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    SE 08 Brundtland1987 OurCommonFuture 2023-01-12 15_15_53

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    7 views18 pages

    SE 08 Brundtland1987 OurCommonFuture 2023-01-12 15 - 15 - 53

    Uploaded by

    Melkor Ainur

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 18
    Members of the Commission ‘CuaIRMAX: Gro Harlem Brundtland (Wormay) ‘Viex Cuamaean: Mansour Khalid (Sudan) Susanna Agnelli (tly) Satch A. AL-Athel Saud Arabia) ‘Bernard Chidzero (Zimbabwe) LLamine Mohammed Fadika (Cote Tvole) Volker Hauff Federal Republic of Germany) Istvan Lang (Hungary) Ma Shijun (People’s Republic of China) Margarita Marino de Botero (Colombia) ‘Nagendra Singh (India) Paulo Nogueira-Neto (Braz) Saburo Okita Japan) ‘Shridath S. Rampal (Guyana) William D. Ruckelshaus (United States) ‘Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria) ‘Emil Salim (Indonesia) Bukar Shaib (Nigeria) Viadimir Sokolov (USSR) Janez Stanovmik (Yugoslavia) ‘Maurice Strong (Canada) Ex Ofcio Jim MacNeil (Canada) Our Common Future WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OXFORD uw a 3 u 32 a a a 44 su nm aL 42 94 92 10 at a 2 33 a 5 32 «1 m 1a a 4 92 93 94 tat mt List of Tables Population Siz and Per Capita GNP by Groups of Counties 30 Diatsbation of World Consumption, Averages for 1960-8233 ‘Annual Rate of Increase of GDP in Developing Counts, 36 1916-45 [Net Tranfer of Resoures to Capitat-importing Developing 6? Countries ‘The Growing Importance of Trade » ‘World Population 1950-85: Key Facts 100 Current and Projected Population Sie and Growth Rates 101 Health Indicator: 103 Male and Female Enrolment Ratios, by Region, 160 and 1982. 104 “Two Decadss of Aprcutural Development uy Global Primary Energy Consumption Per Capita, 1984 19 Share of Manufacturing Value Added in GDP, by Economic 207 ‘Grouping and Income Group ‘Composion a the Mectande Trade of Devoring 200 Population Living in Urban Aras, 1950-2000 236 ‘Examples of Rapid Population Growth n Tité World Cites 237 ‘World Fish Catch in Major Fisheries, 1979-84 267 List of Boxes Growth, Redsibuton, and Poverty 50-51 Cotton Produced for Export inthe Sabe! a Suga and Sustainable Development 2 ‘The Role of Teansnatonal Corporations 8s ‘The Food/Population Balance 98.99 Repional Papectives on Agricultural Development ier] [Natural Systems of Nutiont Supply and Pest Control 16 Some Examples of Specie Extinction 9 nes Units 169 ‘Two bcative Energy Scenarios m ‘The Damage and Control Coss of Air Plltion BI Dominating Cities 28 Environmental Problems in Third World Cities 0 “Thice Ways to Use $20 Million o Improve Conditions 232 ina City of | Millon ‘Misunderstanding Women's Needs in Housing Projects 257 Antarctica’ Unique Treaty Arrangements 21 ‘Spending on Military Versus Envconmeatal Security 303 ats CCAMLR owe DIESA GATT aor cEMs GESAMP TAEA crP WA 1G8P IMF mu wen we MVA Acronym List Amtarctic Treaty System (Commision forthe Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resource: (Commitee of International Development Iasttutions on the Environment (Counel for Mutual Eeonomic Assistance United Nations Department for International Economic and Soci Ais ‘United Nations Environment Co-ordination Hoard ‘Beonomic Commision for Europe ‘European Economic Community Exclusive Ezonomie Zone Environment Liaison Centre Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations (General Agrtment on Tariffs and Trade gress domestic product ‘Giobal Environment Monitoring System (Groep of Experts 0 Siete Aspects of Marine Polltion gost national product International Atomic Energy Agency Intemational Commission on Radiologic! Protection International Cone of Siete Unions {International Development Assocation Titernational Geosphere Biosphere Project (of ICSU) Intemational Iatate for Environment and Development Intemational Labour Organivation International Monetary Fund Internationa! Telecommunications Union Tnterastonal Union forthe Conservation of Natare and [Natural Resooret International Whaling Commision manufacturing valve added "National Conservation Strategy NGO non-governmental organizations NICs newly industrialized counties NUSS Nuclear Safty Standards OECD Organisation for Economie Co-operation and Development ODA oficial development asistance PRP Pollatr Pays Principle SCAR Scientific Commitee on Antarctic Research TNC: transnational corporations [UNCHS United Nations Ceaue for Human Setements (HABITAT) UNCTAD United Nations Confeeace on Trade and Development ‘UNEP United Nations Environment Progratame [UNESCO United Nations Edveatona, Scent, and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industral Development Organization WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WRI World Resouces Inti WWE World Wildlife Fund Note on Terminology ‘The grouping of counties in the presnition of data is indicated in the appropriate places. The terms ‘nda countries’ and developed counties lgzacrally encompass the UN categories of developed market economies and the socialist countries of Bastern Europe end the USSR. Unis olberwise Indicted, the term “developing county” refers to the UN grouping of eveloping-country market economies and the socialist counties of Asia, ‘The term “Third Word, unles the conex ips otherwise, generally refers ‘othe developing-country market exonomiss as defined bythe UN. ‘Unless indicated otherwise, tons are mace (1000 Klogrammes, of 2.2046 ‘pounds. Dollars are current U.S dollars or U.S. dollars forthe year specie. CHAIRMAN’S FOREWORD Cease xe ae wa he Wort Commision ion Eeecmeat ad Deveopet wer ood to fomalate: Meas, _an urgent call by the General Assembly of the United Nat 0 propose longterm eqvronmenal sieges fr aca beyond; ‘ preys conser forthe caitoment may Ye ‘eaaed ino (eae cr operon erseg Goong couse tnd tetneen counties at deen sages of economic nd sal dovelopmeat aod leed co the schvenent of common and mutual supportive objcves tat Tae account of the in terreationahipe between peopl, suoures, eniromeat, and velopment sto comidor ways and means by whch the international com- ‘unty can Sa more eectvey mith environmental cones fe Top define hare persion of lngteom caine ‘Gus and the appropriate crs nated to eal socsly wih the probleme of protecting and euhancing the ronment, ‘ong crn ageda for action during the coming decades 0d puna gels oe the word communtiy Winn I nas called upoa by tie Secretary Gear of the United ‘Natinsin Dene 1983 to cstablih and chalreopecal independent Commision toads thismajor cheno the wor communi, Tc aay aware iat is was no sal tas and ottoman that ny dy-o-day recponsbdis a Party ender made bom plainly prohibitive. What the General Assembly asked for also seemed {De cacalite an mach too ambliou. At the sme ng fas { dear demonstaton of the nieopread feng of restrain cod inadeqoacy in tbe erntional comunity abot oor own aby fo fires the val global eee and deal eétvly with them. “That factisacompeling reat and shoud not easly be dsmised Sace te aawer fundamental ad stow coca ar hota tnd, ther tno atratve but o exp on tying t fd then Al ths was on ny mind when the Secretary General presen me vith an argent ohh there as no convinan feb No ‘ier pial lade ha become Pine Miner wi a background teva! years of pola! rugs, naonally snd intematona, 2 OUR COMMON FUTURE san environment minister. Ths gave some hope thatthe environment ‘was not destined to remain a side issue in central, politcal decision making, Tin the final analysis 1 decided to acept the challenge. The challenge of facing the future, and of safeguarding the interests of coming ‘generations. For it was abuadantly clear: We needed a mandate for change. We live in an era in the history of nations when there is greater need than ever for co-ordinated political action and responsibility ‘The United Nations and its Secretary-General are faced with an ‘enormous task and burden. Responsibly mecting humanity's goals and aspirations will require the active support of us al. IMy reflections and perspective were also based on other important parts of my own politcal experience: the preceding work ofthe Brandt Commission on North-South issues, and the Palme Commission on security and disarmament issues, on which I served. Twas being asked to help formulate a third and compelling call for political action: ARer Brandt's Programme for Survival and Common Crisis, and after Palme's Common Security, would come ‘Common Future. This was my message when Vice Chairman Mansour ‘Khalid and I stated work on the ambitious task set us by the United "Nations. This report, a8 presented to the UN General Assembly in 1987, isthe result of that process. Pethaps our most urgent task today isto persuade nations of the eed to return to mullateralism. The challenge of reconstruction after the Second World War was the real motivating power behind the establishment of our post-war international economic system. ‘The challenge of finding sustainable development paths ought to [provide the impetus—indeed the imperative—for a renewed search {for multilateral solutions and a restructured international economic system of co-operation, These challenges cut across the divides of ‘ational sovereignty, of limited strategies for economic gain, and of separated disciplines of science. “After a decade and a half of a standstill or even deterioration in, ‘lobal co-operation, I believe the time has come for higher expect- ation, for