FieldGuide2013 HR

A REFERENCE GUIDE TO
SURFACE MINING APPLICATIONS

Field Guide 2013
Focus areas for significant cost/ton improvement:
5% Change
Cost-per-Ton Improvement (%)

CONTENTS 3
Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques
Requirements..................................................... 4
Large Wheel Loaders........................................ 9
Hydraulic Front Shovels.................................... 21
Hydraulic Backhoes.......................................... 31
Electric Rope Shovels....................................... 43
Large Walking Draglines.................................. 65
Large Mining Trucks.......................................... 97
Motor Graders.................................................... 117
Track-type Tractors........................................... 133
Wheel Dozers..................................................... 149
Wheel Tractor-Scrapers................................... 157
Drills..................................................................... 171
Cat MineStar™ System
Improvements through Technology................ 195
Haul Road Design and Maintenance
Design and Maintenance................................. 209
Truck Dump Design and Maintenance
Truck Dump Operation...................................... 231
Scale System Benefits
Transcale System Offerings and Benefits..... 239
Management Review
Strategies............................................................ 247
Reference Information
Performance Handbook 42 Specifications.... 257
Mine Site Illustrations....................................... 276
Electric Rope Shovel
Reliable, lowest cost-per-ton
(loading tool)
Requires:
• Long mine life
• Electric power
• 15-meter (50-foot) face
• Well-fragmented material
• Clean-up support
• Ground support
Large Wheel Loader

Mobility, flexibility
Requires:
• Solid floor
• Dry floor
REQUIREMENTS 5
Hydraulic Front Shovel

Breakout force and selectivity
Requires:
• Proper face height
• Limited tramming
Hydraulic Backhoe
Breakout force and selectivity
Requires:
• Proper bench height
• Limited tramming
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Dragline
Reliable, lowest cost-per-ton
(overburden removal)
Requires:
• Long mine life
• High voltage electric power
• Level, compacted floor
• Fragmented or
unconsolidated material
• Support equipment
Drill
Reliable, mobile
Requires:
• Diesel or electric power
• Pad prep support
REQUIREMENTS 7
NOTES

LARGE WHEEL LOADERS
Application Benchmarks and

Operating Techniques
Large Wheel Loaders
Optimal Bench Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift

Height
Cycle Times 28 – 42 seconds (depending on model)
Bucket Fill Factor in 90 – 110%

Well-Shot Rock
Most Efficient Pass 3 – 5 passes
Match
Conditions Favorable • Level, dry, smooth, firm floors
to Large Wheel • Sufficient crossfall and drainage in
Loaders wet areas to minimize tire damage
• Well-fragmented materials that
minimize crowding time, particularly
in the toe-area of the cut
• Lower face profile
• Multiple faces and frequent tramming
Conditions • Poor underfoot conditions

Unfavorable to Large – wet, soft, jagged
Wheel Loaders • Tight load areas
• Poorly shot material
LARGE WHEEL LOADERS 11
Ideal System Match
Model 770 772 773 775 777 785 789 793

Tons 40 50 60 70 100 150 200 250
Model 988H 990H 992K 993K 994H

Tons 12.5 16.5 24 30 38

Operating techniques
• Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to floor
• Operate in first gear, full throttle
• Limit travel to 1½ tire revolutions
• Keep spillage to a minimum
• Keep floor clean and smooth
• Keep time in face below 12 seconds
• Maintain proper bucket and lift kickout adjustment
• Keep tight “V” loading pattern
• Adjust “Rim Pull Control” setting
• Work 1½ bucket width dig pattern
• Keep frame straight when digging
• Lift bucket before crowding
• Fill bucket by the time lift arms are horizontal in face
• Clean floor while approaching face when necessary with
minimum floor contact
• Advance face left to right when possible
• Minimize truck exchange time
• Clean floor if required between trucks

Start of dig pattern
• Stage truck parallel to safety berm or bench
• Dig material from behind truck
• Position truck in pocket as soon as possible
• Advance face in normal left to right pattern
Parallel dig pattern

• Quick truck exchange
• Right to left set-up
• Works well in narrow cuts
• Trucks spotted 15-20°

Loading
• Dump easy — operator controls dumping impact into bed
• Place material vs. dumping material in truck bodies
• Recognize that different loading tools have different effects on
truck bodies
• Pad body floors with smaller material before placing in oversize
material
• DO NOT contact truck side rails
• DO NOT push material in bodies
Things to watch for (GET)

• Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to floor
• Clean floor while approaching face when necessary with
minimum floor contact
– Rear of the bucket kept clear of the floor
– Minimize floor contact (GET will overheat and melt)
– Minimize speed
• Never operate with blunt, missing GET or bare bucket edge
• Maintain proper bucket kickout adjustment

NOTES
NOTES

HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS

HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS
Optimal Bench Approx 75% of max. vertical reach / height

Height
Cycle Times 21 – 32 seconds
(depending on model)
Bucket Fill Factor 90 – 100%

in Well-Shot Rock
Match
Conditions • Selective digging
Favorable to • Multiple face heights
Hydraulic Front • Single face loading
Shovels
• Multiple targets
(preferred option • Tight load area
for hard rock • Tough digging
applications)
• Can work in poor floor conditions
Conditions • Excessive tramming

Unfavorable to • Low benches
Hydraulic Front • No cleanup support
Shovels
• Multiple faces
HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS 23
IDEAL SYSTEM MATCH
Model 770 772 773 775 777 785 789 793 795 797
Tons 40 50 60 70 100 150 200 250 345 400
3-5 pass 3-5 pass 3-5 pass 3-5 pass 3-5 pass 3-5 pass 3-4 pass
Model 6015 FS 6018 FS 6030 FS 6040 FS 6050 FS 6060 FS 6090 FS

Cubic Meter 7.0 10.0 16.5 22.0 26.0 34.0 52.0

• Keep work areas as tight as possible; keep swing distances to a
minimum
• Use float function of boom while penetrating material
• Maintain a level floor
• Avoid digging with corner tooth only to avoid torsional forces into
attachment
• Do not swing the bucket into the material; penetrate only after
swing is complete
• Advance forward for general digging
• Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge
• Never penetrate material with open bucket
• Avoid contacting mechanical stops
• Define dig pattern and maintain
1. First two passes: 1

• Upper half of face
2. Third/fourth passes: 2
• Load out the center
3. Final pass: 3
• Clean up floor and advance

Digging
• Digging the working face from top to bottom is preferred
whenever possible
• Penetrating at the top area of the face eliminates lifting effort
• Penetrating in the center area of the face reduces lifting effort
• Digging from the bottom requires the highest lifting effort and
longer cycle time
Swing
• Take the first bucket during truck spotting from the farthest
swing angle
• Once the truck is positioned, maintain smaller swing angles and
dig as high as possible to shorten cycle times

Single-side loading
• Truck on left hand side so that truck driver and shovel operator
have direct eye contact
• Shovel can follow a straight working face without major
repositioning effort
• Good floor conditions that are easy to maintain
• Support equipment can clean the excavated area behind the
shovel without interfering with the loading action
• The face should always be mined from right to left, then travel
back and continue
• Tracks should be positioned 45º toward face;
travel motors to rear
Double-side loading
• Minimized truck spotting time for higher short-term productivity
• Higher risk of collisions
• Well-trained operators are required
• While loading to the right side, both shovel operator and truck
driver are on the blind side
• Shovel cannot follow straight working face and has higher
repositioning effort
• Permanent clean-up support required
• Tracks should be positioned 90º toward face;
travel motors to rear

NOTES
HYDRAULIC BACKHOES

Hydraulic Backhoes
Optimal Bench Length of stick, or between truck side rail

Height and tail
Cycle Times 21 – 31 seconds (depending on model)
Bucket Fill Factor 90 – 100%

in Well-Shot Rock
Match
Conditions • Low to moderate bench heights
Favorable • Truck spotted either on top of bench or
to Hydraulic on the floor below the backhoe
Backhoes • Tight load area
(Preferred option • Short swing – 60°
for overburden and • Well-shot material
softer material)
Conditions • High benches

Unfavorable • Excessive tramming
to Hydraulic • Multiple benches
Backhoes
• Unstable benches
• Low angle of repose material
• No cleanup support
HYDRAULIC BACKHOES 33
Ideal System Match
Model 770 772 773 775 777 785 789 793 795
Tons 40 50 60 70 100 150 200 250 345
3-5 pass 3-5 pass 3-5 pass 3-5 pass 3-5 pass 3-5 pass
Model 6015 6018 6030 6040 6050 6060

Cubic Meter 7.0 10.0 17.0 22.0 28.0 34.0

• Avoid digging with corner tooth to avoid torsional forces into
attachments
• Start at "key cut" and work toward truck
• Never operate with blunt or missing GET
• Avoid contacting mechanical stops
• Always work over idler and swing no more than 60° to truck
• Prepare next cuts in advance
• Maintain proper bench height
Things to note
• General digging advance is backwards
• Most productive with truck on lower level
• Support equipment for clean-up is required
Sufficient bench height

• Sufficient bench height is essential for efficient and safe
operation
• Ideal bench height is equal to stick length or equal to truck body
rail height

Insufficient bench height
• Too low a bench does not allow good bucket fills and involves the
risk to pull material against the tracks
• Insufficient height increases the danger of collision between
excavator and truck under certain circumstances
Truck on lower level — typical application

• Lowest risk for collision with proper bench height due to clear
separation of loading and hauling equipment
• Excellent operator view into the truck body
• Potential for short swing angles
• Shortest attachment lifting distance possible
• Various options for truck positioning with loading through the
body gate or over the side wall

Truck on lower level — drive-by loading
• Truck spotting time is eliminated, for the highest productivity,
because the next truck does not need to reverse for positioning
• 90° swing angle
• Loading through the gate is more difficult due to limited space for
dumping
Truck on upper level — top loading

• Best applied for drop cuts and in difficult to access or wet areas
at the pit bottom
• Increased lifting effort and larger swing angle requires longer
cycle time
• Productivity is approximately 15 to 20% lower

Productivity increases
• 10 – 15% higher productivity when bench is correct height vs.
too high or to low
• 15 – 20% higher productivity when trucks are spotted on the
floor below the excavator vs. on top of bench
• 5% higher productivity when excavator swings 60º vs. 90º
• Higher productivity when positioned as close to edge as safely
possible
NOTES

NOTES
ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS

Electric Rope Shovels
Optimal Bench Between Parallel Dipper Arm and Boom

Height Sheave (7495)
Cycle Times 28 – 44 seconds
(depending on model)
Dipper Fill Factor in 80 – 110% (struck capacity)
Well-Shot Rock
Match
Conditions • Working a single face of the correct

Favorable to height
Electric Rope • Solid, level floor
Shovels • Wide benches to facilitate truck
maneuverability
• Well-shot material
• Cleanup and ground support provided
• Good trail cable management
Conditions • Poor underfoot
Unfavorable to • Low faces
Electric Rope • Poorly shot or unshot material
Shovels
• Multiple face location
• Selective digging
ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS 45
Ideal system match

Things to note
• Optimum swing angle is 60° – 90°
• Support equipment needed for maximum production
• Proper trail cable management
• Never operate blunt GET or a bare edge
• DO NOT allow floor clean-up machine to interfere with truck
loading
• Target 2-side loading and "0" truck exchange time
Positioning
• Position truck in target tolerance range (shown in red)
• Utilize marker on dipper handle or counterweight to assist truck
operator with pre-spotting and spotting
• Keep mirrors and windows on shovel and truck clean

• Fill dipper in 2-3 dipper floor lengths; use full face cut
• Work close to dig face
• Maintain floor grade
• DO NOT "jack boom"
• DO NOT stall during hoisting
• Operate machine as level as possible
• Place material easily into body
• Pad body for oversize material loading
• Be aware of trail cable position
• Maintain Cable Tower positioning approx 50m (165 ft) from shovel
• Ensure proper truck spotting
Dig angle effect on power requirements
Dig Angle Power Requirement to Lift Load*

0° 100%
15° 103.5%
30° 115.4%
45° 141.4%
60° 200%
* As a Percent of Load

Dig angle effect on power requirements (cont.)
• At a digging angle of 15° it takes 1.035 times as much power, or
3.5% more, to lift a given load as it does to lift it directly below the
boom point. At an angle of 60° it takes 2 times as much power.
• Adjusting the digging angle can also reduce the load on wire
ropes. Loading increases with the digging angle and crowd
distance.
• The rake angle has a direct influence on tooth angle and the
digging force applied to the working face, as well as the amount
of wear on the dipper. The rake angle is optimized by adjusting
the length of the "Pitch Braces."
Suggested Starting Points for Adjusting the Tooth Angle and

Rake Angle
Hard Rock Digging Medium Digging
Tooth Angle 46º – 48º 48º – 50º
Rake Angle 57º – 59º 59º – 61º
Material Diggability Approximate Dipper

Fill Factor
Easy Digging 1.05 – 1.20
Medium Digging 1.00 – 1.15
Hard Digging 0.90 – 1.00
Very Hard Digging 0.80 – 0.90

Swing Angle vs. Productivity
Swing Arc Approximate Percentage of Optimum Output

45° 126%
50° 116%
60° 107%
70° 100%
100° 88%
130° 77%
180° 70%
• Avoid swing angles that exceed 90°

• Take advantage of previous dig pocket to reduce swing angle




Wheel dozer clean-up

Evidence of previous instances of forward loading on the canopy
Load placement
• Correct load placement shown here
• Observe Caterpillar 10/10/20 Payload Policy
• Sideboards are designed to control material spillage not increase
payload
Operator techniques
• Double side load whenever possible
• Keep exit from shovel in direct line to cable tower
• Clean up floor between trucks, not during truck loading cycle
• Have trucks pre-spot when possible

NOTES
LARGE WALKING DRAGLINES

Typical dragline application
• Reliable, lowest cost per ton

• Provides excavation and final material placement
• Does not require additional haulage equipment
DRAGLINES 67
Excavation methods
• Simple side cast
• Extended bench
• Advance bench
• Pull back
Can be applied to single,

multiple, and/or inclined ore seams

Dragline Strip or Cast Strip Mine
• Overburden removed to expose ore seams - coal, phosphate,
limestone, bauxite, etc.
• Progress in a series of long, parallel strips
• Overburden is shifted from one strip to the adjacent mined-out
strip
• Throw blasting or cast blasting may be used to move a portion of
the overburden
• Material destination is final unless rehandling becomes
necessary
• Wet or underwater ore seams may be recovered by dragline
• Dry ore seams are recovered by shovels, excavators or loaders,
with haulage equipment
DRAGLINES 69
Required support equipment

• Dozer to prep and level the bench
• Dozer to push back the bucket roll
• Dozer may assist with cutting the highwall
• Utility equipment to assist with positioning and cable handling
• Maintenance equipment assistance as needed

Terminology
• Overhand digging: Digging material that is above dragline bench
level
• Underhand digging: Digging material that is below dragline
bench level
• Chop cutting: Using a vertically positioned bucket to establish
the new highwall angle while digging underhand or overhand
• Rehandle: Waste material that is moved more than once by the
dragline
• Round-house digging: The dragline swings in only one direction
during the cycle and dumps the bucket during swing, and
continues on to the bucket fill location
DRAGLINES 71
Dragline parameters
Optimum Digging Area Within the outer 2/3 of boom length

Digging Depth See Model Parameters (next page)
Dumping Height See Model Parameters (next page)
Cycle Time ≤ 60 sec
0-90° Swing Angle
Dig, swing to dump, and return
Rated Bucket Capacity 90% of struck capacity per CIMA
volume standards
Bucket fill factor in well-shot 5 – 10 – 15 Rule of Thumb
material No more than 5% of the loads shall
exceed 110% of the target payload. No
loads can be above 115% of the target
payload.

