Received: 18 May 2023 Revised: 29 May 2023 Accepted: 5 June 2023

DOI: 10.1002/bio.4558

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Multistimuli-responsive fluorescence behaviours of

aggregation-induced emission small-molecule and electrospun
nanofibre films for acid–base vapour sensing

Chunping Ma 1,2,3 | Jiyin He 2 | Yancheng Wu 2 | Junlang Li 2 | Jiayi Chen 2 |

Yangfan Zhang 2 | Jinpeng Mo 2 | Haibo Xie 4 | Zhenguo Chi 5 | Yang Li 3 |
Yongcan Jin 1
1
Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
2
School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
3
School of Materials and Energy Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, China
4
Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metullurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
5
Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-
performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

Correspondence
Chunping Ma, School of Materials and Energy Abstract
Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology,
Multistimuli-responsive fluorescent materials have garnered great research interest
Guiyang 550003, China.
Email: machunpingaa@126.com benefited from their practical applications. Two twisted-structure compounds
Haibo Xie, Department of Polymer Materials containing tetraphenylethylene (TPE) as the aggregation-induced emission (AIE)
and Engineering, College of Materials and
Metullurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang
group and a pyridine unit as the acid reaction site to obtain new multistimuli-
550025, China. responsive fluorescent compounds (namely, TPECNPy: TPECNPy-2 and TPECNPy-3)
Email: hbxie@gzu.edu.cn
were successfully synthesized through a one-step Knoevenagel condensation reac-
Yongcan Jin, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory
of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology,
tion. The multiple-stimuli response process of TPECNPy was investigated by means
Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210009, of photoluminescence (PL) spectra and emission colour. The results showed that both
China.
Email: jinyongcan@njfu.edu.cn
TPECNPy compounds with excellent AIE abilities displayed reversible emission wave-
length and colour changes in response to multiple external stimuli, including
Funding information
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research grinding–fuming by CH2Cl2 or annealing and HCl-NH3 vapour fuming. More impor-
Foundation, Grant/Award Numbers: tantly, fluorescent nanofibre films were prepared by electrospinning a solution of
2022A1515010969, 2020A1515110767;
Education Department of Guizhou Province,
TPECNPy mixed with cellulose acetate (CA), and these exhibited reversible acid-
Grant/Award Number: KY(2018)059; induced discolouration, even with only 1 wt% TPECNPy. The results of this study
Guangdong Key Laboratory of High
Performance and Functional Polymer
may inspire strategies for designing multistimuli-responsive materials and preparing
Materials, Grant/Award Number: 20220601; fluorescent sensing nanofibre films.
Guizhou Province Science and Technology
Planning Project, Grant/Award Number: (2019)
KEYWORDS
1419; Jiangmen City Basic and Theoretical
Scientific Research Science and Technology acid–base vapour sensing, AIE, mechanochromism luminescence, nanofibre films, twisted-
Planning Project, Grant/Award Number: structure compounds
2020JC01019; Jiangsu Province Postdoctoral
Research Funding Program, Grant/Award
Number: 2019K045; National Natural Science
Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number:

Chunping, Jiyin He, and Yancheng Wu contributed equally to the preparation of this work.

Luminescence. 2023;1–9. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/bio © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1


