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    New Doc 08-04-2023 14.35

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    Kishor Dhangar

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    re Chapter ] Vectors Syllabus: Vector algebra, Scalar Product), Derivatives of and vector products ‘s (Dot, Cross, Scalar Tr i ne l, Cross, riple Product, Vector Triple ‘c10r with respect to a parameter. ° (04 Lectures, 12 Marks) | cna In one dimensional Motion, characteristic of the physical acceleration can be expressed by only two directions are Possible. So the directional quantities like Position, displacement, velocity and using positiveand negative signs, But in case of motion in two dimensions (plane) or three dimensions (space), an object (particle or body) can have manynumber of directions. Hence to deal with such problems effectively, it is necessary to introduce the concept of a new physical quantities, called as vectors, Types of Physical Quantities ; Different experiments of physics, involve measurementof different physical quantities, It is sometime necessary to add, subtract, multiply or divide the measured physical quantities. In some cases these operations can be done by simple rules of algebra. But in some cases, simple algebric rules are not applicable. Taking this fact into consideration, Physical quantities are classified into two groups: Scalars and vectors. Scalar ; A physical quantity which has only magnitude, is called as scalar quantity or scalar. €g. Length, time, volume, temperature, density, work etc.Scalars can be added or subtracted by rules of simple algebra.They are denoted by ordinarysletters as in algebra &8. a,b, u, tete, >: ° ° PHY 101: BASIC MECHANICS ¢ 7 © scanned with OKEN Scanner Vector = ity which quantity e.g. displacement, velocity, ctor. ©.B. quantity or ve" magnitude and direction, esses ; i " ec Graphically, a vecto ° of simp! p bolically vector i shown in fig 1. Sym segment, a5 s a 0 Fig. 1: A vector Here starting point ‘O” i called as tail of a vector and the points ‘P” is calle both magnitude and direction is called ay has s denoted either as OP or A (Gp ver acceleration force, MoMENtun c4. they cannot be added.or subtracted by they, 1 is represented by an arrow or by a direc, d |), or fh ) d as head ofa vector. The magnitude of vector is given by, Al | or | A| or A Zero vector (null vector) : A vector which has zero magnitude and a particular directi Zero vector or null vector. ion (arbitrary), is called as eg. i) Velocity vector of a Stationary particle is a zero vector, ii) Acceleration vector of an obj ject moving with uniform velocity is called a zero vector, Equal Vectors : Two vectors are said to be equal vectors if they have Same magnitude and 5 ‘ame direction, Here OP = RS or A = B. Opposite Vectors : Og Sep A Re——>—> 5 B Fig. 2. Equal Vectors Fig. 3, Opposite Vectors © scanned with OKEN Scanner >» Composition of Vectors ; ocess of find Cae vidition rene the resultant of two or more vectors is called composition of vectors: ‘© OF more vectors of the same type, gives rise to a single vector. This single weciar Produces the same effect as the net effect produced by original vectors. qwo vectors acting along the same direction or opposite direction can be added 7 cubsracted just by addition or subtraction of magnitude as follows: 5 unit Zunit = Lit ——____+> A 4 , % 2 unit unit = B B } ee nt —> Cc iC Fig. 4 (A) : Addition of Vectors Fig. 4 (B) : Subtraction of vectors Here G-A+BielC-lAl+|B] Here C-A-Bie(G=[A|3 Resultant vectors of two vectors along different directions (i.e. not along same or pposite direction) can be obtained by triangle law of vectors addition as follows : a " wl A HereR = A+B b) (b) Triangle law of addition @ Fig, 5 : (a) Two vectors Resultant of two vectors along different direction (i.e. not along same or opposite ction) can also be obtained by law of parallelogram of vectors as follows. © scanned with OKEN Scanner Fig. 6 (a) : Two vectors Fig. 6 (b) : Law of parallelogram of vector addition ig. 6 (a) : By analytical method, we can find Magnitude a direction of the resultant vector(R) of two Vectors and Q, The magnitude of resultant vector is given by, R=\P?+Q?