Electric Large Walking Draglines
Model 8000 8200 8750
76.2 or 83.8 m 100 m 109.7 or 132.5 m
Boom Length
(250 or 275 ft) (328 ft) (360 or 435 ft)
Boom Angle 32° or 38° 32°, 35° or 39° 32°, 35° or 39°
Bucket 31 to 32 m 3
45 to 61 m 3
76 to 129 m3
Capacity (42 yd )
3
(60 to 80 yd )3
(100 to 169 yd3)
Dragline Model Operating Parameters

Model 8000 8200 8750
Maximum 71.9 to 73.2 m 85.6 to 92.7 m 94.5 to 121.6 m
Operating
Radius (235 to 240 ft) (280 to 304 ft) (310 to 399 ft)
Maximum 39 to 44.2 m 39.6 to 49.7 m 58.5 to 79.8 m

Digging Depth (127 to 145 ft) (130 to 163 ft) (191 to 262 ft)
Maximum 29.3 to 40.8 m 38.1 to 48.2 m 40.2 to 67.9 m

Dumping Height (96 to 133 ft) (125 to 158 ft) (131 to 222 ft)
DRAGLINES 73
Dragline parameters
Favorable Conditions
• Solid, level, dry bench / pad
• Long straight benches / panels
• Wide panels without spoil limitations
• Dry, stable spoil floors
Unfavorable Conditions
• Soft, wet, unstable, irregular bench pad
• Poorly shot material, large rocks
• Short irregular panels
• Spoil room and volume limitations
• Wet, unstable spoil floor

Simple side cast: The most common method
• Two basic cuts: key cut & plug or strip cut
• Dragline is positioned to dig along the wall; the key is moved first
• Positioned to set the cut width, align the strip, and slope the wall
DRAGLINES 75

Simple side cast (cont.)
• Plug or strip cut is the second block moved
• Dragline moves to the highwall crest
DRAGLINES 77

Extended bench
• Use when more operating radius is required
• Use key cut volume to extend the bench toward the spoil pile
• Swing angles will be more than 120 degrees
DRAGLINES 79

Extended bench (cont.)
• Dragline moves onto the extended bench
• Dig the plug cut and rehandle
• Rehandle is waste moved a second time by the dragline
DRAGLINES 81

Advance bench
• Advance bench is dug one strip in advance of the ore
• Intermediate bench level required
• Advance bench is dug by an overhand method
• Overhand production can be 75% of underhand
• Once chopdown is done, can dig key and strip cuts
DRAGLINES 83

Pull back method
• Alternative to the extended bench
• Dragline completes one pass from the highwall side
• Side cast spoil covers the coal seam edge due to insufficient
operating radius
DRAGLINES 85

Pull back method (cont.)
• A spoil side bench is prepared for the dragline
• Dragline moves to the spoil side bench
• Spoil covering the coal seam is pulled away and dumped farther
away from the pit
DRAGLINES 87

Multiple seam
• This methodology can be applied to multiple or inclined seams
• Dragline side casts the overburden
DRAGLINES 89

Multiple seam (cont.)
• The dragline ramps down to the next waste layer where it side
casts it to the spoil side
• The spoil peak is then leveled by a dozer
• The second seam is recovered

• The dragline then moves to the spoil side bench where it moves
the 3rd layer of waste
DRAGLINES 91

Multiple seam (cont.)
• The third seam of coal can then be recovered
• The dragline removes the next layer of waste using the same
bench
• The fourth coal seam is then recovered

• The dragline removes the final waste layer from the spoilside
bench
• The spoil is stacked on the dragline bench
• Some rehandle is moved as well
• The fifth seam is recovered
DRAGLINES 93

NOTES
95
NOTES
NOTES
LARGE MINING TRUCKS

CAT®® 797F 793F 793D 789D
CAT
MECHANICAL DRIVE 797F 793F 793D 789D
CAT® TRUCKS
MECHANICAL
MINING DRIVE 797F 793F 793D 789D
MINING TRUCKS
MECHANICAL DRIVE
MINING TRUCKS
CAT®® 795F AC 793F AC MT5300D AC MT44

CAT DRIVE
ELECTRIC 795F AC 793F AC MT5300D AC MT44
CAT ® TRUCKS
ELECTRIC
MINING DRIVE 795F AC 793F AC MT5300D AC MT44
MINING TRUCKS
ELECTRIC DRIVE
MINING TRUCKS
UNIT RIG™ MT6300 AC MT3700 AC MT3300 AC

UNIT RIG
ELECTRIC
™
DRIVE MT6300 AC MT3700 AC MT3300 AC
UNIT RIG
ELECTRIC
MINING ™
DRIVE
TRUCKS MT6300 AC MT3700 AC MT3300 AC
MINING
ELECTRICTRUCKS
DRIVE
MINING TRUCKS
LARGE MINING TRUCKS 99
793D 789D 785D 785C

789D 785D 785C
MT5300D AC MT4400D AC
D AC MT4400D AC
AC MT3300 AC
AC


Mine Operating Cost
Effects on Mining Costs
Admin & Other

Functions, 16% Loading, 15%
Haulage
Drilling, 4%
Support, 14%
Blasting, 6%
Hauling, 45%
Truck Operating Cost
Effects on Hauling Costs

• Ensure proper truck positioning
• Report safety issues
• Monitor body wear patterns
• Report any tire wear and rock spillage
• Manage proper spotting
• Control 2nd gear shift point for better TPMS (Truck Payload
Management System) accuracy
• Manage proper TPMS calibration and accuracy
Incorrect Loading
Correct Loading
Load placement
• Lateral
– Centered over hoist cylinders or on body arrow
• Longitudinal
– Centered on centerline of body
• General
–N o substantial amount of material on headboard. Enough
freeboard to minimize spillage from sides through corners and
for rear of body on grades
• Target 33% / 66% payload split on front / rear axles

Truck exchange
time
Elapsed time from
when loaded truck
receives last loading
pass until next truck
receives first loading
pass
Exchange time
• Good – 42 seconds
or less
• Acceptable –
54 seconds
• Unacceptable – over
1 minute
Caterpillar 10/10/20 Payload Management Policy:

• The mean (average) of the
payload distribution shall not
exceed the target payload
• No more than 10% of pay
loads may exceed 1.1 times
the truck target payload
• No single payload shall ever
exceed 1.2 times the target
payload
• No more than 10% of loads
should be above 1.10 90% of loads should fall into this range
• No loads should be
No more than 10% of loads should
above 1.20 exceed 110% of the target payload
• The average payload shall No loads should be above 120% of
not exceed the target the target payload

General considerations VIMS / TPMS
Payload has a direct effect on three issues
• Compliance with brake and steering certification to SAE and ISO
standards
• Component life, which is directly related to gross machine weight
and associated payload
• Support of warranty considerations and maintenance and repair
contracts (MARCs)
Payload placement
Overloads will decrease component lives, but payload placement
can have significant impact as well.
The following three types of improper load placement occur:
• Load shifted toward the front
• Load shifted toward the rear
• Load shifted toward the side
Each of the three will negatively impact component and tire life.
Front-biased load
• When the load is shifted toward the front, it will negatively impact
front brakes, front bearings, front tires, steering, hydraulic hoist,
body rest pads and body canopy.
• Incorrect load placement will also decrease VIMS Payload
accuracy.

Rear-biased load
When the load is shifted toward the rear, the final drive and rear
tires will be negatively impacted. Furthermore, the payload will
become unstable and dribble off the back of the body. As with
front-placed loads this incorrect placement also decreases VIMS
Payload accuracy.
Side placement of load

If the load is shifted toward either side, the final drive, bearings,
tires, hoist cylinders and pivot bore areas will be negatively
impacted.

Payload position and VIMS payload accuracy
• For payload monitoring accuracy, maintaining the correct split
between the front and rear is critical. If over 33% of the load is on
the front axle, VIMS Payload will record “light.” If over 67% of the
load is on the rear axle, VIMS Payload will record “heavy.”
• The MSD II bed has a side profile that is quite different and
appears to be much shorter than the Flat Floor or Dual Slope.
The reduced visual length of the side can give a loader operator
a false impression of where to place the load. When the loading
tool operator centers the final two to three passes over the
“Target Arrow,” the load pile will end up in the proper position for
a 1/3: 2/3 axle split.
• If the size of the loader require five or more passes, it is desirable

to distribute the first several passes forward and rearward
of the loading arrow to achieve a good load distribution. The
distributed passes should be about equal in size and be placed
approximately equal distance forward and behind the arrow. In
any case, the last pass or two (according to the total number of
passes) should be centered over the target arrow. Weigh studies
or payload scale studies indicate that a load position shift of 2%
to 4% can result in the VIMS report being incorrect by 5% to 7%
— and maybe more than 10%.

Loading efficiency
For an operation to benchmark its operating practices, the following
guidelines are suggested:
• Good: 80% of the loads within a +/- 10% range of the Target
Payload
• Excellent: 90% of the loads within a +/- 10% range of the Target
Payload.
Distribution chart
The goal for any operation is to maintain payloads within the
tightest curve possible. The farther they are off target payload, the
greatest impact on cost per ton reductions.
Refer to Scale System Benefits chapter

on page 239 for further detail

NOTES
MOTOR GRADERS

14M
160M2/AWD
735 770 775 777 785

(36) (40) (70) (100) (150)
MOTOR GRADERS 119
24M
16M
789 793 797

(195) (240) (400)

Favorable applications
• Haul road construction / maintenance
• Selected load area cleanup
• Selected dump area maintenance
• Blasting cleanup
• Reclamation
• Snow removal
• Utility ripping
MOTOR GRADERS 121
• Grade in 2nd or 3rd gear (6 – 11 km/h / 4 – 7 mph)
• Use wheel lean to hold front of machine in line; will reduce side
draft forces and help reduce turning radius
• Avoid excessive speed, which negatively affects cutting edge life
• Change cutting edges when down to 10 mm (0.5 in)
• Rip in first gear; manually operate throttle
• Use ripper attachment to rip hard-packed top surface
• Always use differential lock (Auto Diff-Lock) when blading and
ripping

Proper blade tip angle
• Moldboard top should be 50
– 100 mm (2 – 4 in) ahead of
cutting edge on Cat 16M and
24M Motor Graders
• Constant tip angle minimizes
cutting edge wear and improves
edge sharpness
Proper blade angle

• Use widest possible pass width
• Reduce pass width (increase
angle) if material flows around Cut
leading edge (toe)
• Use maximum 10° blade angle
if using Graderbit system or
serrated edge
• Maintain contact with road
Normal
surface across the full width of
the cutting edge
Carry
MOTOR GRADERS 123
Things to note
• Maintain full blade contact with
floor to avoid high point loading
and avoid excessive down
pressure
• Consider using track-type
tractors or wheel dozers rather
than motor graders when unable
to maintain full blade loads in
hard blading material
Properly trained operators use

• Differential lock
• Proper coverage
• Wheel lean
• Articulated turns
• Proper gear selection
• Proper ripping practices

Basic frame positions
1. Straight Frame Mode

• Long straight blading passes, light / medium windrows, ditch
cutting, ripping / scarifier work
2. Articulated Frame Mode

• Shortest turn radius for close quarter work
3. Crab Mode
• Counters side draft from blade loads
• Allows for more aggressive blade angle
• Reduces blade loads without use of circle
• Offers more stability on side slopes
• Is ideal for spreading piles of material
MOTOR GRADERS 125

Major parameters to consider
How many motor graders do you need?
• Truck size and trip frequency
• Road length and width
• Strength and construction
• Seasonal weather conditions
• Room to maneuver
• Mobility requirements
• Ditching requirements
• How they complement fleet
MOTOR GRADERS 127
When do you need a larger grader?

• When you have larger trucks, which require wider haul roads
• When you have a wider footprint, with greater compaction
• When your operation requires greater downforces
• When haul roads are poorly designed, with poor loadbearing
construction materials
• When you are located in area of
– Adverse climates
– Heavy rainfall
– Freezing and thawing
• When you require more capability
When do you need a smaller grader?

• Non-road maintenance work
• Ditch building / maintenance
• Clearing dump areas
• Working in tight areas
• Working in multiple areas
• To free up larger graders

Use Cat Grade Control Cross Slope to
• Easily maintain more accurate and consistent cross slopes
• Achieve proper water drainage
• Have better and safer roads
• Increase operator efficiency
• Increase truck productivity and availability
• Delivers up to 50% improvement in grading efficiency as a result
of reduction of time, fuel, passes and material
2% Cross Fall
Constant
MOTOR GRADERS 129
How to use Cat Grade Control Cross Slope

Operator only has to control one end of the blade; the other end is
automatically controlled to keep targeted cross slope angle. No lag
between automatic and manually controlled end of moldboard. If
you want to match an existing cross slope, measure current slope
angle using the blade and cross slope system
• Determine desired cross slope angle
• Set target angle and direction of slope (left or right) in the
messenger display
• Determine which side of the blade will control the slope (typically
the heel)
• Press the auto/manual switch on the side where you want
automatic blade control
• Execute the pass
• Reposition the blade and
set the slope direction and
automatic side again before
the next pass

Haul road maintenance performance
20,000.00
18,000.00
16,000.00
14,000.00
12,000.00
yd2 / 60min hr 10,000.00
8,000.00
6,000.00
4,000.00
2,000.00
0.00
.
14M 14' 14M 16' 16M 24M
1200
1000
800
yd2 / gal 600
400
200
0
.
14M 14' 14M 16' 16M 24M
MOTOR GRADERS 131
Heavy blading performance
600
500
400
yd3 / 60min hr 300
200
100
0
.
14M 14' 14M 16' 16M 24M
30
25
20
yd3 / gal 15
10
0
.
14M 14' 14M 16' 16M 24M

NOTES
Application Benchmarks
and Operating Techniques
TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS

• Production dozing (Carrydozer)
• Dedicated waste dump operations
• Stockpile operations / steep slopes
• Haul road construction
• Reclamation
• Ripping
TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS 135
Things to avoid
• Excessive tramming between locations
• Excessive track spin
• Tramming more than 5% of tractor’s work time
• Loose or missing track hardware

Optimal track-type tractor — truck match ups
Dozing applications
• Always doze in 1st gear
• Steer with blade tilt cylinders rather than steering clutches when
blade is loaded
• Minimize corner loading, prying and impact dozing
• Maintain a steady dozing pressure
• Keep unloaded travel distance to a minimum