2 MA ET AL.
52203014; Science Foundation for Professor
and Young Research Group of Wuyi University,
Grant/Award Numbers: 2020AL016,
JSQD2001; Wuyi University-Hong Kong/
Macau Joint Research Funds, Grant/Award
Number: 2021WGALH02
1 | I N T RO DU CT I O N
Stimuli-responsive fluorescent materials that respond to external
physical and chemical stimuli (such as aggregation [1], light [2, 3],
mechanical force [4], temperature [5], pH [6, 7], and chemical reagents
[8, 9]) have garnered increased research interests thank to their wide
range of potential applications including in chemosensors, security
systems, optoelectronic devices, and information displays. To date,
considerable research efforts have been devoted to stimuli-responsive
fluorescent materials with the ability to respond to a single external
stimulus [2, 4, 6, 7, 9], while far too little attention has been paid to
those that can respond to multiple stimuli from the external environ-
ment and display different signals [10]. Compared with monostimuli-
responsive fluorescent materials, multistimuli-responsive fluorescent
materials possess many advantages, such as multifunctionality, dis-
tinct colour change, and a quick response, and therefore provide more
flexible and precise control, which allows various characteristics to be
simultaneously changed by multiple external stimuli [11–15].
Introducing a twisted molecular structure [16, 17] and/or some
heteroatoms [18, 19] is an ideal strategy to construct multistimuli-
responsive fluorescent materials, particularly mechanochromic
luminescent materials, because it is easy to form many types of inter-
molecular and/or intramolecular forces that are easily disrupted by
external stimuli. More coincidentally, many aggregation-induced emis-
sion (AIE) molecules also have multistimuli-responsive characteristics
due to their commonly requested structural features [17, 20–22].
Therefore, introducing some unique functional groups into AIE-based
molecules can endow them with increased stimuli responsiveness,
except responsiveness to aggregation and mechanical force, therefore
serving as an efficient way to develop more multistimuli-responsive
fluorescent materials [23–28]. For example, introducing alkaline or
acidic groups, such as benzimidazole [26], benzothiazole [24], and
hydroxy [23], groups, into AIE-based molecules results in additional
pH stimulus-responsive characteristics. As another example, the
borate ester group was introduced into mechanochromic AIE-based
molecules, resulting in a fluorescent sensing ability for ClO
recognition [28].
Currently, almost all multistimuli-responsive AIE materials with
fluorescent sensing ability are based on small organic molecules.
However, they show poor recyclability, which could cause secondary
pollution due to difficulties separating them from the detection sys-
tem [29]. Designing an AIE polymer film-based sensor has become an
effective alternative due to its recyclability and nonpolluting nature
[30, 31]. However, the present AIE polymer film-based sensors still
have some shortcomings, such as numerous synthetic steps, complex
film-making technology, and low specific surface area and porosity.
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An alternative solution is to fabricate fluorescent nanofibre films
mixed with AIE-based small organic molecules using electrospinning
[26, 29], because this is a widely used scalable technique for the prep-
aration of nanofibre films with high specific surface area and porosity
[26, 32, 33]. Electrospun nanofibre films for fluorescent sensing have
been shown to improve the sensitivity and response rate and have
therefore received considerable attention [34]. In this work, we
designed a twisted molecular structure containing tetraphenylethy-
lene (TPE) as the AIE group and a pyridine unit as the acid reaction
site to obtain two new multistimuli-responsive fluorescent com-
pounds (namely, TPECNPy-2 and TPECNPy-3; Scheme 1). Both
TPECNPy compounds possessed excellent AIE abilities and therefore
displayed reversible emission colour conversion responding to multi-
ple external stimuli such as grinding–fuming by CH2Cl2 or annealing
and HCl-NH3 vapour fuming. More importantly, fluorescent nanofibre
films were prepared using electrospinning a solution of TPECNPy
mixed with cellulose acetate (CA), and they exhibited reversible acid-
induced discolouration. This study therefore provides a strategy for
designing multistimuli-responsive materials and preparing fluorescent
sensing nanofibre films.
2 | EX PE RI MENT AL
2.1 | Materials
4-(1,2,2-Triphenylethenyl)benzaldehyde (TPECHO) was synthesized
in the laboratory according to published literature [26].
2-Pyridylacetonitrile (98%), 3-pyridineacetonitrile (98%) and tetrabu-
tylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH, 0.8 M in methanol) were acquired
from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Cellulose
acetate (39.8 wt% acetyl and 3.5 wt% hydroxy) was supplied by
Aladdin. Other commercial chemical reagents were used without
further treatment.
2.2 | Instruments
1
H NMR spectra were measured on a Bruker AVANCE NEO 500
spectrometer with DMSO-d6 as the solvent. High-resolution mass
spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis was conducted on a Thermo Fisher
Q Exactive LCMS spectrometer. UV–vis absorption spectra were
detected using a Shimadzu UV-2700 spectrophotometer. Fluores-
cence spectra were obtained on a Shimadzu RF-6000 fluorescence
spectrophotometer, respectively. Absolute PL quantum yields were
determined using a spectrometer (FLS980) equipped with a