+2 PQ cos @ (1) The direction of resultant vector is given by, __ Qsing 2 me Qc05 = Parallel Vectors : If the angle between two Vectors is 0° equation (1), resultant of parallel vectors is Tesultant of parallel vector is given by, a=0, Anti Parallel Vectors ; then they are called as parallel vectors, Fron R=P+Qand form equation (2) direction o is, R= P ~ Q and from equation (2) direction of resultant of anti is Perpendicular Veeto Ifthe angle between two vectors is 90° s 90°then ti i nee en they are called as Perpendicular vectors. ‘\ {06 PRAStEAsm © Scanned with OKEN Scanner t- A, A [x] 4 . .Q) where [A] A=magnitude of A Unit vectors along. positi B positive x- axis, y-axis and z-axis are given by i,j and k respectively: it vectors along negati . 6 Unt long negative x-axis, y-axis and z-axis are given by~ i,—jand—k respectively. > Resolution of vectors : The process of finding the components of a given vector is called as resolution of vectors. * The given vector can be split into two or more components such that combined effect of these Ay components is same as the original vector. ‘The components can be found at any required angle. If 0 > x the components are right angle to each other. they are Ax Fig. 9 called as rectangular components Two dimensional rectangular components of a vector are given as follows- Let A bea vector in X - O- Y plane. Its two dimensional rectangular components are given as, Ko= | Kyt Kya tact Gay (4) Here i and j are unit vectors along positive x-axis, and Ax, Ay-> Magnitudes of A, and A, respectively. Magnitude of X interms of its components is given by A= {AMA = ea A Direction of A in terms of Ax and Ay is given by, tan 0= ae x Three dimensional rectangular components of a vector are given by, K = fet jAytk As Here i, jand kare unit vectors along positive X-axis. PHY 101: BASIC MECHANICS + © scanned with OKEN Scanner d A,-> magnitudes of Ax, Ayand Az respectively, Aa, Ay and Arr? ma Magnitude of A is given by, = product of two vectors) : qual to the Product of magnitude Of two, Veer ganar proaict f “The scalar product of two vectors and cosine of angle between them. Let A and B are two vectors. _, angle between A and B, «. Scalar or dot product ofA and B is given by, A-B = AB cos 9 where A and B are magnitudes of A andB respectively. Scalar product of two vector gives a scalar quantity. The dot sign is used between ty, vector, hence it is also called as dot product. eg. +. (6) 1. Work (W) is a scalar quantity It is dot product of force (F) and displacement (5) vectors. “SW =) Res =FS cos 9 2. Power= FeV Characteristies of scalar product : 1. Scalar Product obeys the commutative law of ie AeB = BeA [A-B =AB cos 0, B-A =BA coso As, AB cos@ = multiplication, BA cos@, A» B = 2 Scalar Product obeydistributive law of multiplication, ie As(B+C) = AB 44.0 (8) 3. The scalar Product of two Perpendicular vectors is Zero. If ALB then 9 = 990 “A+B = ABCosoge * PRASHANT prtpr re. m-— © scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 OO 00UCEEE——_—or~ } -. AB(0) (-s cos 90°=0) “A+B = 0 yt i ‘a In ano} her words, if scalar product of two vectors is zero then two vectors must be perpendicular to each other. The scalar product of two parallel vectors (8=0°) is simply product of 4. magnitude of two vectors. If Ais parallel to B theng=0° «A+B = ABcos0 LKB = AB 0) (eos 051) 5, The scalar product of two antiparallel vectors is simply negative of product of magnitudes of two vectors. If A is antiparallel to B then 0=180°. KeB = ABcos 180° A+B = -AB of a vector with itself (1 ... (10) (2 cos (180°) =-1) 6. The Scalar product i.e.self dot product) is equal to square of its magnitude. ie. KoA = Adcosd (-0 =0) = AA R.A =” . (1) (+ cos 0= 1) 7. The scalar product of a rectangular unit vector with itself is always equal to ‘1’ ie. = Sede [-8 = 0°,cos@=1) + (12) ys Zero. 8. Thescalar product of two different rectangular unit vectors is alway ie. Rpo= k= hi <0... (13) [-@ = 90°,cos0=0 | © scanned with OKEN Scanner ‘ iA, vA, tk, 6, Ti ee ad Boe 1B, 4)B, rk, then AeB AB, HAyBy FA, Proof “ (ia, 15a, ha, (0, 158, +h, | we (ini) AB, 0 (563) 0,8, 0 (iok) Aa, (JA n, (isijan, + (ji) atic (lef) A,B, 4 (k-i)A,B, 4 (h-G)A,n, Using (12) and (13) we get AB = (HA BrHO)A,ByH(0)A,B, 