Dozing Applications
Front to back technique

MOST EFFICIENT TECHNIQUE
• Works cut from front to back
• Push distance increases with each pass
• Uses more efficient downhill blade loading
• Slot is created and utilized throughout the cut
Back-to-front technique
LESS EFFICIENT TECHNIQUE
• Operator progresses the cut
from back to front
• Push distance is reduced
with each pass
• Efficiency suffers from uphill
blade loading
• Doesn’t fully utilize the slot
throughout the cut
Back-each-pass technique
LESS EFFICIENT TECHNIQUE
• Operator starts each pass at
the back of the cut
• Each pass uses the entire
length of the cut at a uniform
depth
• Efficiency and productivity
suffer because the machine
travels the entire length of
the cut in both directions
with each pass

Dozing Applications
Blade positioning on dual tilt machines

• Begin cut with blade tilted forward
• Begin to lay blade back when nearly full
• Continue to fill blade while lying back
• Tilt blade forward to unload material
Berm management
• Berm height should not
exceed blade height
• Berm should only be high
enough to trap material for
optimum loading
• Center berm width should be
one-third the blade width
• The smaller the berm, the
easier the disposal for
improved productivity
Berm management —
criss / cross berm removal
• Most efficient method of
center berm removal
• Works cut from back to front
• Push distance reduces with
each pass
• Uses existing slots to hold in
material and increase blade
load

Ripping applications
• Rip downhill when possible
• If loading scrapers, rip material in same direction as loading
• Remember, 1.5 – 2.5 km/hr (1.0 – 1.5 mph) at two-thirds throttle is
most economical
• Reduce speed in shock and impact conditions
• Try cross ripping if material will not free up
• Do not drag ripper beam in material
Ripper position
• Begin pass with tip rearward
• Pull tip forward after tip penetrates
Signs of incorrect positioning / operating

• Excessive track slippage
• Blunt tips (GET)
• Breaking shank protector or ripper tip pins
Ripper Ground Engaging Tools

• Penetration ripper tip reinforcing ribs must face upward
• Ensure ground engaging tool pins, retainers and bolts are
installed correctly
• Never operate a bare shank or worn tip

Dozing applications
Operating techniques — GET

• Doze in 1st gear
• Use slow steady speed (more speed = less production)
• Minimize corner loading, prying and impact
• Never back blade
Ripping Applications
Operating techniques — GET

• Doze at 1.5 – 2.5 km/hr (1.0 –1.5 mph) at two-thirds throttle
(most economical and recommended)
• Reduce speed in shock and impact conditions
• Try cross ripping if material will not rip free
• Rip in 1st gear
• Keep ripper beam parallel to the floor
• Do not turn or reverse with shank in the ground

Grade Capabilities
Note: Grade Capabilities will

change based on machine
Capabilities
configuration and material
content
0% Blade Load
10% Blade Load
ax) 0% Blade Load

r (M
oze
kD
ra c ax) 20% Blade Load
deT r (M
gr a
l Doze
50% Wh
ee
de 40% Blade Load
% gra
3 5
60% Blade Load
80% Blade Load
100% Blade Load

NOTES

NOTES
WHEEL DOZERS

Wheel dozers are typically more cost-effective and offer greater
speed than track-type tractors in light applications.
• Loading area cleanup
• Dump area maintenance
• Haul road construction/
maintenance
• Blasting area cleanup
• Reclamation
WHEEL DOZERS 151
Wheel Dozer Clean-up (Electric Rope Shovels)
Operating techniques — support

• Keep loads small and material should "roll"
• Avoid excessive down pressure
• Push the load, keeping machine as straight as possible
• Minimize heel-plate contact
• Maintain full blade contact
with floor
• Keep heel plates parallel
with floor and back of blade
vertical

Design match-up
Wheel Loader Wheel Dozer
992K 854K
990H 844H
988H 834H
980H 824H
966F 814F
WHEEL DOZERS 153
Size comparison
Wheel Dozer Track Type Tractor
814H
D7R
824H
D8T
834H
D9T
844H
D10T
854K
D11T

Sizing Wheel Dozers for the Truck Dump
Optimal wheel dozer – truck match-ups
Wheel Dozer Truck Range

834 773 - 777
844 777 - 785
854 785 - 793
This task is assuming that trucks are dumping over and the
wheel dozer is maintaining the safety berms.
WHEEL DOZERS 155
Operating techniques —
GET
• Keep loads small and
material should "roll"
• Minimize heel-plate contact
• Maintain full blade contact
with floor
• Avoid excessive down
pressure
• Minimize speed and contact
to prevent cutting edges from
overheating and softening
• Keep heel plate parallel
with floor and back of blade
vertical
Too Far Back

NOTES
WHEEL TRACTOR-SCRAPERS

Economic Push / Haul Distances
Dozers: 0 to 150 m (0 to 500 ft)
TTT W/Towed Scraper: 61 to 335m (200 – 1,100ft)
AgTowed-Scraper: 182 to 793m (600 to 2,600ft)
WTS: 183 to 1646m (600 to 5,400ft)

WHEEL TRACTOR-SCRAPERS 159
Hauling System Overview
Loading and spreading advantage

• Quick loading
• High travel speeds
• Economic zone of application ranges from 400 meters to 1600
meters (1/4 of a mile to 1 mile)
• Economic advantage greatest on short hauls
• Tandem engine, push-pull and auger arrangements do not
require loading tool
• Short load times < 1 minute
• Do not require spreading tool
– Dumps on the run
– Can achieve as much as 98% compaction in the fill

Hauling System Overview
The 621 and 627 (H Series) and the 631, 637 and 657 (G-Series)
wheel tractor-scrapers are designed and built with components
and systems that meet rugged mining applications.
Features & benefits Favorable applications

• Structures • Pre-stripping
• Power train • Dump area maintenance
• Operator station • Haul road construction/
• Electronic controls maintenance
• Scraper bowl • Reclamation
• Push-pull arrangement • Ore hauling
(637G & 657G)
Earthmoving Overview: Cycle
Load
(fixed time)
Haul
(variable time)
Return haul
(variable time)
Dump
(spread – fixed time)
Machine type
Push type
• Most often used
• Push tractor size important
Push-pull
• High production
• Increased HP of 2 machines
on 1 cutting edge
• Even number of machines

Push Loading Combinations
Track-type tractor power

aids loading
• Track-type tractor pushes
scraper through the cut
• Added power and thrust
speeds loading and
facilitates rated payload on
every pass
Optimal scraper – tractor

combinations
• Larger tractor loads quicker
and provides denser loads
• Can use two track-type
tractors
Wheel Tractor
Track-type Tractor
Scraper
621 / 627H D8 / D9
631 / 637G D9 / D10
657G D10 / D11
Push Loading scrapers

Single and twin–engine scrapers are often push-loaded by
track-type tractors for greater productivity
• Clay-type overburden
• Soft underfoot conditions
• Confined areas
• High speed / short hauls
Loading time for open bowl push-loaded wheel tractor

scraper*
Good 24 – 30 seconds
Average 36 – 43 seconds
*Shorter time for tandem,

longer time for single-
powered scrapers. Consult
publications for self-
loading (elevating / auger)
and push-pull machines.

Push tractor blade pitch
• Tipped too far back
• Excessive wear on stinger
bottom
• Causes bowl to ride up on
blade
• Catch scraper low on blade
then lower blade so stinger
rides in upper of tractor
blade
Push-pull arrangement
(637G & 657G) Combines the
horsepower of two machines
onto one cutting edge
• Self-loading system
• Both machines loaded
< 1 minute
• Best for moving large
amounts of material quickly,
and at the lowest cost
Push-pull scrapers
Can move material at lower
cost than most earth moving
systems
• Designed for large amounts
of material in high production
requirements
• First scraper in the cut is
pushed by the second and,
in turn, pulls the second
scraper through the cut
• Available for 637G and 657G
• Both machines can be
loaded in a little more than
a minute
Loading time for open bowl push-pulling

wheel tractor-scraper
Good 24 – 30 seconds
Average 36 – 43 seconds

Push-Pull considerations
Maximum production when
both operators work as a team
• Proper technique can pay
dividends
• Second scraper pulls to left
after disconnecting
• Second scraper then leads
to the fill
• Allows machines to swap
lead and follow positions on
each cycle
Scraper haul roads

• Setting up haul
• Haul short — return long
• Grades vs. length of haul
• Condition
• Water
• Curve speeds and center of
gravity
• Control loping on travel roads
Haul road maintenance

• Can maintain haul road if a
motor grader is not available
or busy
• Can trim high spots and fill
low ones
• With ejector forward, acts as
a dozer
• Provides haul road
compaction Scraper can substitute for a
• Can deliver and self-spread motor grader
road material
Rules of thumb
• Engage/disengage cushion
hitch when required
• Load time in 20 - 50 seconds
• Walk out of cut "unassisted"
• Carry bowl low to the ground
• Haul short / return long
• Don't move dirt twice
• Load downhill
• Straddle cut
• Best compaction:
• High speed / thin lifts

Straddle Cut
Fill Area
Considerations
• Design
• Material type
• Lift size
• Spreading / dumping load
• Speed
• Using scrapers to mix materials
• How to maximize compaction
• Water

NOTES
DRILLS

Critical data is needed to determine the drilling method best suited
for the application. If the drill equipment is already in operation,
this data can be used to provide recommendations to improve
efficiency.
DRILLS 173
Drill Terminology
Hole collaring: the initiation of a new hole, with the top of the hole
equal to 3 times the hole diameter in competent ground.
Drill string: sections of tooling used to complete total hole which
may include multiple drill pipe or rods, coupling, subs and drill bit.
Button bit: rock bit that includes carbide inserts, which may be
hemispherical, ballistic or chisel in profile, with the carbide buttons
engaging the ground.
Shanking: the failure of a drill string component at a radius joining
two different diameters of a tool, caused by running loose or lack of
lubrication.
Tri-cone, (roller cone) bit: Rock drill bit having 3 cones of carbide
buttons used for rotary drilling.
Sub-drill: the drilling done below grade to accommodate the
collection of drill cutting, while removing drill string from hole after
drilling.

Hydraulic Track Drills
Hydraulic track drills: current product lineup
MD5050 MD5050 T
MD5050 T
MD5075
MD5090
MD5125
DRILLS 175
Available Drill Methods Percussive Top Hammer
Range of Hole Sizes 63 mm to 152 mm

(2.5 inch to 6 inch)
Hole Depths 0 to 31 meters
(0 to 102 feet)
Material Hardness >11000 psi >75 mpa
Conditions Favorable to Track Hard competent rock
Drills Smaller hole > 76 mm (3”) – 152
mm (6”)
Conditions Unfavorable to Soft rock / overburden
Track Drills Deep holes > 31 m (102 ft)
Large diameter holes > 165 mm
(6.5”m)

Rotaryblasthole
Rotary Drills: drills: current product lineup
MD6240 MD6290 MD6420
MD6540 MD6640 MD6750

DRILLS 177
Available Drill Method Rotary / Bit loading

DTH – Percussive Rotary
Range of Hole Sizes 195 mm to 445 mm
(7-5/8 inch to 17.5 inch)
127 mm to 254 mm
(5 inch to 10 inch)
Max Hole Depth 31 meters to 85 meters
(102 feet to 280 feet)
Material Hardness 5 mpa to 550 mpa
(750 psi to 80,000 psi)
80 mpa to 550 mpa
(12,000 psi to 80,000 psi)
Conditions Favorable to Soft rock
Rotary Drills Competent rock
Conditions Favorable to Hard rock
DTH Drills Fractured rock
Precision hole placement
Unfavorable Conditions to Hard rock
Rotary Drills
Unfavorable Conditions to Soft rock
DTH Drills

Top Hammer Drilling
Our first legacy drill was produce by Denver Rock Drill Company
in 1905. In 1973 Gardner Denver produced the first pneumatic
top hammer track drill. The carrier for the rock drill and feed is a
tracked vehicle that contains the power pack, control systems and
air compressor for hole flushing. Caterpillar continues a robust R&D
program to bring greater efficiency and improve our market leading
cost of operation.
A hydraulic rock drill is a machine that consists of a percussive
system and a rotation system. The percussive system sends energy
pulses through the drill string; these can have a frequency of
2,000-5,000 blows per minute while the rotation turns the drill string
between 100-400 revolutions per minute. The rotation re-indexes
the bit so the carbide inserts impact fresh rock for each successive
blow, resulting in a continuous stream of broken rock chips. This is
the fastest hard rock drilling system. The feed system must maintain
a consistent force (lack of force results in broken GET) pushing the
bit against the rock but without so much force as to smother the
stroke of the percussion cycles (causes deviation). The rock chips
(drill cuttings) are then pushed up from the bottom of the hole by
means of pressurized air or water.
Hydraulic rock drills have several other commonly used names: top
hammer or drifter. The rock drill rides on top of the drill string and
remains on the feed rail, which explains the name of the drilling
system: Top Hammer
DRILLS 179
Considerations
• Ensure the drilling surfaces are clean, which promotes good
collaring of hole
• Determine if drill feed is vertical or if drilling design is for angle
• Minimize rotation speed to improve life of GET and larger size of
drill cuttings
• Ensure the dust pickup pot is close to the collar to prevent free
dust

DTH (Down The Hole) Hammer Drilling
The DTH hammer is one of the fastest ways to drill hard rock.
Halifax Tool Co. was founded by S. Marshall & Sons at Southowram,
Halifax, UK to manufacture tungsten carbide and mason’s tools in
1948. Halco, a Caterpillar brand, in collaboration with Stenuick of
Belgium, developed the first DTH hammer in 1951, which operated
with air pressure of 100 psi. Then in 1953 the first DTH blast
was drilled using Halco equipment at Hill House quarry in Troon,
Scotland. A Down-The-Hole Drill is often referred to as DTH; other
nomenclature used includes ITH and DHD. The down-the-hole
drill is an air-powered hammer drill that threads on the bottom of
a multiple section drill string. The fast hammer action against the
carbide button bit breaks the hard rock into small chips and dust,
which is blown from the bottom of the hole by the air exhausting
from the DTH hammer.
DRILLS 181
DTH drilling requires the basic core functions of feed, rotation

energy and flushing. The feed force must be greater than the
pressure of the air to the extent the bit is kept closed, allowing the
piston to strike it solid. A lack of feed will allow the bit to run loose
in the hammer, increasing the risk of shanking off in the hole. The
compressed air is the energy being exerted against the piston;
the higher the pressure the greater the performance. Rotation of
the drill string re-indexes the carbide buttons in the bit so each
percussion blow is in fresh rock. The compressed air is shuttled
past the piston and becomes the flushing air to clear the hole of the
rock chips.
Considerations
• Ensure drill has been leveled with all jacks in contact with ground
• Watch for large rock chips, which indicate efficient application
of energy
• Expect approximately 3 rotations per 12mm (½ inch) penetration
• Ensure dust control system is being used effectively

Rotary drilling
The first commercially available large diameter rotary drill was
introduced by Bucyrus in 1949. The 50R was the first use of flushing
with air pressure. Rotary drilling currently provides mechanical
force of 5,000 psi to 9,000 psi to the bit, which requires major
rotational force to turn the bit, providing a productive spalling
of rock chips in the hole. Larger drills rotate at speeds close to
100 rpm to generate rock chips from the bottom of the hole. This
requires over 1,524 m (5,000 ft) per minute flushing velocity of
compressed air to clear the chips from the bit face. Adequate air
supply improves productivity and lowers GET costs by reducing
regrinding of the rock cuttings in the hole.
Considerations
• Excessive use of water for flushing reduces penetration
• Free dust should be well controlled by water injection or dust
collector
• Excessive rotation regrinds cuttings and allows greater vibration;
the desire is larger chip size
• Drilling with bent drill string or worn deck bushing reduces
productivity and accelerates wear
DRILLS 183
Hole range by industry
The drilled hole diameters are similar within an industry, yet each
industry has a nominal range in which their blast holes are drilled.
The chart above shows that the dimensional stone industry will
typically use holes in the 25 mm to 50 mm (1 to 2 inch) range, while
the iron ore industry would range from 165 mm to 432 mm (6-1/2 to
17 inch) diameter hole.