MA ET AL.
calibrated integrating sphere and a thermostat (Oxford) from
Edinburgh Instruments.
Diffraction data were recorded on a Rigaku XtaLAB single-crystal
diffractometer with Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.54184 Å). The structures
were solved via direct methods and refined using the full-matrix least
squares technique on F2 with the SHELXTL package. All nonhydrogen
atoms were refined using anisotropic thermal parameters. Hydrogen
atoms were generated geometrically. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)
measurements were measured on a Rigaku X-ray diffractometer
(Ultima IV, Japan) using a Cu Kα X-ray source (λ = 0.1541 nm) at
40 kV and 40 mA. The surface morphologies of the nanofibre films
were surveyed using a scanning electron microscope (Sigma 500, Zeiss,
German). Electrospinning was achieved using an E05 electrospinning
apparatus (Lepton Technology Co., Ltd, Foshan, China).
2.3 | Synthesis of two TPECNPy compounds
Two target compounds containing TPE and pyridine fragments were
synthesized by means of the one-step Knoevenagel reaction, as indi-
cated in Scheme 1.
2.3.1 | Synthesis of compound TPECNPy-2
A 50-ml two-necked round-bottomed flask was charged with TPE-
CHO (1.00 g, 2.77 mmol), 2-pyridylacetonitrile (0.28 g, 2.77 mmol),
and ethanol (20 ml). After adding TBAOH (0.8 M in methanol,
0.3 mmol) dropwise, the mixture was reacted for 6 h under magnetic
stirring at room temperature. Then, the solvent was removed through
reduced-pressure distillation. The residual solid was filtered and
washed three times using ethanol, resulting in pure TPECNPy-2.
TPECNPy-2, light-yellow solid, yield 78.5%; 1H NMR (500 MHz,
DMSO-d6) δ = 8.66 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.95 (t,
J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 3H), 7.47–7.41 (m, 1H), 7.21–6.97
(m, 17H). HR-MS, m/z, calcd for C34H24N2: 461.2012, found:
461.20016 [M + H]+.
2.3.2 | Synthesis of compound TPECNPy-3
The synthetic method of TPECNPy-3 was similar to that of
TPECNPy-2, except that 3-pyridylacetonitrile was used to replace
2-pyridylacetonitrile.
S C H E M E 1 Synthetic route for
two TPECNPy compounds
(TPECNPy-2 and TPECNPy-3).
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3
1
TPECNPy-3, light-yellow solid, yield 73.6%; H NMR
(600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 8.93 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (dd, J = 4.7,
1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (ddd, J = 8.1, 2.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.75
(d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (ddd, J = 8.1, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.21–6.98
(m, 17H). HR-MS, m/z, calcd for C34H24N2: 461.2012, found:
461.19968 [M + H]+.
2.4 | Preparation of CA-TPECNPy electrospun
nanofibre films
The TPECNPy compounds (0.023 g) and CA (2.30 g) were dissolved in
a mixture of DMF/DCM (3.3 g/6.6 g) at room temperature to form a
homogenous spinning solution. In the electrospinning procedure, the
1
spinning voltage was set to 13 kV. The fluid flow rate was 1 ml
h .
The nanofibre films were collected using a rotating metal cylinder
(100 r/min) covered with release paper, which was kept at an immo-
bile distance of 20 cm away from the needle tip of the spinneret
(0.7 mm inner diameter). Finally, the obtained CA-TPECNPy electro-
spun nanofibre films were dried in a vacuum oven at 70 C for 12 h to
completely remove the residual solvent.
3 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 | Synthesis and characterization of the
TPECNPy compounds
As shown in Scheme 1, a simple and efficient Knoevenagel reaction
was used to synthesize two target compounds containing TPE and
pyridine fragments (TPECNPy: TPECNPy-2 and TPECNPy-3) with
satisfactory yields. The correct structures of the two compounds
TPECNPy were effectively proven by their NMR and MS spectra
(Figures S1–S4) and their single-crystal structures (Table S1 and
Figure S5).
3.2 | AIE properties of the TPECNPy compounds
As an efficient AIE functional unit, TPE was introduced into the
compounds to endow them with AIE properties. Therefore, the AIE
properties of the TPECNPy compounds were systematically studied
by obtaining the PL spectra of the compounds in THF–H2O mixtures
with different water fractions (fw). As shown in Figure 1a, compound
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4 MA ET AL.