4(O)AyByt(1)AyBy HOA, A(O)AByHO)AAy + (1)A,B, A,BytAyBytA,B, (14) RES, u A+B “LHS 10. The scalar product of two vectors is equivalent to the product of magnitude of on vector with component of other in the direction of first, (This is the geometrical interpretation (meaning) of scalar product.) l#-—B cos 0 54 > Fig. 10 Let AandB be two vectors as shown in figure 10 and 9- angle between A and B. A cos 0-'component of A along the direction of B © scanned with OKEN Scanner B cos @ - Component of B along the direction of E A+B = ABoosg = A (Beoss) = 4 = ~ _ A (component of Bin the dizection of A Similarly B+A = B(Acoss) = B (component of A in the Girection If product of two vectors gives a vector quantity then 2 is known 2s voor oroduc. two vectors. The vector product of two vectors is equal to a third vector. whos to the product of magnitude oftwovectors and sine of angi: direction is perpendicular to the plane cor Let AandB be two vectors and gbe the angle between A and B. ‘The vector or cross product is denoted as, Axio . €= AxB =ABsinen. Where nunit vector in the direction of C. The direction of C is determined by right hand screw mule as below = © scanned with OKEN Scanner of vector product ¢. The screw is held perp a 7 : “to B irection in which screw tip advance ; from A to B through an angleo, The dire Ce is the &i oS endicular to plane containing A and B, The Srey j TOta) tec, t) i ity.It i duct of positi -, e.g. torque (F) is a vector quantity.It is cross pro‘ Position vector @and ;,, (P). ie.t =1xF Characteristics of vector or cross product : Vector product does not obey commutative law of multiplication ie AxB#BxA + (16) or AxB=- BxA ie | AxB -[5 xA | , but directions are opposite to each other. Vector product obey distributive law of multiplication. AxB+Q=AxB+AxG e+ (17) Vector product of parallel or antiparallel vectors is always zero, For parallel vectors, —>4A Hereg = 0 “OB AxB = ABsin (0A ' ~AxB = 0 (‘- sin (0) =0) . For antiparallel vectors, Hereo = 180° AxB = ABsin (180%) 4 ——4 “AxB = 0° (- sin(180%)=0) | “————B In other words; If vector product of two vectors is zero then Parallel to each other. Xf to vectors are Perpendicular to each other then magnitude of their vect’ Product is equal to the Product of their magnitudes. If AL, B, then 9 = 90° the vectors are parallel or att [Axi] = AB sin 99° © scanned with OKEN Scanner 5. = [AxB]= AB (--sin90=1) Vector product of a vector with itself (self cross product) is equal to zero. ie. AxA=AAsin 0 (aso = 0) Ax A=0 (+: sin 0° =0) Vector product of a rectangular unit vector with it self is always equal to zero. ie ixi=jxj=kxk=0 (Aso =0°,sin0°=0) -- (18) Vector product of two different rectangular unit vectors is given as below- iB okxisj (19) i, ++ (20) -i, ixk=-j k, jxk= jxie—k, kxj The vector product can be expressed in terms of the components in the form of a determinant. of two vectors LetA = i ActjAytk Ay andBo0 =i Bet jBy+kB, eRxB = (i AgtjAytk A, « (i Be jBytkB) 7 (ian o(ii)ao, +(e, +{ixi)ap, +( ian, +[id)ae, +(x‘), +i ia. ; = OA, B+kA, B+ CDA, B, ’ + CRA, B+ OA, BOA, B, +j A, B,+ GA, B,+ OA, B, = (A,B, -A.B,) +i AB, -A.B,)+k (AB,-A,B,) by +(ixé)as, -A,B,)-j (A.B, -A,B,) +k (A,B, - A,B.) AxB = iA,B, ijk AxB = |A, Ay A, (21) B, B, B, RIN tat ACI MEOUARTAG 17 © scanned with OKEN Scanner (ors representing adjacent side of a parallelogram then Fea of 4) 9. If the two veel is equal to the magnitude of vector product of the two Veet, Bae ae peernecia interpretation (meaning) of scalar Product.) (This is Let A and B representing two sides of parallelogram OPSR. Here A=OP and B=OR D> i Fig. 12 Here 6 — angle between two vectors. Here RD = h— ~. Area of parallelogram Base x Hight =~ (OP) (RD) = (Bsin6) (- h=B sin 6) rer hight of parallelogram +. (22) “. Area of | parallelogram = Magnitude of vector product of A and 8. 10. If two vectors Tepresenting two sides oftriangle then area of that of triangle is equal to half of. magnitude of vector Product of the two vectors. Q > B L\ o > A P’ Fig. 13 © scanned with OKEN Scanner Let Aand B representing two sides of OPQ HereA = OPandOQ Here @ = Angle between two vectors HereQD = h- hight of triangle o Areaof. 1 tangle 2

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