Drill Method by Rock Hardness
Rock hardness is a measure of the compressive strength of the rock

structure and is usually rated for the force to crush the rock structure.
The two most common units for this measurement are Mega Pascals
(MPA) or Pounds per Square Inch (PSI). The higher the compressive
strength number the harder the rock. Hard rocks are most productively
drilled with a percussion drill method while softer rocks have better
productivity with rotary drilling. There is a point when the hardness
warrants a drilling method that is not capable of drilling the size of
hole desired; this results in using the best available drilling method to
most productively recover the mineral within those limitations.
DRILLS 185
DTH Tool Range by Altitude
The DTH drilling method depends on higher pressure air for

productive drill rates. High productivity operations are prime
candidates for the 500 psi (34 bar) compressor systems on Cat drills.
The efficiency of the compressed air decreases as the elevation
of the work site is elevated. The chart above shows the volume
of compressed air needed at specific elevations to retain full
productivity of the Halco DTH Hammers. The lower charts show which
diameter bits are normally used on those specific hammers in DTH
drilling applications.

Hole diameter by rock drill model
This chart shows the nominal hole diameter for each rod size. This
crosses over the specific model of hydraulic rock drill that uses that
rod size. The track drill models may also be equipped for more than
one model of rock drill.
Mining applications
• Pioneer / Pre-strip Drilling
• Development Drilling
• Production Drilling
• Pre-Split Drilling
• Cast Blast Drilling
DRILLS 187
Pioneering / pre-strip drilling

Pioneering is initially required to prepare many mine sites or work
sites that have hilly or rock ledge profiles. Track drills are frequently
used because of their agility and very low center of gravity. If
the terrain is fairly level, pioneering may be eliminated and
pre-stripping can be performed with larger and more productive
crawler drills.

Development drilling
Ramp development may be one of the first applications in which
a drill is used when developing access to the ore and production
levels. If there is a need for a relief face or a new level needs to be
developed, a sinking shot pattern would be drilled to lift a portion
of the floor. Ramp placement is designed into the development of
each level by efficiently planning each successive production blast
growing away from the sinking shot.
DRILLS 189
Production drilling
Open cut, benching and strip mining all utilize various drill pattern
sizes for blasting. The variables include hole diameter with
appropriate burden and spacing dimensions with the bench height
usually matched to the size of the loading equipment for the most
productive haulage possible. Fragmentation control and shot rock
placement are controlled by well-engineered drill patterns coupled
with good loading practices and precisely timed blasting delays.

Pre-split drilling
Several methods are used in surface mines to improve the safe
conditions on the highwalls. These are usually smoothwall blasting
done post-production or pre-splitting, which is blasted prior to
production or timed to be first lit in the production blast.
These techniques can be used to control over-break from blasting,
vibration, dilution of ore grade and possibly blast noise. There
are many names used with some interchangeability: Line drilling,
cushion blasting, contour blasting or pre-split drilling.
These techniques may include leaving a select hole unloaded or
using a “decoupled” or reduced energy explosive product in that
blast. The spacing of holes is much closer than the production hole
pattern. Depending on quality of rock and structure, holes maybe
as close as 5 times hole diameter or as much as half of spacing
between production holes.
DRILLS 191

Cast blast
Cast blasting is frequently used in a dragline operation to throw
the waste toward its spoil placement, minimizing the handling of
material by equipment. This involves drilling the blastholes on an
angle approximately 20° off vertical in a reduced burden pattern.
DRILLS 193
NOTES

NOTES
CAT MINESTAR™ SYSTEM
Improvements through
Technology
Caterpillar: Confidential Green :: 10
MINESTAR 197
Capability sets — Fleet

• Version 3.0 – revised touch screen display
• Scalable – Production recording, assignment, material control
• Includes industry standard tools for mining information functions
• Provides a “building block” approach for customers
• Serves as a foundational system for autonomy
Fleet – Features
• Safety – Operator precheck list, operator qualifications to run
machine
• Production Reporting – Payload including adherence to 10/10/20
rule, reports and real time dashboard
• Position & Material – Real time machine position, materials/
grade blocks, material recipes for blending, stockpiles
• Assignment & Optimization – advanced production
requirements, shift change management, assignment controls,
decision support, scheduled breaks, TKPH assignment
Improvements through Technology

MINESTAR 199
Capability sets — Terrain

• Includes CAES and AQUILA systems
• Provides industry-leading guidance system
• Integrates new office software into Cat MineStar System
• Is integrated into TTT, LWL & WD
• Provides a foundational system for autonomy
Terrain — Features
• Productivity – utilization, timelines, operator KPI, task assignment
• Position & Material – machine tracking, work status, design
updates, Terrain sharing, material management
• Data Share – machine position, machine speed, operator
information, material information, text messages
• Multi-Site – Management of multiple sites, single control center,
operational status, consistent operational practices

Capability Sets - Detect
MINESTAR 201
Capability Sets — Detect

• Object Detection – uses radar and cameras to detect obstacles/
light vehicles; now standard on mining trucks; available as option
on other Cat machines
• Proximity Awareness – adds GNSS and office software to
provide proximity detection for machines and light vehicles
• Foundational system for autonomy
Detect – Features
• Object Detection
– Factory
– Aftermarket – Cat & other OEM
– Self contained
– Scalable – Vision & Radar
– Speed or distance based
– Wash system
– 90% of screen for camera view
• Proximity Awareness
– GNSS
– Operator management
– Speed and avoidance
– Hazard marking
– Proactive proximity alarming
– Non alarming zones
– Mayday notification

MINESTAR 203
Capability Sets – Health

• Utilizes on-board systems such as VIMS
• Identifies potential problems that cause unscheduled downtime
and productivity losses
• Provides full fleet health monitoring and event recording, which
assist in condition monitoring and predictive analysis
• Allows for advanced maintenance and service scheduling /
tracking
• Provides a foundational system for autonomy

MINESTAR 205
Command for dozing

• Over the shoulder – In production
• Designed for short time intervals,
e.g., rock slide on haul road
• Remote Control Operator Station –
under field follow
• D
esigned for permanently
removing operator from machine
• Safer and improved operator environment (dust, whole body
vibration concerns)
• Full control of machine using operator console
• Alternative to in-cab operator in potentially unsafe areas (e.g.,
bench slides & under workings)
• Terrain for grading avoidance integration
Command for drilling

• Based on Terrain for drilling (AQUILA™ Drill System)
• Semi autonomous, i.e., single operator running multiple machines
• Provides drill guidance and control
• Safety – Avoidance
• Consistent patterns and depth for
improved fragmentation along with
material identification
• Integrated with Command office system
• Likely initial automation point for some
customers

Command for hauling
• Focused on 793D, 793F and
797F
• Fully integrated office
software with Fleet, Health,
Terrain and Detect
• Safety focused — multiple
layers of safety with
redundant systems
• Requires significant pre-planning, infrastructure development
and change management upon implementation
MINESTAR 207
NOTES

NOTES
HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND
MAINTENANCE
Haul Road Considerations
Truck & shovel; Crusher in-pit
Loader; Feed into in-pit crusher
Truck & shovel; Crusher at surface
Loader; Tram to in-pit crusher

HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE 211
Three key factors in haul road design

• Material quality
• Design
• Maintenance

Rules of thumb
• If you can comfortably travel your haul roads at 60 km/h (35 mph)
in a light vehicle, this is an indicator of good haul road conditions
• Remember that haul roads begin at the loading face and end at
the dump point
• Maintain good floor conditions approaching and at the dump, and
approaching and at the face
• Travel at reasonable speeds in the load and dump zones
• Be aware that once a road deteriorates, it takes five times as
long to repair it to good condition again. “Fix it once, fix it right!”
• Remember that good roads improve production, extend tire life
and reduce overall operating costs.
Horizontal and general vertical alignment
Design
• Design corners and crests
with clear visibility at
operating speeds
• Design for worst case
scenarios
10 / 1

Cross fall
On flats
• Maintain minimum
cross slope for USE EXTREME CAUTION
drainage
• Use 2% constant
cross fall with 2% constant cross fall
extreme caution and

travel loaded truck on
the "uphill" side
• If constant cross
fall is not selected,
crown haul roads with
minimum slope angle
On grades
• Minimal cross fall
is required unless
rainfall is heavy
Sight distance for horizontal and vertical curves

"The extent of peripheral area visible to the vehicle operator"
Line of Sight
Sight Distance
Hazard
Vertical Curve
Case A
Required Stopping Distance
Sight Distance Line of Sight
Hazard
Vertical Curve
Case B

Sight Distance Line of Sight
Case C Vertical Face or Obstruction

Sight Distance
Line of Sight
Trees Removed and Slopes Laid Back

Case D
• Must be sufficient for a machine to stop before reaching a

hazard or obstacle
• Distance from the operator’s eye must equal or exceed required
stopping distances

Keep grade smooth and constant
Incorrect Correct
Grades less than 10% are recommended for

maximum tire life
• Consistent grades should be maintained to:
– Minimize transmission shifts
– Maintain higher average speed
– Allow more constant braking effort on returns
– Reduce fuel burn
Computing haul road width on horizontal curves
Single unit
Z
FA
U
FB
C
FA
U
FB
Z
Articulated unit W=2(U+F A+FB+Z) C=Z=(U+F A+FB)/2
U = Track width of machine (center-to-center tires)

FA = Width of front overhang
FB = Width of rear overhang
C = Total lateral clearance
Z = Extra width allowance due to difficulty of driving on curves
Minimum haul road width for curved road segments must

account for vehicle tracking at front and rear
• A wider road is required on curves to account for the overhang
occurring at the front and rear of machine
• Road width on curve is determined by:
– Lateral clearance between passing haul trucks
– E xtra width allowance to accommodate difficult driving
conditions

Recommended road width
One-way straights and corners

• A minimum of 2 – 2.5 widths
Two-way traffic
• In straights, a minimum of 3 – 3.5 truck widths
• In corners, a minimum of 3.5 – 4 truck widths
One-way (straights/corners)
Two-way (In straights)
Two-way (In corners)
Bench width
• Truck should be able to clear loading tool under full acceleration
• Minimum bench width is the truck turning radius plus the safety
berm plus loading tool swing radius (shovels) or 1.5 tire rotation
on wheel loaders
Corners
Radius of Turn Speed in mph
Feet 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50 13.0% 30.0%
100 7.0% 15.0% 27.0%
150 4.0% 10.0% 18.0% 28.0%
200 3.0% 8.0% 13.0% 21.0% 30.0%
300 2.0% 5.0% 9.0% 14.0% 20.0% 27.0%
500 1.0% 3.0% 5.0% 8.0% 12.0% 16.0% 21.0% 27.0%
700 1.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 9.0% 12.0% 15.0% 19.0%
1000 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 11.0% 14.0%
Radius
• Use maximum practical radius
• Keep constant and smooth transitions
Superelevation
• Employ if speeds exceed 15 km/h (10 mph) as per Performance
Handbook
• Greater than 10% superelevation should be used with caution

Drainage
Things to watch for

• Slope must adequately carry away maximum expected rainfall,
with minimum puddling, pot-holing or water entry into road sub-
base
Safety berms (windrows)
Things to watch for

• Recommended berm height is a minimum of half the wheel height
of the largest trucks on site
– Safety berm along the edge of the truck dump
– Safety berm along all haul road edges
• Check your local mining regulations
½ wheel height

Haul road modeling
More severe
Tire load
Permanent plastic strain
due to shear failure
inch
94
Poorly constructed haul road (top) and well constructed haul road
(bottom)
Top section Bottom section

• Poor drainage • Good drainage
• Poor compaction • Good compaction
• Poor road base material • Good road base material
Rolling resistance
Tire Penetration
For off-highway trucks running radial-ply tires, assume a minimum

rolling resistance of:
• 1.5% for a hard, well-maintained, permanent haul road
• 3% for a well-maintained road with little flexing
• 4% for a road with 25 mm (1 in) tire penetration
In practice, a 5% increase in rolling resistance can result in up to

a 10% decrease in production and a 35% increase in production
costs.