F I G U R E 1 Fluorescence spectra of TPECNPy-2 (a) and TPECNPy-3 (c) in THF/water mixed solvents (10 μM) with different fw. Plot of the
emission intensity of TPECNPy-2 (b) and TPECNPy-3 (d) versus fw. The inset indicates changes in emission images of the TPECNPy compounds in
fw of 0% and 90% under 365 nm UV light.

TPECNPy-2 displayed a weak fluorescence intensity in the fw range
from 0% to 70%. However, as fw increased above 70%, the
fluorescence emission of TPECNPy-2 at 493 nm increased sharply.
Eventually, the fluorescence intensity increased 18-fold at an fw of
90% compared with that in pure THF (Figure 1b). These results
indicated that compound TPECNPy-2 formed nanoparticle
aggregates in a poor solvent system, as proven by the level-off tail
phenomenon in the UV–vis absorption spectra of TPECNPy-2
(Figure S6a) when fw exceeded 70% [26], and exhibited excellent
AIE abilities. Similarly, compound TPECNPy-3 also showed a good
AIE effect (Figure 1c and Figure S6b). The fluorescence intensity of
TPECNPy-3 at 515 nm increased 10-fold at an fw of 90% compared
with that in pure THF (Figure 1d).
3.3 | Mechanochromism luminescence (MCL)
properties of the TPECNPy compounds
To evaluate the stimulus–response characteristics of the two
TPECNPy compounds, the fluorescence behaviours of the TPECNPy
compounds in the solid state were studied under mechanical stimuli.
As shown in Figure 2, the original powders of TPECNPy-2 and
TPECNPy-3 emitted cyan fluorescence with wavelengths of 479 nm
and 474 nm and high quantum yields (ΦF) of 0.93 and 0.87,
respectively. When the original powders were ground, the fluores-
cence colour of the resulting ground powders of TPECNPy-2 and
TPECNPy-3 changed to green, with emission wavelengths of
508 nm and 500 nm, respectively. However, the green fluorescence
colour was reversible, returning to the original state with the same
emission wavelength upon simple CH2Cl2 fuming or annealing,
therefore demonstrating the reversible MCL properties of these
compounds. The reversible MCL properties of the TPECNPy
compounds may be attributed to a morphology change between
the crystalline and partial amorphous states caused by modification
of the molecular arrangement, which was proven using PXRD
measurements [22].
As shown in Figure 3, the original powders of TPECNPy-2 and
TPECNPy-3 gave rise to many sharp diffraction peaks in the PXRD
curve, while the ground powders resulted in rather weak and even
absent diffraction peaks. These results indicate that a well ordered
crystalline structure was converted to an amorphous structure after
grinding [16]. Moreover, the sharp diffraction peaks were recovered
and were similar to those of the original powders of TPECNPy-2 and
TPECNPy-3 after fuming by CH2Cl2 vapour or annealing of the

