-
ferent communities.
In scenario 5, Jerry, a designer and founder of Jerry's Workshop, helps Tommy by designing wolf and the Old faithful souvenirs,
charging Tommy 20% of the retail sales.
In scenario 6, Tommy went to the Yellowstone Association and talks with the director to determine if the visitors in a real set-
ting could obtain the NFT tickets randomly for free from his Gemiverse shop and and could pay extra money if they wanted to
pick the one they liked, otherwise, Tommy would help sell the tickets for the real Yellowstone National Park experience in his
Gemiverse shop. Finally, Tommy obtained the agreement, entered into a partnership with the Yellowstone Association, and helped
to sell millions of tickets in one week.

4.3.2. Stage two: Tourism-related skill training certification and practice platform(Q4 2022−Q4 2023)
For the second stage, the certification programs will grow. The plan is to develop more tourism-related certification programs,
including a Professional Certificate for Sustainable Tourism, for positions, such as the following: hotel housekeeper, flight atten-
dant, spa managers, event coordinator, sommelier, hotel general manager, travel agent, resort manager, hotel sales coordinator,
executive chef, chef's assistant, front desk agent, customer service representative, social media specialist, and maintenance tech-
nician.
After the learners obtain the certification, Gemiverse will help them find the real jobs in the Gemiverse and in real settings
through partnership with the related organizations and big data analysis. Here six scenarios are provided for further explanations.
In scenario 1, Lisa received the CIG certification and begins to work for Tommy in Yellowstone National Park. She received
more recognition from the visitors at the park and from the director of the head-hunting company for Gemiverse. Larry entered
into a discussion with Lisa regarding whether if she would like to work for the Grand Canyon National Park in Wyoming. The sal-
ary was twice that of the current job, she would also be a Gemiverse interpreter. Lisa took the job happily.
In scenario 2, the Marriot Hotel in New York needed 10 housekeepers within one month and inquired regarding the house-
keeping certification program in Gemiverse; the director recommended 10 trainees with the top scores from the recent training
programs.
In scenario 3, Darwin received a PADI Junior Open Water Diver Certification from the diving training school in Gemiverse and
a client who traveled on the big island of Hawaii needs a diving coach from December 11th to 15th, 2021. Darwin obtained the
job through the job searching column in Gemiverse.

4.3.3. Stage three: The first leisure and tourism university in metaverse (Q4−2023)
When our membership reaches one to three million in 2023, the Gemiverse Limited Corporation will purchase offline univer-
sities in the USA, UK and Asia Pacific or partner with well-known universities and offer offline courses with the registered tutors
in Gemiverse tutors who have accumulated reputations. These courses will be more specific and geared toward advanced skills
and leadership.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we propose Gemiverse, an online platform based on blockchain technology, which can provide professional cer-
tification and tourism services to the public.
Our vision is to build the first edutainment platform where millions of players can turn their passion for career learning into
real assets. Our goal is to build this online travel world with user-friendly service and high technology, integrating Gemiverse into
metaverse. So far, all our members have been involved in our decision-making process and are constantly working toward our
goals. We plan to lead the future of professional certification and online travel by demonstrating excellence in the following areas:

(1) Fun mobile professional learning gameplay. It has been planned to combine career sims and socially-focused games to engage
players and ideally keep them engaged for years to come.
(2) Learn-and-earn mechanics. Players can also earn NFTs and tokens while learning, and earn leaderboards and seasonal awards.
We are on a journey to disrupt the professional skills training industry and build the future of learning and earning.
(3) Community driven incentives. The community brings value to the game, that's for sure. Gemiverse will engage and reward
the community for contributing to the growth of the entire ecosystem and empower creators to build long-term businesses
in the Gemiverse metaverse.

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(4) Highly accessibility. Gemiverse will be available on iOS and Android, making it hyper accessible to everyone. It allows players
to enjoy instant and gas-free transactions, ultimately unaware they are using the blockchain.

Gemiverse, which will initially be available on iOS and Android, will be released in 2022. In this app, the invited tutors will
offer the professional skill training courses and will give the learners the Gemiverse currency, named Gemi, which is an ERC-
20 token that is being created, issued and distributed by Gemiverse Limited. According to learners' performance, the tutors can
give the Gemis through the evaluation system.
For learners, they can choose the training programs and obtain Gemis from the tutors. After the practice in the different work
settings, the learners obtain 10 Gemis from the people who receive the services, and can obtain the specific NFT certification,
which can be traded for real money.
For visitors, they can travel online to World Natural Heritage sites and national parks by paying the builders the entrance fee
and they will receive special NFT entrance tickets that can be traded in the market. They can pay for the services in the parks,
such as the interpreters' interpretations, art performance, and the NFT souvenirs.
Gemiverse was developed by Gemiverse Limited Corporation. We currently have a team of 12 full-time employees dedicated
to making Gemiverse a success and plan to increase that number over the next year.We have over 20 advisors and tutors who
work closely to optimize the details. Since the development started in early 2021, Gemiverse has attracted a passionate commu-
nity of investors, successfully raising 5 million dollars to develop the program. We have also developed partnerships with profes-
sional tutors and advisors and some professional organizations, all of whom are dedicated to the long-term success of Gemiverse.
The entire Gemiverse team is super excited about the early success so far, and we look forward to disrupting the vocational skills
training industry and integrating professional certifications and travel experiences into the metaverse.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Dongying Wei: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Investigation, Writing –
review & editing.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

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