Compaction
An example of high rolling
resistance
• 610 mm (24 in) tire
penetration
• 30% rolling resistance
• Reduced production
• Excessive fuel burn
• Reduced tire life
• Reduced component life
Soft and wet areas

Things to note
• Remove soft and wet spots,
completely refill and compact
with good dry material
• Without a good repair,
these spots will continually
deteriorate
Haul road economics

Performance vs Rolling Resistance 3048 m (10,000 ft) Flat Haul
Fuel Cost Production
180% 10%
160% 0%
140%
-10%
120%
Production
Fuel Cost
100% -20%
80% -30%
60%
-40%
40%
20% -50%
0% -60%
1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
Rolling Resistance

Dust control
• Watering removes dust hazard and maintains compaction
• Use "checkerboard" or "spot" intermittent pattern on grades to
reduce slippage risk during retarding on grades
• "Spot" watering works well for most sites
Points to remember
Factors affecting tire life:

Approximately 80% of all large tires fail before they wear out
Other
Wear 8%
7%
Separation
(heat) 11%
Cut
45%
Impact
29%
Source: Actual data, world-class metal mine

NOTES
NOTES

NOTES
TRUCK DUMP DESIGN
AND MAINTENANCE
Truck Dump Operation

Truck dumps
The following procedures should be followed on each cycle.
Approaching the dump area:

• Always enter the dump area in a clockwise direction
• Approach the dump from the left
• Keep the dump edge on the operator's side of the truck
• Drive parallel to the dump edge
• Observe the dump edge for cracks
• Work dump from cab side to the right with support tractor
following
TRUCK DUMP OPERATION 233
Truck dumps
After you have reversed and are in a stationary position:

• Engage parking brake
• Place hoist lever in RAISE position
• Increase engine RPM to accelerate hoist speed
• Watch for material to flow from truck bed and ensure material is
flowing over dump edge
• Keep alert for dump edge movement
• Reduce engine RPM as hoist cylinders reach full extension

Truck dumps
After you have made the dump

• Clear material from tailgate by moving forward slowly
• Do not move more than one truck length with body raised
• Never jerk the steering wheel from side to side to free stuck
material
• Move gear selector into the desired gear after the body is on the
frame
• Exit on established haul road
Truck dumps
Things to note
• Maintain eye contact with dump maintenance tool whenever
possible
• Watch dump edge for stability
• Dump away from safety berm if edge is unstable (dump short)
• Maintain proper safety berm height
• Lower body before moving from dump
• Advance haul road with dump
• Maintain slight slope for water drainage & compaction

Dump Practices
Things to avoid
• Body bulldozing
• Pulling through berm after
dumping, which is hard on
underside of the body
• Dumping into existing pile
• Not lowering body prior to
moving forward
Dump considerations
Damage indicates:
• Pulling through pile
• "Pinching" material under tail
• Pushing with a dozer
• Poor dumping practice, which can result in
rear rib and tail area damage

NOTES
SCALE SYSTEM BENEFITS
Transcale System
Offerings and Benefits
System benefits
Combination of TWS, scales and scanning can:

• Assist in achieving optimum productivity, delivering lowest cost
per ton
• Assist in managing TPMS accuracy
• Assist in maintaining maximum target payload targets
• Deliver live payload data to the mining operation
• Provide consistent and reliable processes to gather weight and
density data
SCALE SYSTEM BENEFITS 241
TWS (Tare Weight Certification System)
Capable of determining "Target Payload" of hauling units

• Use with any portable jack stand system
• Recordable certificate delivered
• Low cost, efficient system used to manage target payloads
Transcale System Offerings and Benefits

Transcale Weighing Systems (Scales)
2-pad systems
Manage 10/10/20 and maintain maximum payload

performance
• Use to measure load positioning
• Use to achieve ideal payloads
• Works in conjunction with Transcale Scanning
Systems
• 2-pad systems
• 4-pad systems
• Permanent or mobile
• Manned or unmanned
4-pad Systems

Scanning (Volumetric Scanning System)
Scanning data will merge with weighings:

• To determine material density
• To aid in load positioning and operator training
• To aid in analyzing material fragmentation

NOTES
MANAGEMENT REVIEW
Strategies
Visual inspections while driving the haul road
Loading Zone — things to watch for

• Smooth floors
• Adequate water drainage
• No debris spillage from trucks
• Proper truck positioning
• No tight, high-speed turns as trucks return to loading area
• Loading zones that are too tight, rough or congested
• Location of 2nd gear reweigh
• Trucks leaving under full, continuous acceleration
MANAGEMENT REVIEW 249
Visual inspections while driving the haul road
Haul Roads —
things to watch for
• Well maintained, smooth road
• Sufficient drainage
• Smooth, constant grades
• Adequate passing room
• Adequate corner radius
• Expected haul road speeds are
achieved
• No debris on roads
• No potholes, ruts, gullies
• No rubber on tight or rocky
turns
• No high braking forces
required on curves
Dump Zone — things to

watch for
• Smooth floor to maintain
speed
• Entering parallel to edge
• Braking in straight line before turning and stopping to reverse
and dump
• Safety berms at regulated height along entire edge
• Stable dumping capability
• No debris in area
Strategies
Management strategies to reduce costs
Reducing costs through proper operating procedures

• To minimize cost, first look at the big picture, then use a common
sense approach
• Select proper type of equipment
• Properly equip the site for the specific job
• Properly match buckets and bodies
• Stress teamwork and communication
• Properly set up load area
Management strategies for wheel loaders
Better bucket fill factors through:

• Improved material fragmentation
• Correct bucket selection, GET selection and maintenance
• Correct face heights
• Correct loader orientation to face
Faster loader cycle times through:
• Correct orientation to face
• Correct truck placement
• Improved material condition
• Improved floor condition
Strategies
Management strategies for trucks
Higher average mining truck haul speeds through:

• Smoother roads (including loading and dump zones)
– VIMS™ System
– Truck Payload Measurement (TPM)
– Application Severity Analysis (ASA)
– Road Analysis Control (RAC)
– Fleet Productivity Optimization (FPO)
• Minimized rolling resistance
• Better haul road designs
– Reduced switchbacks
– No cross-overs that require stop signs
– Constant grades that minimize transmission gear shifting
Management strategies for trucks
Higher average mining truck haul speeds through:

• Better payload control to ensure highest possible gear on grade
– Use VIMS™ System and VIMS™ Supervisor
– Determine target payload and adjust as needed
– Truck Payload Management System (TPMS)
Strategies
Management strategies for wheel loaders
Model the effects on total productivity through changes to:

• Average road speeds
– Higher on-grade speeds
– Reduced rolling resistance
– Reduced corner severity
– Removal of speed limits
• Improved bucket fill factors and truck/loader match
• Reduced truck exchange and waiting times
• Reduced fuel consumption
• Improved component life and machine/fleet availability
• Improved tire life/reduced tire costs
Things to watch for (GET)

• Replace components before they reach 100% wear
– Helps penetration, thereby increasing bucket fill factor
– E nables better penetration, which reduces fuel consumption
and tire slip
• Use worn GET wear patterns as a condition monitoring tool to
manage operating techniques
• Use the best option for the application to maximize production
• Protect, but don’t over-protect
– Increases bucket / implement weight
– Decreases payload
– Affects GET component life
– Reduces penetration and productivity
– Better penetration reduces fuel consumption
– Adversely affect operating techniques
Strategies
NOTES
REFERENCE INFORMATION
Performance Handbook 42
Specifications
Specifications Track-Type Tractors
1
MODEL D9R D9T

Flywheel Power 302 kW 405 hp 306 kW 410 hp
Operating Weight:*
Power Shift Clutch Brake 48 784 kg 107,548 lb —
Power Shift Differential Steer — 47 900 kg 105,600 lb
Engine Model 3408C SCAC C18 ACERT
Rated Engine RPM 1900 1800
No. of Cylinders 8 6
Bore 137 mm 5.4" 145 mm 5.7"
Stroke 152 mm 6" 183 mm 7.2"
Displacement 18 L 1099 in3 18.1 L 1104 in3
Track Rollers (Each Side) 8 8
Width of Standard Track Shoe 610 mm 24" 610 mm 24"
Length of Track on Ground 3.47 m 11'5" 3.47 m 11'5"
Ground Contact Area (w/Std. Shoe) 4.24 m2 6569 in2 4.24 m2 6569 in2
Track Gauge 2.25 m 7'5" 2.25 m 7'5"
GENERAL DIMENSIONS:
Height** (Stripped Top)*** 3.00 m 9'10" —
Height** (To Top of ROPS Canopy) 3.99 m 13'1" 4.00 m 13'1"
Height** (To Top of ROPS Cab) 3.82 m 12'6" 3.82 m 12'6"
Overall Length (with SU Blade)† 6.84 m 22'5" —
(without Blade) 5.18 m 17'0" —
(with SU Blade and Ripper) — 6.63 m 21'10"
(without Blade and Ripper) — 4.91 m 16'1"
Width (over Trunnion) 3.30 m 10'10" 3.31 m 10'11"
Width (w/o Trunnion — Std. Shoe) 2.93 m 9'8" 2.87 m 9'5"
Ground Clearance 591 mm 1'11"■ 596 mm 1'11"
Blade Types and Widths:
Universal 4.65 m 15'3" 4.65 m 15'3"
Semi-U 4.31 m 14'2" 4.31 m 14'2"
Fuel Tank Refill Capacity 818 L 216 U.S. gal 889 L 235 U.S. gal
***Operating weight includes ROPS canopy, operator, lubricants, coolant, full fuel tank, hydraulic controls and fluids, semi universal blade with tilt, back-up
alarm, seat belts, lights, rigid drawbar and front towing device.
***— D9R equipped with track guides, ROPS/FOPS cab, single shank ripper and SU blade.
***Dimensions measured from ground line. Add grouser height for total dimension on hard surfaces.
***Height (Stripped Top) — without ROPS canopy, exhaust, seat back or other easily removed encumbrances.
†Includes drawbar.
*■ SAE J1234.
Contact dealer for the complete performance handbook

MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS 259
Track-Type Tractors Specifications
MODEL D10T D11T D11T CD

Flywheel Power 433 kW 580 hp 634 kW 850 hp 634 kW 850 hp
Operating Weight:*
Power Shift Clutch Brake 66 451 kg 146,500 lb 104 600 kg 230,100 lb 113 000 kg 248,600 lb
Engine Model C27 ACERT C32 ACERT C32 ACERT
Rated Engine RPM 1800 1800 1800
No. of Cylinders 12 12 12
Bore 137 mm 5.4" 145 mm 5.71" 145 mm 5.71"
Stroke 152 mm 6" 162 mm 6.38" 162 mm 6.38"
Displacement 27 L 1647.5 in3 32.1 L 1959 in3 32.1 L 1959 in3
Track Rollers (Each Side) 8 8 8
Width of Standard Track Shoe 610 mm 24" 710 mm 28" 915 mm 36"
Length of Track on Ground (Idler to Idler) 3.88 m 12'9" 4.44 m 14'7" 4.44 m 14'7"
Ground Contact Area (w/Std. Shoe) 4.74 m2 7347 in2 6.31 m2 9781 in2 8.1 m2 12,581 in2
Track Gauge 2.55 m 8'4" 2.89 m 9'6" 2.89 m 9'6"
GENERAL DIMENSIONS:
Height (Stripped Top)** 3.222 m 10'7" 3.64 m 11'11" 3.64 m 11'11"
Height (To Top of ROPS Canopy) 4.26 m 14'0" 4.60 m 15'1" 4.60 m 15'1"
Height (To Top of ROPS Cab) 4.01 m 13'2" 4.29 m 14'1" 4.29 m 14'1"
Overall Length:
(with SU Blade and SS Ripper)*** 9.16 m 30'1" 10.59 m 34'9" 10.70 m 35'1"
(without Blade and Ripper)† 5.331 m 17'6" 6.03 m 19'9" 6.03 m 19'9"
Width (over Trunnion) 3.74 m 12'3" 4.38 m 14'4" 4.38 m 14'4"
Width (w/o Trunnion — Std. Shoe) 3.30 m 10'10" 3.78 m 12'5" 3.81 m 12'6"
Ground Clearance†† 571 mm 1'10" 574 mm 1'11" 574 mm 1'11"
Blade Types and Widths:
CarryDozer — — 6.71 m 22'0"
Universal 5.26 m 17'3" 6.36 m 20'10" —
Semi-U 4.86 m 15'11" 5.60 m 18'4" —
Fuel Tank Refill Capacity 1204 L 318 U.S. gal 1609 L 425 U.S. gal 1609 L 425 U.S. gal
Fuel Tank Refill Capacity (Extra Capacity) — 1987 L 505 U.S. gal 1987 L 505 U.S. gal
***Operating weight includes operator, lubricants, coolant, full fuel tank, hydraulic controls and fluids, SU blade with tilt, back-up alarm, seat belts, lights,
rigid drawbar and front towing device.
***Height (Stripped Top) — without ROPS canopy, cab, exhaust, lift cylinders, seat back or other easily removed encumbrances.
***Overall length of D11T CD includes Straight (CarryDozer) Blade and SS Ripper.
†Overall length of machine from front tag link trunion to rigid drawbar and excludeds track grouser height.
††SAE J1234.
All dimensions are approximate.

Performance Handbook 42 Specifications
Wheel Loaders Specifications
Integrated Toolcarriers
MODEL 992K 993K 994H

Flywheel Power: Net 597 kW 801 hp 705 kW 945 hp 1092 kW 1463 hp
Flywheel Power: Max. 674 kW 904 hp 783 kW 1050 hp 1176 kW 1577 hp
Rated Payload*
STD 21.8 t 24 T 22.7 t 30 T 34.5 t 38 T
HL, EHL, SHL 19 t 21 T 24.9 t 27.5 T 31.7 t 35 T
Gross Rated Bucket Payload*
STD 33 687 kg 74,265 lb 42 912 kg 94,603 lb 56 710 kg 125,021 lb
HL, EHL, SHL 30 138 kg 66,441 lb 40 459 kg 89,195 lb 53 396 kg 117,717 lb
Engine Model C32 ACERT C32 ACERT 3516B HHD EUI
Emission Level
Bore 145 mm 5.7" 145 mm 5.7" 170 mm 6.7"
Stroke 162 mm 6.4" 162 mm 6.4" 215 mm 8.5"
No. Cylinders 12 12 16
Displacement 32.1 L 1959 in3 32.1 L 1959 in3 78 L 4875 in3
Speeds Forward km/h mph km/h mph km/h mph
1st 7.1 4.4 7.0 4.3 7.7 4.8
2nd 12.2 7.6 11.5 7.1 13.4 8.3
3rd 20.6 12.8 19.6 12.2 22.5 14.0
Speeds Reverse
1st 7.4 4.6 7.6 4.7 8.5 5.3
2nd 13.0 8.1 12.9 8.0 13.2 8.2
3rd 22.4 13.9 21.8 13.5 24.8 15.4
Hydraulic Cycle Time,
Rated Load in Bucket: Seconds Seconds Seconds
Raise 9.4 9.4 11.3
Dump 1.8 2.1 3.1
Lower (Empty, Float Down) 3.7 3.7 3.5
Total 14.9 15.2 17.9
Tread Width 3.3 m 10'10" 3.54 m 11'6" 4.1 m 13'5"
Width Over Tires 4.5 m 14'9" 4.93 m 16'2" 5.45 m 17'11"
Ground Clearance 682 mm 26.8" 783 mm 30.8" 825 mm 32"
Fuel Tank Capacity 1610 L 425 U.S. gal 2170 L 573 U.S. gal 3833 L 1013 U.S. gal
Hydraulic Systems:
Lift, Tilt 646 L 171 U.S. gal 755 L 199 U.S. gal 690 L 170 U.S. gal
Tank Only 326 L 86 U.S. gal 475 L 125.5 U.S. gal 390 L 103 U.S. gal
Steering and Brakes 231 L 61 U.S. gal 227 L 60 U.S. gal 267 L 71 U.S. gal
Tank Only 159 L 42 U.S. gal 185 L 48.9 U.S. gal 208 L 55 U.S. gal
Brake Cooling — — 42 L 11 U.S. gal
Tank Only — — 36 L 9.5 U.S. gal
*Changes in bucket weight, including field installed wear iron, can impact rated payload. Consult your Cat dealer for assistance in selecting and configuring
the proper bucket for the application. The Cat Large Wheel Loader Payload Policy is a guideline intended to maximize wheel loader structural and component
life. The Cat Payload Policy is that the “Gross Bucket plus Payload Capacity” is the MAXIMUM weight that should be carried on the end of the Lift Arm/Boom.