MA ET AL.
F I G U R E 2 Normalized emission
spectra and emission images (inset) of the
corresponding samples for (a) TPECNPy-2
and (b) TPECNPy-3.
FIGURE 3 PXRD patterns of the corresponding samples for (a) TPECNPy-2 and (b) TPECNPy-3.
ground powders, indicating a return to the well ordered crystalline
structure. Therefore, the phase transition between crystalline and par-
tial amorphous states played a vital role in the reversible MCL proper-
ties of the TPECNPy compounds [16].
3.4 | Acid–base discolouration properties of the
TPECNPy compounds
Due to the protonateable pyridine unit in the TPECNPy compounds,
a fluorescent change may be achieved by the stimulus of acid, which
can protonate the nitrogen atom of the pyridine unit to tune its
electron-withdrawing ability. To test this hypothesis, the changes in
the fluorescence behaviours of the original powders of TPECNPy
before and after fuming with HCl vapour were investigated. As
shown in Figure 4, protonated powders of TPECNPy-2 (Figure 4a)
and TPECNPy-3 (Figure 4b) were formed after fuming with HCl
vapour and exhibited yellow and green fluorescence with wave-
lengths of 555 and 495 nm, respectively, corresponding to an
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5
obvious redshift of 75 and 21 nm compared with the wavelengths of
the original powders. The protonated powders of TPECNPy-2 and
TPECNPy-3 after fuming with NH3 vapour exhibited cyan fluores-
cence, with emission wavelengths that were almost the same as
those of the original powders. Similarly, reversible acid–base disco-
louration performance was also observed for the ground powders of
TPECNPy-2 (Figure 4c) and TPECNPy-3 (Figure 4d). These results
indicated that both the original and ground powders of TPECNPy
exhibited good reversible acid–base discolouration performance,
making them suitable candidates for reversible acidic-pH-activatable
fluorescence sensors.
TPECNPy-2 exhibited a larger red shift than TPECNPy-3 upon
HCl fuming, which may have been caused by the different substitu-
ent positions of the pyridines. To reveal the detailed mechanism of
the colour change, theoretical calculations were performed to inter-
pret the reversible acid–base discolouration. The frontier molecular
orbital distributions of TPECNPy-2 and TPECNPy-3 and the corre-
sponding protonated species (TPECNPy-2-HCl and TPECNPy-3-HCl)
were examined using density functional theory (DFT) calculations
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6 MA ET AL.

F I G U R E 4 Normalized emission spectra and emission images (inset) of the corresponding samples for the original powder of (a) TPECNPy-2
and (b) TPECNPy-3 and the ground powder of (c) TPECNPy-2 and (d) TPECNPy-3 after HCl fuming (3 h) and subsequent NH3 fuming (3 h).

F I G U R E 5 Proposed reaction mechanism for (a) TPECNPy-2 and (b) TPECNPy-3 treated with HCl and NH3 and the frontier molecular orbital
distributions of the TPECNPy compounds [(a) TPECNPy-2 and (b) TPECNPy-3] and the corresponding protonated species [(a) TPECNPy-2-HCl
and (b) TPECNPy-3-HCl].

MA ET AL.
using Gaussian 09 at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level (Figure 5). For
TPECNPy-2 and TPECNPy-3, the highest occupied molecular orbital
(HOMO) was located on the TPE moiety and the cyano-substituted
vinyl unit, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)
was located on the phenyl- and cyano-substituted vinyl unit and the
pyridine unit. The separated frontier orbitals indicate that the TPE
moieties and cyano-substituted vinyl units act as donors and
acceptors, respectively. Generally, the emission colour of emitters
can be altered by both donors and acceptors. For TPECNPy-2-HCl
and TPECNPy-3-HCl, the electron density distributions of the
LUMO were delocalized but tended to localize on the pyridine
hydrochloride unit. Correspondingly, the energy gap (ΔE) values
between the HOMO and LUMO of TPECNPy-2-HCl and TPECNPy-
F I G U R E 6 SEM images of CA-TPECNPy-based electrospun
nanofibre films: (a) TPECNPy-2 and (b) its high resolution;
(c) TPECNPy-3, and (d) its high resolution.
F I G U R E 7 Normalized emission spectra and emission images (inset) of the corresponding (a) CA-TPECNPy-2-based and (b) CA-TPECNPy-
3-based electrospun nanofibre films: black line, the original TPECNPy-based electrospun nanofibrous film; red line, HCl-fumed (0.5 h) film from
original film; blue line, NH3-fumed (15 min) film from HCl-fumed (0.5 h) film.
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7
3-HCl (2.73 and 3.26 eV) were lower than those of TPECNPy-2 and
TPECNPy-3 (3.26 and 3.42 eV), respectively. Therefore, the red
shift in the fluorescence spectra of protonated TPECNPy-2 and
TPECNPy-3 was attributed to the delocalization effect of the
frontier orbitals. Furthermore, the LUMO of TPECNPy-2-HCl
showed a much more separated distribution with dispersion to the
associated chloride atom, resulting in lower LUMO levels and a
larger red shift in the emission. In other words, the substituent
position of the pyridine groups can regulate the colour change in
response to HCl.
3.5 | Acid–base vapour sensing property of
CA-TPECNPy-based electrospun nanofibre films
Small fluorescent organic molecules exhibit poor film-forming proper-
ties, and expensive equipment (e.g., vacuum evaporator) is needed to
prepare films. To overcome this drawback, the TPECNPy compounds
were mixed with CA to prepare a CA-TPECNPy-based nanofibrous
film using the electrospinning technique. The addition of the
TPECNPy compounds to the nanofibrous films did not affect the mor-
phology, and the nanofibrous films with diameters of 350–450 nm
generated by blending compounds TPECNPy with CA were homoge-
neous and bead-free on the surface of the nanofibrous films
(Figure 6). The CA-TPECNPy-2-based and CA-TPECNPy-3-based
electrospun nanofibrous films emitted significant cyan fluorescence,
with maximum emission wavelengths at 502 nm and 498 nm, respec-
tively, even with only 1 wt% TPECNPy.
With the highly fluorescent CA-TPECNPy-based electrospun
nanofibre films in hand, we evaluated their fluorescence sensing
properties using an acid-induced discolouration experiment
(Figure 7). After fuming with HCl vapour, the resulting films
(TPECNPy-2-HCl and TPECNPy-3-HCl) exhibited an obvious
fluorescence colour change from cyan to orange and yellow with