common goals pursved together, for an increased political will to address our common future ‘There was a time of optimism and progress in the 1960s, when there was greater hope for a braver new work, and for progressive international ideas. Colonies blessed with natural resources were ‘becoming nations. The idals of co-operation and sharing seemed to be seriously pursued. Paradoxically, the 1970s sid slowly into moods of reaction and isolation while at the same time a series of UN ‘conferences offered string of such moctings followed: on the rights of people to adequate fo04, to sound housing, to safe water, 0 acces to means of choosing the size of thei families thas been marked by a retreat from social ‘concerns. Scientists bring to our attention urgent but complex bearing on our very survival: a warming, globe, theeats to the Earth’s ozone layer, deserts consuming agricultural land. We respond by demanding more details, and by assigning the problems to institutions ill equipped to cope with them. Environmental de- gradation, first seen as mainly & problem of the rich nations and Side effeei of industrial wealth, has bocome survival issue for developing nations. It is part of the downward spiral of linked ‘cological and economic decline in which many ofthe poorest nations are trapped. Despite offical hope expressed on all sides, no trends ‘dentifable today, no programmes or polisies, offer any rel hope of narrowing the growing gap between rich and poor nations. And as part of our‘development’, we have amassed weapons arsenals capable of diverting the paths that evolution has followed for millions of years and of creating a planet our ancestors would not recognize. ‘When the tems of reference of our Commission were onginally being discussed in 1982, there were those who wanted its con- siderations to be Himited to ‘environmental issues only, This would hhave been a grave mistake, The environment does not exist 28 sphere separate from human actions, ambitions, and needs, and attempts to defend cerns have given the very wor in some political circles. The word ‘development’ has also boen arrowed by some into «very limited focus, along the lines of ‘what poor nations should do to become richer’, and thus again is automatically dismissed by many {inthe international arena as being a concern of specialists, of those ‘volved in questions of “devel ‘and eee gs si OUR COMMON FUTURE ‘a erucal by the political leaders who feel that their countries have reached a plateau towards which other nations must strive. Many of the development pathe of the industrialized nations are clearly ‘unsustainable. And the development decisions of these countries, ‘because of their great economic and political power, will have a profound effet upon the ability of all peoples to sustain human ‘progress for generations to come, ‘Many critical survival issues are related to uneven development, poverty, and population growth. They all place unprecedented pres: sures onthe planets lands, water, forest, and other natural resources, Semmes eens? and environmental degrada and of ‘esourers In partcala, is av an eeurex These inks between poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation formed ‘a major theme in our analysis and recommendations. What is necded now i& 8 new era of economic growth growth that is foreeful and ‘at the same time socially and environmentally sustainable. Due to the scope of our work, and to the nocd to have a wide perspective, I was very much aware of the need to put topether a highly qualifed and influential political and scientific team, to constitute @ truly independent Commission. This was an essential part of a successful process. Together, we should span the globe, and pall together to formulate an interdsciplinary, integrated approach to global concems and our common future. We needed broad participation and a clear majority of members from developing Countries, to reflect world realities. We needed people with wide experience, and from all political fields, not only from environment ‘of development as political disciplines, but from all areas of vital decision making that influence economic and social progress, na- Sionally and internationally ‘We therefore come from widely difering backgrounds: foreign Iinisters, finance and planning offcials, policymakers in agriculture, science, and technology. Many of the Commissioners are cabinet ministers and senior economists in their own nations, concerned largely with the alfairs of those countries. As Commissioners, however, ‘we were acting not in our national roles but as individuals; and as ‘we worked, nationalism and the artificial divides between ‘in-

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