Specifications Wheel Dozers
MODEL 844H 854K

Flywheel Power 468 kW 627 hp 597 kW 801 hp
Operating Weight* 70 815 kg 156,120 lb 98 100 kg 216,273 lb
Emission Level — Tier 4/Tier 2 Compliant
Engine Model C27 C32 ACERT
Rated Engine RPM 2000 1750
No. Cylinders 12 12
Displacement 27.1 L 1666 in3 32.1 L 1959 in3
Speeds:
Forward 3 3
Reverse 3 3
Top Speed Forward 21 km/h 13 mph 21.2 km/h 13.2 mph
Turning Circle with Blade 21.73 m 71'4" 23.4 m 76'9"
Standard Tire Size 45/65-R39, PR (L-4) 45/65-R45 (L-4)
Fuel Tank Refill Capacity 1016 L 268 U.S. gal 1562 L 413 U.S. gal
GENERAL DIMENSIONS:
Height (to top of ROPS) 5.023 m 16'6" 5590 mm 18'3"
Height (stripped top)** 3.8 m 12'6" 5234 mm 17'2"
Wheel Base 4.6 m 15'1" 5890 mm 19'3"
Overall Length with Dozer 10.94 m 35'9" 13 405 mm 44'0"
Width (over standard tires) 4.37 m 14'4" 3556 mm 11'8"
Ground Clearance 431 mm 1'5" 691 mm 27"
SEMI-U DOZER:
Width 5.278 m 17'4" 6321 mm 20'8"
Height 1.877 m 6'2" 5590 mm 18'3"
Capacity 16.1 m3 21.1 yd3 25.4 m3 33.1 yd3
11
Ground Clearance Below Skid Shoe 1372 mm 4'6" 691 mm 27"
Depth of Cut 466 mm 18" 398 mm 1'3"
Tilt Adjustment 830 mm 2'9" 1165 mm 3'8"
Tip Adjustment 13° 15°
Lift Speed 0.353 m/sec 1.2 ft/sec 0.310 m/sec 1.05 ft/sec
**Operating Weight includes Semi-U, coolant, ROPS cab, full fuel tank and operator. If 75% CaCl2 is added to all four tires, the weight increases by 11 112 kg
(24,500 lb) on the 844H and 12 144 kg (26,770 lb) on the 854K.
**Height (stripped top) — without ROPS, exhaust, seat back or easily removed encumbrances.

Specifications Off-Highway & Mining Trucks
MODEL 785C 785D 789C

Body Type Dual Slope Dual Slope Dual Slope
Target Gross Machine Weight § 249 433 kg 550,000 lb 249 433 kg 550,000 lb 317 460 kg 700,000 lb
Basic Machine Weight* 59 385 kg 130,921 lb 46 921 kg 103,443 lb 67 344 kg 148,468 lb
Attachments** 21 677 kg 47,790 lb 35 144 kg 77,479 lb 29 015 kg 63,967 lb
Body Weight without Liners*** 22 997 kg 50,700 lb 22 997 kg 50,700 lb 27 094 kg 59,732 lb
Full Liner 8113 kg 17,886 lb 8113 kg 17,886 lb 9392 kg 20,706 lb
Operating Machine Weight 112 172 kg 247,297 lb 113 175 kg 249,508 lb 132 845 kg 292,873 lb
Debris
(3% of Operating Machine Weight) 3365 kg 7419 lb 3395 kg 7485 lb 3985 kg 8786 lb
Empty Operating Weight 115 537 kg 254,716 lb 116 570 kg 256,993 lb 136 830 kg 301,659 lb
Target Payload § 133.9 m tons 147.6 tons 132.9 m tons 146.5 tons 180.7 m tons 199.2 tons
Capacity:
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) Base Body 78 m3 102 yd3 78 m3 102 yd3 105 m3 137 yd3
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) with
Std. Sideboards 91 m3 119 yd3 91 m3 119 yd3 120 m3 157 yd3
Distribution Empty:
Front 45.0% 45.5% 45.6%
Rear 55.0% 54.5% 54.4%
Distribution Loaded:
Front 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% 9
Rear 66.7% 66.7% 66.7%
Engine Model 3512B EUI 3512C HD-EUI 3516B EUI
Number of Cylinders 12 12 16
Bore 170 mm 6.7" 170 mm 6.7" 170 mm 6.7"
Stroke 190 mm 7.5" 215 mm 8.46" 190 mm 7.5"
Displacement 51.8 L 3158 in3 58.56 L 3574 in3 69 L 4210 in3
Net Power 979 kW 1313 hp 979 kW 1313 hp 1335 kW 1791 hp
Gross Power 1082 kW 1450 hp 1082 kW 1450 hp 1417 kW 1900 hp
Standard Tires 33.00R51 33.00R51 37.00R57
Machine Clearance Turning Circle 30.6 m 100'5" 33.2 m 108'11" 30.2 m 99'2"
Top Speed (Loaded) 56.5 km/h 35.1 mph 56.5 km/h 35.1 mph 57.2 km/h 35.5 mph
GENERAL DIMENSIONS (Empty):
Height to Canopy Rock Guard Rail 5.77 m 18'11" 5.68 m 18'7" 6.15 m 20'2"
Wheelbase 5.18 m 17'0" 5.18 m 17'0" 5.70 m 18'8"
Overall Length (Base Body) 10.62 m 34'10" 11.55 m 37'9" 12.18 m 39'11"
Loading Height (Base Body) 4.97 m 16'4" 4.97 m 16'4" 5.21 m 17'1"
Height at Full Dump 11.21 m 36'9" 11.81 m 38'9" 11.90 m 39'1"
Body Length (Target Length) 7.65 m 25'1" 7.65 m 25'2" 8.15 m 26'9"
Width (Operating) 6.64 m 21'4" 7.06 m 23'2" 7.67 m 25'2"
Width (Shipping)*** 3.91 m 12'10" 3.91 m 12'10" 3.84 m 12'7"
Front Tire Tread 4.85 m 15'11" 4.85 m 15'11" 5.43 m 17'10"
***See Weight Definitions and Relations on 9-16. Note: No mandatory or optional attachments or fuel.
***Typical selection of mandatory and optional attachments.
***Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mine specific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are
available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions are dependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachments, tires, and optional equipment selected).

§ Reference Caterpillar’s latest 10/10/20 Payload Policy for information on gross machine operating weight and target payload.
NOTE: Contact Mining Representative to use Caterpillar Weight Configurator for application specific weights.
Edition 42 9-13
Off-Highway & Mining Trucks Specifications
793D 793D
Standard Additional 793F
MODEL (MA1) Retarding (MA2) Standard
Body Type MSD II MSD II MSD II
Target Gross Machine Weight § 383 673 kg 846,000 lb 383 673 kg 846,000 lb 385 941 kg 851,000 lb
Full Liner 6209 kg 13,688 lb 6209 kg 13,688 lb 6209 kg 13,688 lb
Debris
(3% of Operating Machine Weight) 4538 kg 10,005 lb 4585 kg 10,108 lb 4660 kg 10,274 lb
Target Payload § 227.9 m tons 251.2 tons 226.3 m tons 249.5 tons 226.0 m tons 249.1 tons
Capacity:
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) Base Body 176 m3 230 yd3 176 m3 230 yd3 176 m3 230 yd3
Distribution Empty:
Front 46.2% 46.0% 47.6%
Rear 53.8% 54.0% 52.4%
Front 33.3% 33.3% 33.3%
Rear 66.7% 66.7% 66.7%
Engine Model 3516B HD EUI 3516B HD EUI C175-16
Number of Cylinders 16 16 16
Bore 170 mm 6.7" 170 mm 6.7" 175 mm 6.9"
Stroke 215 mm 8.5" 215 mm 8.5" 220 mm 8.7"
Displacement 78 L 4760 in2 78 L 4760 in2 85 L 5187 in3
Net Power 1694 kW 2273 hp 1694 kW 2273 hp 1848 kW 2478 hp
Standard Tires 40/00R57 40/00R57 40/00R57
Machine Clearance Turning Circle 33 m 107'0" 33 m 107'0" 33 m 107'0"
Top Speed (Loaded) 59.9 km/h 37.2 mph 59.9 km/h 37.2 mph 60.4 km/h 37.6 mph
Height to Canopy Rock Guard Rail 6.6 m 21'8" 6.6 m 21'8" 6.6 m 21'8"
Wheelbase 5.91 m 19'5" 5.91 m 19'5" 5.91 m 19'5"
Overall Length (Base Body) 13.01 m 42'9" 13.01 m 42'9" 13.7 m 44'11"
Loading Height (Base Body) 6.5 m 21'5" 6.5 m 21'5" 6.5 m 21'5"
Height at Full Dump 13.25 m 43'6" 13.25 m 43'6" 13.9 m 45'6"
Body Length (Target Length) 8.99 m 29'6" 8.99 m 29'6" 8.99 m 29'6"
Width (Operating) 8.3 m 27'3" 8.3 m 27'3" 8.3 m 27'3"
Width (Shipping)*** 4.1 m 13'5" 4.1 m 13'5" 4.1 m 13'5"
***Data provided for the 793D Standard (MA1) is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mine specific design (MSD)
bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions are dependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachments,
tires, and optional equipment selected).

9-14 Edition 42
Specifications Off-Highway & Mining Trucks
MODEL 793F XLP 795F AC 797F

Body Type MSD II MSD II MSD II
Target Gross Machine Weight § 390 023 kg 860,000 lb 570 166 kg 1,257,000 lb 623 583 kg 1,375,000 lb
Full Liner† 6209 kg 13,688 lb — 7652 kg 16,870 lb
Debris
(3% of Operating Machine Weight) 4772 kg 10,520 lb 4038 kg 8900 lb 7968 kg 17,567 lb
Target Payload § 226.3 m tons 249.4 tons 313-317 m tons 345-350 tons 350.1 m tons 385.9 tons
Capacity:
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) Base Body 176 m3 230 yd3 213 m3 280 yd3 240-267 m3 315-350 yd3
Distribution Empty:
Front 47.3% 48% 45.7%
Rear 52.7% 52% 54.3%
Front 33.3% 33% 33.3%
Rear 66.7% 67% 66.7%
9
Engine Model C175-16 C175-16 C175-20
Number of Cylinders 16 16
Bore 175 mm 6.9" 175 mm 6.9" 175 mm 6.9"
Stroke 220 mm 8.7" 220 mm 8.7" 220 mm 8.7"
Displacement 85 L 5187 in3 85 L 5187 in3 106 L 6469 in3
Net Power 1848 kW 2478 hp — 2830 kW 3795 hp
Standard Tires 46/90R57 56/80R63 59/80R63
Machine Clearance Turning Circle 33 m 107'0" 38.7 m 127'0" 42.1 m 138'1"
Top Speed (Loaded) 60.4 km/h 37.6 mph 64 km/h 40 mph 67.9 km/h 42.2 mph
Height to Canopy Rock Guard Rail 6.6 m 21'8" 7800 mm 25'8" 7.71 m 25'4"
Wheelbase 5.91 m 19'5" 6725 mm 22'1" 7.2 m 23'7"
Overall Length (Base Body) 13.7 m 44'11" 15 146 mm 49'9" 14.87 m 48'9"
Loading Height (Base Body) 6.5 m 21'5" 7.0 m 23'0"
Loading Height (Empty) 7040 mm 23'2"
Height at Full Dump 13.9 m 45'6" 15 063 mm 49'6" 15.7 m 51'6"
Body Length (Target Length) 8.99 m 29'6" 15 146 mm 49'9" 9.9 m 32'6"
Width (Operating) 8.3 m 27'3" 8966 mm 29'6" 9.75 m 32'0"
Width (Shipping) 4.1 m 13'5" 8966 mm 29'6" 9.7 m 31'10"
Front Tire Tread 5.63 m 18'6" 6235 mm 20'6" 6.23 m 20'5"
***Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mine specific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are
available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions are dependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachments, tires, and optional equipment selected).

† Liner used for 797F is a 1/3 solid liner.
Edition 42 9-15
Specifications B Series
● Tier 4 Articulated Trucks
MODEL 735B Series 740B Series 740B EJ Series

Gross Power — SAE J1995 337 kW 452 hp 365 kW 489 hp 365 kW 489 hp
Net Power — SAE J1349 326 kW 437 hp 354 kW 474 hp 354 kW 474 hp
Net Power — ISO 14396 333 kW 447 hp 361 kW 484 hp 361 kW 484 hp
Operating Weight (Empty)* 32 473 kg 71,591 lb 34 393 kg 75,824 Ib 36 895 kg 81,340 Ib
Top Speed (Loaded) 51.1 km/h 31.7 mph 54.7 km/h 34 mph 54.7 km/h 34 mph
GMW — Gross Machine Weight 65 173 kg 143,682 lb 73 975 kg 163,087 Ib 74 895 kg 165,115 Ib
Distribution Empty:
Front 61.9% 60.1% 58.0%
Center 20.2% 21.0% 22.0%
Rear 18.0% 18.9% 20.0%
Front 36.0% 35.0% 30.8%
Center 33.0% 33.0% 35.1%
Rear 32.0% 32.0% 34.1%
Max. Capacity** 32.7 t 36 T 39.5 t 43.5 T 38 t 42 T
Struck (SAE) 14.7 m3 19.2 yd3 18.5 m3 24.2 yd3 17.8 m3 23.3 yd3
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) 19.7 m3 25.8 yd3 24 m3 31.4 yd3 23.1 m3 30.2 yd3
Tailgate Heaped SAE 2:1 20.9 m3 27.3 yd3 25.5 m3 33.5 yd3 —
Tailgate Struck 15.2 m3 19.9 yd3 19.5 m3 25.5 yd3 —
Engine Model ACERT C15 ACERT C15 ACERT C15
No. Cylinders 6 6 6
Bore 137 mm 5.4" 137 mm 5.4" 137 mm 5.4"
10
Stroke 171.5 mm 6.75" 171.5 mm 6.75" 171.5 mm 6.75"
Displacement 15.2 L 926 in3 15.2 L 926 in3 15.2 L 926 in3
Tires, Front, Center, Rear 26.5R25 Radials 29.5R25 Radials 29.5R25 Radials
Circular Clearance Diameter 17.2 m 56'5" 17.2 m 56'5" 18.2 m 59'6"
Fuel Tank Refill Capacity 565 L 149.3 U.S. gal 565 L 149.3 U.S. gal 565 L 149.3 U.S. gal
General Dimensions (Empty):
Height to Cab Top 3.7 m 12'1" 3.75 m 12'3" 3.75 m 12'3"
Wheel Base (Front-Center of Bogie) 5.23 m 17'2" 5.23 m 17'2" 5.58 m 18'3"
Overall Length 11.0 m 36'1" 11.0 m 36'1" 11.70 m 38'4"
Loading Height (Empty) 2.98 m 9'8" 3.2 m 10'6" 3.07 m 10'1"
Height at Full Dump 6.81 m 22'4" 7.1 m 23'4" —
Body Length 6.09 m 20'0" 6.3 m 20'6" 6.73 m 22'1"
Width (Operating — Over Mirrors) 4.2 m 13'6" 4.2 m 13'6" 4.2 m 13'6"
**Includes coolant, lubricant and full fuel tank.
**Rating dependent on optional equipment. Maximum gross weight (empty weight plus payload) should not be exceeded.