8 MA ET AL.
obvious red shifts of the maximum emission wavelengths to 615 nm
and 562 nm, respectively (Figure 7). In addition, when the
TPECNPy-2-HCl and TPECNPy-3-HCl films were fumed with NH3
vapour, the fluorescence colour of the resulting films (TPECNPy-
2-HCl-NH3 and TPECNPy-3-HCl-NH3) became cyan again (Figure 7).
The TPECNPy-2-HCl-NH3 and TPECNPy-3-HCl-NH3 films gave rise
to an obvious blue shift in fluorescence emission compared with the
TPECNPy-2-HCl and TPECNPy-3-HCl films, with emission wave-
lengths of 508 nm and 512 nm, respectively, almost coinciding with
the spectra of their corresponding nascent TPECNPy-based nanofi-
brous films. These results suggested that the electrospinning
technique is a simple and efficient method to prepare CA-
TPECNPy-based nanofibrous fluorescent films with good reversible
acid-induced discolouration properties, and highlight an effective
strategy to develop fluorescent film sensors for reversibly detecting
pH [26, 29].
4 | C O N CL U S I O N
In summary, by integrating TPE and pyridine moieties into a twisted-
structure molecular system, two new multistimuli-responsive fluores-
cent compounds were synthesized and characterized. Both TPECNPy
powders displayed multifarious properties, including AIE, reversible
MCL, and reversible acid–base discolouration properties. Impressively,
the different substituent positions of the pyridine groups altered the
emissive response to HCl and resulted in different emission colours.
Furthermore, the CA-TPECNPy-based fluorescent nanofibrous films
fabricated by electrospinning a solution of CA mixed with 1 wt%
TPECNPy exhibited markedly reversible acid-induced discolouration
properties. This work demonstrates a simple strategy to design
multistimuli-responsive materials and fabricate fluorescent sensing
nanofibre films.
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN TS
We are grateful to Jiangsu Province Postdoctoral Research Funding
Program (2019K045), the Guizhou Province Science and Technology
Planning Project ((2019)1419), the Education Department of Guizhou
Province (KY(2018)059), the Jiangmen City Basic and Theoretical
Scientific Research Science and Technology Planning Project
(2020JC01019), the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(52203014), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Founda-
tion (2022A1515010969, 2020A1515110767), the Guangdong Key
Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer Materials
(20220601), the Wuyi University–Hong Kong/Macau Joint Research
Funds (2021WGALH02), and the Science Foundation for Professor
and Young Research Group of Wuyi University (JSQD2001,
2020AL016) for financial support.
DATA AVAI LAB ILITY S TATEMENT
The authors will supply the relevant data in response to reasonable
requests.
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OR CID
Chunping Ma https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3065-9592
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