Specifications Motor Graders
Global Versions
MODEL 14M 16M 24M

Base Power — Net 193 kW 259 hp 221 kW 297 hp 397 kW 533 hp
VHP Range — Net 193-204 kW 259-274 hp 221-233 kW 297-312 hp —
VHP Plus Range — Net 193-219 kW 259-294 hp 221-248 kW 297-332 hp —
Operating Weight* 21 226 kg 46,796 lb 26 959 kg 59,435 lb 62 457 kg 137,694 lb
Engine Model C11 C13 ACERT VHP C18 ACERT
No. of Cylinders 6 6 6
Displacement 11.1 L 677 in3 12.5 L 763 in3 18.1 L 1104.5 in3
Max. Torque 1422 N·m 1049 lb-ft 1710 N·m 1261 lb-ft 2389 N·m 1762 lb-ft
No. of Speeds Forward/Reverse 8/6 8/6 6/3
Top Speed: Forward 49.8 km/h 31 mph 53.9 km/h 33.5 mph 43 km/h 26.7 mph
Top Speed: Reverse 39.4 km/h 24.5 mph 42.6 km/h 26.5 mph 41.2 km/h 25.6 mph
Std. Tires — Front and Rear 16.00-24 (16 PR) (G-2) 18.00-25 (12 PR) (G-2) —
Front Axle/Steering:
Oscillation Angle 32° 32° 32°
Wheel Lean Angle 17.1° 18.2° 18.0°
Steering Angle 47.5° 47.5° 47.5°
Articulation Angle 20° 20° 25°
Minimum Turning Radius** 7.9 m 25'11" 8.9 m 29'3" 12.4 m 40'9"
No. Circle Support Shoes 6 6 6
Hydraulics:
Pump Type Variable Piston Variable Piston Variable Piston
Max. Pump Flow 280 L/min 74 gpm 280 L/min 74 gpm 550 L/min 145 gpm
Tank Capacity 60 L 15.9 U.S. gal 65 L 17.2 U.S. gal 264 L 70 U.S. gal
Implement Pressure: Max. 24 150 kPa 3500 psi 24 150 kPa 3500 psi 24 150 kPa 3500 psi
Implement Pressure: Min. 3100 kPa 450 psi 3100 kPa 450 psi 3100 kPa 450 psi
Interior Sound Level/SAE J919 70 dB(A) 72 dB(A) 74 dB(A)
Electrical:
System Size 24V 24V 24V
Std. Battery CCA @ 0° F 1125 1400 1500
Std. Alternator 80 150 150
GENERAL DIMENSIONS:
Height (to top of ROPS) 3535 mm 139.2" 3703 mm 145.8" 4452 mm 175.3"
Overall Length 9412 mm 370.6" 9963 mm 392.2" 14 194 mm 558.8"
With Ripper and Pushplate 10 896 mm 429" 11 672 mm 459.5" 16 102 mm 633.9"
Wheelbase 6559 mm 258" 6985 mm 275" 10 278 mm 404.6"
Blade Base 2842 mm 112" 3069 mm 120.8" 4048 mm 159.4"
Overal Width (at top of front
tires) 2791 mm 109.9" 3096 mm 121.9" 4280 mm 168.5"
Standard Blade: Length 4287 mm 14'0" 4877 mm 16'0" 7315 mm 24'0"
Standard Blade: Height 686 mm 27" 787 mm 31" 1076 mm 42"
Standard Blade: Thickness 25 mm 1" 25 mm 1" 50 mm 2"
Lift Above Ground 419 mm 16.5" 395 mm 15.6" 634 mm 25"
Max. Shoulder Reach:***
Frame Straight — left 2169 mm 85.4" 2282 mm 90" 3222 mm 126.9"
Frame Straight — right 2279 mm 89.7" 2587 mm 101.9" 3228 mm 127.1"
Fuel Tank Capacity 492 L 130 U.S. gal 492 L 130 U.S. gal 1326 L 350 U.S. gal
***Operating Weight — based on standard machine configuration with full fuel tank, coolant, lubricants and operator. 24M includes ripper.
***Minimum Turning Radius — combining the use of articulated frame steering, front wheel steer and unlocked differential.
***Applicable for the standard blade with hydraulic sideshift and tip control. Maximum shoulder reach is obtainable to the right.
Edition 42 2-17
Wheel Tractor-Scrapers Specifications

● Twin Engine Open Bowl
● Optional Push-Pull
MODEL 627H 637G 657G

Flywheel Power: Tractor 304 kW 407 hp 345/373 kW 462/500 hp 421/447 kW 564/600 hp
Flywheel Power: Scraper 216 kW 290 hp 198/211 kW 266/283 hp 306/337 kW 410/451 hp
Approx. Operating Weight (Empty)◀ 40 913 kg 90,213 lb 51 963 kg 114,559 lb 68 384 kg 150,760 lb
Scraper Capacity: Struck 13 m3 17.1 yd3 18.3 m3 24 yd3 24.5 m3 32 yd3
Scraper Capacity: Heaped 18.4 m3 24 yd3 26 m3 34 yd3 33.6 m3 44 yd3
Rated Load 26 127 kg 57,610 lb 37 013 kg 81,600 lb 47 174 kg 104,000 lb
Weight Distribution — Empty: Front 59% 59% 58%
Weight Distribution — Empty: Rear 41% 41% 42%
Weight Distribution — Loaded: Front 50% 50% 50%
Weight Distribution — Loaded: Rear 50% 50% 50%
Engine Model: Tractor C13 ACERT C18 ACERT C18 ACERT
Engine Model: Scraper C9.3 ACERT C9 ACERT C15 ACERT
Rated Engine RPM: Tractor 1700 1800 1800
Rated Engine RPM: Scraper 1900 2000 1800
Displacement: Tractor 12.5 L 763 in3 18.1 L 1105 in3 18.1 L 1105 in3
Displacement: Scraper 9.29 L 567 in3 8.8 L 538 in3 15.2 L 928 in3
Top Speed (Loaded) 53.9 km/h 33.5 mph 53 km/h 33 mph 53 km/h 33 mph
180° Curb-to-Curb Turning Width 11.8 m 38'7" 12.2 m 40'1" 14.2 m 46'7"
Tires — Tractor Drive 33.25R29**E3 37.25R35★★E3 40.5/75R39★★E3
Tires — Scraper 33.25R29**E3 37.25R35★★E3 40.5/75R39★★E3
Width of Cut 3.14 m 10'4" 3.51 m 11'6" 3.85 m 12'8"
Maximum Depth of Cut 315 mm 12.4" 437 mm 17" 440 mm 17.3"
Maximum Depth of Spread 540 mm 21.3" 480 mm 18.9" 660 mm 26"
Fuel Tank Refill Capacity: Tractor — — —
Fuel Tank Refill Capacity: Scraper 1272 L 336 U.S. gal 1268 L 335 U.S. gal 1597 L 424 U.S. gal
GENERAL DIMENSIONS:
Non Push-Pull
Height — Overall Shipping 4.03 m 13'2" 4.18 m 13'9" 4.62 m 15'2"
Wheelbase 7.99 m 26'2" 8.77 m 28'9" 9.96 m 32'8"
Overall Width 3.57 m 11'7" 3.94 m ** 12'11" 4.35 m 14'4"
Shipping Width
(Draft Arm on Inside of Bowl) — 3.63 m * 11'11" 3.91 m ** 12'10"
Center Line of Scraper Tread 2.29 m 7'5" 2.46 m 8'1" 2.81 m 9'3"
Center Line of Tractor Tread 2.28 m 7'4" 2.46 m 8'1" 2.63 m 8'8"
GENERAL DIMENSIONS: Push-Pull
Operating Weight (Empty)◀ 42 168 kg 92,980 lb 54 057 kg 119,175 lb 72 804 kg 160,505 lb
Weight Distribution — Empty: Front 59% 60% 58%
Weight Distribution — Empty: Rear 41% 40% 42%
Weight Distribution — Loaded: Front 50% 51% 51%
Weight Distribution — Loaded: Rear 50% 49% 49%
**Optional Shipping Configuration.
**Standard Shipping Configuration.
◀ Operating weight includes standard machine, coolant, lubricants, full fuel tank, and operator. Operating weights for the 627H are based on Tier 4 Interim/
Stage IIIB platforms machines. Deduct 413 kg (910 lb) for the operating weight for the 627H Tier 3/Stage IIIA equivilent.

8-4 Edition 42
TABLES
SWELL — VOIDS — LOAD FACTORS TYPICAL ROLLING RESISTANCE FACTORS

SWELL (%) VOIDS (%) LOAD FACTOR Various tire sizes and inflation pressures will greatly reduce
5 4.8 0.952 or increase the rolling resistance. The values in this table are
10 9.1 0.909 approximate, particularly for the track and track + tire machines.
15 13.0 0.870 These values can be used for estimating purposes when spe-
cific performance information on particular equipment and
20 16.7 0.833
given soil conditions is not available. See Mining and Earth-
25 20.0 0.800 moving Section for more detail.
30 23.1 0.769
ROLLING RESISTANCE,
35 25.9 0.741 PERCENT*
40 28.6 0.714
Tires Track Track
45 31.0 0.690
UNDERFOOTING Bias Radial ** +Tires
50 33.3 0.667
55 35.5 0.645 A very hard, smooth roadway,
concrete, cold asphalt or dirt sur-
60 37.5 0.625
face, no penetration or flexing. . 1.5%* 1.2% 0% 1.0%
65 39.4 0.606 A hard, smooth, stabilized surfaced
70 41.2 0.588 roadway without penetration under
75 42.9 0.571 load, watered, maintained . . . . . 2.0% 1.7% 0% 1.2%
80 44.4 0.556 A firm, smooth, rolling roadway
85 45.9 0.541 with dirt or light surfacing, flexing
slightly under load or undulat-
90 47.4 0.526 ing, maintained fairly regularly,
95 48.7 0.513 watered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0% 2.5% 0% 1.8%
100 50.0 0.500 A dirt roadway, rutted or flexing
under load, little maintenance, 27
no water, 25 mm (1") tire pen-
etration or flexing . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0% 4.0% 0% 2.4%
BUCKET FILL FACTORS
A dirt roadway, rutted or flexing
Loose Material Fill Factor under load, little maintenance,
Mixed Moist Aggregates 95-100% no water, 50 mm (2") tire pen-
Uniform Aggregates up to 3 mm (1/8") 95-100% etration or flexing . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0% 5.0% 0% 3.0%
3 mm-9 mm (1/8"-3/8") 90-950% Rutted dirt roadway, soft under
travel, no maintenance, no sta-
12 mm-20 mm (1/2"-3/4") 85-900% bilization, 100 mm (4") tire pen-
24 mm (1") and over 85-900% etration or flexing . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0% 8.0% 0% 4.8%
Loose sand or gravel . . . . . . . . . 10.0% 10.0% 2% 7.0%
Blasted Rock Rutted dirt roadway, soft under
Well Blasted 80-95%0 travel, no maintenance, no sta-
Average Blasted 75-900% bilization, 200 mm (8") tire pen-
etration and flexing . . . . . . . . . . 14.0% 14.0% 5% 10.0%
Poorly Blasted 60-750% Very soft, muddy, rutted road-
way, 300 mm (12") tire penetra-
Other tion, no flexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0% 20.0% 8% 15.0%
Rock Dirt Mixtures 100-120% **Percent of combined machine weight.
Moist Loam 100-110% **Assumes drag load has been subtracted to give Drawbar Pull for good
to moderate conditions. Some resistance added for very soft conditions.
Soil, Boulders, Roots 80-100%
Cemented Materials 85-950%
NOTE: Loader bucket fill factors are affected by bucket penetration, breakout ANGLE OF REPOSE OF VARIOUS MATERIALS
force, rackback angle, bucket profile and ground engaging tools such
as bucket teeth or bolt-on replaceable cutting edges. ANGLE BETWEEN
HORIZONTAL AND SLOPE
NOTE: For bucket fill factors for hydraulic excavators, see bucket payloads
in the hydraulic excavator section. OF HEAPED PILE
MATERIAL Ratio Degrees
Coal, industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4:1—1.3:1 35-38
Common earth, Dry . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8:1—1.0:1 20-45
Common earth, Moist . . . . . . . . . 2.1:1—1.0:1 25-45
Common earth, Wet . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1:1—1.7:1 25-30
Gravel, Round to angular. . . . . . . 1.7:1—0.9:1 30-50
Gravel, Sand & clay . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8:1—1.4:1 20-35
Sand, Dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8:1—1.7:1 20-30
Sand, Moist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8:1—1.0:1 30-45
Sand, Wet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8:1—1.0:1 20-45

Edition 42 27-1
PHB-Sec27-12.indd 1 12/14/11 5:37 PM

Tables SPEED CONVERSION

km/h Equivalents in m/min MPH Equivalents in FPM
km/h m/min km/h m/min mph fpm mph fpm
1 16.7 21 350.0 1 88 21 1848
2 33.3 22 366.7 2 176 22 1936
3 50.0 23 383.3 3 264 23 2024
4 66.7 24 400.0 4 352 24 2112
ROUND REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE 5 83.3 25 416.7 5 440 25 2200
APPROXIMATE WEIGHT PER FOOT 6 100.0 26 433.3 6 528 26 2288
7 116.7 27 450.0 7 616 27 2376
INSIDE DIAMETER WEIGHT PER FT.
8 133.3 28 466.7 8 704 28 2464
mm ft/in kg lb
9 150.0 29 483.3 9 792 29 2552
305 12" 42 93 10 166.7 30 500.0 10 880 30 2640
380 15" 58 127 11 183.3 31 516.7 11 968 31 2728
460 18" 76 168 12 200.0 32 533.3 12 1056 32 2816
530 1'9" 97 214 13 216.7 33 550.0 13 1144 33 2904
610 2'0" 120 265 14 233.3 34 566.7 14 1232 34 2992
685 2'3" 146 322 15 250.0 35 583.3 15 1320 35 3080
760 2'6" 174 384 16 266.7 36 600.0 16 1408 36 3168
840 2'9" 205 452 17 283.3 37 616.7 17 1496 37 3256
915 3'0" 238 524 18 300.0 38 633.3 18 1584 38 3344
1070 3'6" 311 686 19 316.7 39 650.0 19 1672 39 3432
1220 4'0" 393 867 20 333.3 40 666.7 20 1760 40 3520
1370 4'6" 485 1069 NOTE: Since 1 km/h equals NOTE: Since 1 mph equals 88 fpm
1525 5'0" 588 1295 16.7 m/min (1000 ÷ 60), to (5280 ÷ 60), to interpolate
interpolate add 1.67 m/min add 8.8 fpm for every
1675 5'6" 699 1542 for each 0.1 km/h. 0.1 mph.
1830 6'0" 821 1811 1 mph = 26.9 m/min.
1980 6'6" 952 2100
2135 7'0" 1093 2409
2285 7'6" 1242 2740 BEARING POWERS
2440 8'0" 1402 3090 BEARING POWER
2590 8'6" 1578 3480 lb/ Metric U.S.
2740 9'0" 1753 3865 MATERIAL Bar in2 t/m2 tons/ft2
NOTE: Table courtesy of American Concrete Pipe Assn. Rock (semi- shattered) . . . . 4.8 70 50 5.0
Rock (solid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 350 240 24.0
Clay, dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 55 40 4.0
Clay, medium dry . . . . . . . . 1.9 27 20 2.0
COEFFICIENT OF TRACTION FACTORS Clay, soft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 14 10 1.0
TRACTION FACTORS Gravel, cemented . . . . . . . . 7.6 110 80 8.0
MATERIAL Rubber Tires Tracks Sand, compact dry . . . . . . . 3.8 55 40 4.0
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.90 0.45 Sand, clean dry . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 27 20 2.0
Clay loam, dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.55 0.90 Quicksand & alluvial soil . . 0.5 7 5 0.5
Clay loam, wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45 0.70
Rutted clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.40 0.70
Dry sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 0.30
Wet sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.40 0.50
Quarry pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.65 0.55 AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
Gravel road (loose not hard) 0.36 0.50 CONVERSION FACTORS
Packed snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 0.27 lb kg Metric Ton
Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12 0.12 1 Bushel of Corn* 56 25.40 0.02540
Semi-skeleton shoes 1 Bushel of Soybean* 60 27.22 0.02721
Firm earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.55 0.90 1 Bushel of Oats* 32 14.51 0.01451
Loose earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45 0.60
1 Bushel of Wheat* 60 27.22 0.02721
Coal, stockpiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45 0.60
1 Bale of Cotton 478 216.81 0.21681
NOTE: The elevated sprocket design Track-type Tractors (D11T, D10R, D9R
and D8R), with their suspended undercarriage, provide up to 15%
more efficient tractive effort than rigid tracked Track-type Tractors. 1 metric ton of Corn 39.37 Bushels*
1 metric ton of Soybean 36.75 Bushels*
1 metric ton of Oats 68.92 Bushels*
1 metric ton of Wheat 36.75 Bushels*
1 metric ton of Cotton 4.61 Bales
*Bushel is a volume measurement, 1 Bushel = 35.24 liters = 9.31 U.S. Gal-
lons. In the agricultural mercantile exchange, the Bushel is widely used for
Contact dealer for the complete performance handbook grains as weight. For the above weights, the market assumes a standard
density for each type of grain.

27-2 Edition 42
Tables
CURVE SUPERELEVATION
IN PERCENT GRADE, TO PROVIDE NO LATERAL TIRE FORCE
Negotiating curves can generate high lateral tire forces. Superelevated turns present a danger when slippery.
These forces contribute to high tire wear and ply sepa- For this reason, curves superelevated over 10% should
ration. Superelevating the curve helps eliminate these be used with caution. Unless the proper speed is main-
forces. The amount of superelevation depends on the tained, matching the elevation of the curve, a vehicle may
curve’s radius and the speed at which it is negotiated. slide off of the lower edge of the roadway. Superelevated
The following table is a guide for providing the super- curves should be maintained in good tractive conditions.
elevation necessary to eliminate lateral forces.
Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed

TURN RADIUS 16 km/h 24 km/h 32 km/h 40 km/h 48 km/h 56 km/h 64 km/h 72 km/h
m ft 10 mph 15 mph 20 mph 25 mph 30 mph 35 mph 40 mph 45 mph
15.2 50 13% 30% — — — — — —
30.5 100 7% 15% 27% — — — — —
45.7 150 4% 10% 18% 28% — — — —
61.0 200 3% 8% 13% 21% 30% — — —
91.5 300 2% 5% 9% 14% 20% 27% — —
27
152.4 500 1% 3% 5% 8% 12% 16% 21% 27%
213.4 700 1% 2% 4% 6% 9% 12% 15% 19%
304.9 1000 1% 2% 3% 4% 6% 8% 11% 14%
MAXIMUM SPEED ON CURVES FOR VARIOUS SUPERELEVATION GRADES

WITH A 0.20 LATERAL COEFFICIENT OF TRACTION
Another approach to superelevated curves is to deter-
mine the safe speed for negotiating a turn at a certain 5% 10%
TURN Flat Super- Super-
lateral tire force. In general, a 20% lateral coefficient of RADIUS Curve elevation elevation
traction is conservative for all but ice and slippery condi- m ft km/h mph km/h mph km/h mph
tions, making table values safe to use for most applica- 7.6 25 14 9 16 10 17 11
tions. The following table shows maximum speed with 15.2 50 20 12 22 14 24 15
various superelevations to maintain a 0.20 lateral coef- 30.5 100 28 17 31 19 34 21
ficient of traction. 45.7 150 34 21 38 24 42 26
A transition section may be necessary at higher speeds 61.0 200 39 24 44 27 48 30
when entering or departing from a superelevated turn. 91.5 300 48 30 54 34 59 37
152.5 500 62 39 70 43 76 47
213.5 700 74 46 — — — —
Edition 42 27-3
Tables
LOOSE BANK LOAD

WEIGHT* OF MATERIALS kg/m3 lb/yd3 kg/m3 lb/yd3 FACTORS
Basalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 3300 2970 5000 0.67
Bauxite, Kaolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1420 2400 1900 3200 0.75
Caliche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 2100 2260 3800 0.55
Carnotite, uranium ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1630 2750 2200 3700 0.74
Cinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 950 860 1450 0.66
Clay — Natural bed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1660 2800 2020 3400 0.82
Clay — Dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1480 2500 1840 3100 0.81
Clay — Wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1660 2800 2080 3500 0.80
Clay & gravel — Dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1420 2400 1660 2800 0.85
Clay & gravel — Wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1540 2600 1840 3100 0.85
Coal — Anthracite, Raw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1190 2000 1600 2700 0.74
Coal — Anthracite, Washed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100 1850 0.74
Coal — Ash, Bituminous Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530-650 900-1100 590-890 1000-1500 0.93
Coal — Bituminous, Raw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950 1600 1280 2150 0.74
Coal — Bituminous, Washed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 1400 0.74
Decomposed rock —
75% Rock, 25% Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 3300 2790 4700 0.70
50% Rock, 50% Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1720 2900 2280 3850 0.75
25% Rock, 75% Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1570 2650 1960 3300 0.80
Earth — Dry packed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1510 2550 1900 3200 0.80
Earth — Wet excavated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600 2700 2020 3400 0.79
Earth — Loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 2100 1540 2600 0.81
Granite — Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1660 2800 2730 4600 0.61
Gravel — Pitrun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1930 3250 2170 3650 0.89
Gravel — Dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1510 2550 1690 2850 0.89
Gravel — Dry 6-50 mm (1/4"-2") . . . . . . . . . . . . 1690 2850 1900 3200 0.89
Gravel — Wet 6-50 mm (1/4"-2") . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 3400 2260 3800 0.89
Gypsum — Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1810 3050 3170 5350 0.57
Gypsum — Crushed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600 2700 2790 4700 0.57
Hematite, iron ore, high grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1810-2450 4000-5400 2130-2900 4700-6400 0.85
Limestone — Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1540 2600 2610 4400 0.59
Limestone — Crushed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1540 2600 — — —
Magnetite, iron ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2790 4700 3260 5500 0.85
Pyrite, iron ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2580 4350 3030 5100 0.85
Sand — Dry, loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1420 2400 1600 2700 0.89
Sand — Damp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1690 2850 1900 3200 0.89
Sand — Wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1840 3100 2080 3500 0.89
Sand & clay — Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600 2700 2020 3400 0.79
Sand & clay — Compacted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2400 4050
Sand & gravel — Dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1720 2900 1930 3250 0.89
Sand & gravel — Wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 3400 2230 3750 0.91
Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1510 2550 2520 4250 0.60
Shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 2100 1660 2800 0.75
Slag — Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1750 2950 2940 4950 0.60
Snow — Dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 220
Snow — Wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 860
Stone — Crushed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600 2700 2670 4500 0.60
Taconite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1630-1900 3600-4200 2360-2700 5200-6100 0.58
Top Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950 1600 1370 2300 0.70
Taprock — Broken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1750 2950 2610 4400 0.67
Wood Chips** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — —
**Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.
**Weights of commercially important wood species can be found in the last pages of the Logging & Forest Products section. To obtain wood weights use the

following equations: lb/yd3 = (lb/ft3) × .4 × 27
kg/m3 = (kg/m3) × .4

27-4 Edition 42
Tables
GRADE COMPARISON CHART GRADE IN DEGREES

DEGREES — PERCENT — SLOPE AND PERCENTS
DEGREES PERCENT
1 1.8
PERCENT 2 3.5
3 5.2
4 7.0
5 8.8
6 10.5
7 12.3
8 14.0
9 15.8
10 17.6
11 19.4
12 21.3
13 23.1
14 24.9
15 26.8
16 28.7
17 30.6
18 32.5
19 34.4
20 36.4
21 38.4
22 40.4
23 42.4
24 44.5
25 46.6
26 48.8
27 51.0
28 53.2
29 55.4
30 57.7
DEGREES SLOPE
31 60.0
32 62.5
33 64.9
34 67.4
35 70.0
36 72.7
37 75.4
38 78.1
39 81.0
40 83.9
41 86.9
42 90.0
43 93.3
44 96.6
45 100.0
27-12 Edition 42
Tables
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply To Obtain Multiply To Obtain
Metric Unit By English Unit English Unit By Metric Unit
kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile mile, statute (m) 1.609 kilometer
meter (m) 1.0936 yard yard (yd) 0.9144 meter
meter (m) 3.28 foot foot (ft) 0.3048 meter
centimeter (cm) 0.0328 foot inch (in) 25.4 millimeter
millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch sq mile (mile2) 2.590 sq kilometer
sq kilometer (km2) 0.3861 square mile acre 0.4047 hectare
hectare (ha) 2.471 acre sq foot (ft2) 0.0929 sq meter
sq meter (m2) 10.764 square foot sq inch (in2) 0.000645 sq meter
sq meter (m2) 1550 square inch cu yard (yd3) 0.7645 cu meter
sq centimeter (cm2) 0.1550 square inch cu inch (in3) 16.387 cu centimeter
cu centimeter (cm3) 0.061 cubic inch cu foot (ft3) 0.0283 cu meter
cu meter (m3) 1.308 cubic yard cu inch (in3) 0.0164 liter
liter (L) 61.02 cubic inch cubic yard (yd3) 764.55 liter
liter (L) 0.001308 cubic yard mph 1.61 km/h
km/h 0.621 mph Ton — mph 1.459 tkm/h
liter (L) 0.2642 U.S. gallon U.S. gallon (US Gal) 3.785 liter
liter (L) 0.22 Imperial gallon U.S. gallon 0.833 Imperial gallon
metric ton (t) 0.984 long ton long ton (lg ton) 1.016 metric ton
metric ton (t) 1.102 short ton short ton (sh ton) 0.907 metric ton
kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound, avdp. pound (lb) 0.4536 kilogram 27
gram (g or gr) .0353 ounce, avdp. ounce (oz) 28.35 gram
kilonewton (kN) 225 pound (force) pound (lb) (force) 0.00445 kilonewton
newton (N) 0.225 pound (force) pound (lb) (force) 4.45 newton
cu centimeter (cm3) 0.0338 fluid ounce fluid oz (fl oz) 29.57 cu centimeter
kilograms/cu meter 1.686 pounds/cu yd lb/cu ft (lb/ft3) 16.018 kg/cu meter
kilograms/cu meter 0.062 pounds/cu ft lb/cu yd (lb/yd3) 0.5933 kg/cu meter
kilograms/sq cm (kg/cm2) 14.225 pounds/sq in pounds/sq. in. 0.0703 kilogram/sq cm
kilocalorie (kcal) 3.968 Btu psi 0.0689 bar
kilogram-meter (kg•m) 7.233 foot-pound psi 6.89 kilopascal
meter-kilogram (m•kg) 7.233 pound-foot Btu 0.2520 kilogram-calorie
metric horsepower (CV) 0.9863 hp foot-pound (ft-lb) 0.1383 kilogram-meter
kilowatt (kW) 1.341 hp horsepower (hp) 1.014 metric horsepower
kilopascal (kPa) 0.145 psi horsepower (hp) 0.7457 kilowatt
bar 14.5 psi pounds/cu yd 0.0005928 tons/m3
tons/m3 1692 pounds/cu yd pounds (No. 2 diesel fuel) 0.1413 U.S. gallon
decaliter 0.283 bushel bushel 3.524 decaliter
NOTE: Some of the above factors have been rounded for convenience. For exact conversion factors please consult International System of Units (SI) table.
Temperature conversion
Degree C
Degree F
°C = (°F – 32) ÷ 1.8 °F = (C × 1.8) + 32
Edition 42 27-13
PHB-Sec27-12.indd 13
Performance Handbook 42 Specifications 12/14/11 5:37
Tables
METRIC UNIT EQUIVALENTS ENGLISH UNIT EQUIVALENTS

1 km = 1000 m 1 mile = 1760 yd
1m = 100 cm 1 yd = 3 ft
1 cm = 10 mm 1 ft = 12 in
1 km2 = 100 ha 1 sq mile = 640 acres
1 ha = 10,000 m2 1 acre = 43,560 sq ft
1 m2 = 10,000 cm2 1 sq ft = 144 sq in
1 cm2 = 100 mm2 1 cu ft = 7.48 gal liq
1 m3 = 1000 liters 1 gal = 231 cu in
1 liter = 1000 cm3 = 4 quarts liq
1 metric ton = 1000 kg 1 quart = 32 fl oz
1 quintal = 100 kg 1 fl oz = 1.80 cu in
1N = 0.10197 kg•m/s2 1 sh ton = 2000 lb
1 kg = 1000 g 1 lg ton = 2240 lb
1g = 1000 mg 1 lb = 16 oz, avdp
1 bar = 14.504 psi 1 Btu = 778 ft lb
1 cal = 427 kg•m = 0.000393 hph
= 0.0016 cv•h = 0.000293 kwh
= 0.00116 kw•h 1 mechanical hp = 550 ft-lb/sec
torque unit 1 atmosph. = 14.7 lb/in2
1 CV = 75 kg•m/s
1 kg/cm2 = 0.97 atmosph.
POWER UNIT EQUIVALENTS

kW = Kilowatt
hp = Mechanical Horsepower
CV = Cheval Vapeur (Steam
Horsepower)
French Designation For
Metric Horsepower
PS = Pferdestärke (Horsepower)
German Designation For
Metric Horsepower
1 hp = 1.014 CV = 1.014 PS
= 0.7457 kW
1 PS = 1 CV = 0.986 hp
= 0.7355 kW
1 kW = 1.341 hp
= 1.36 CV
= 1.36 PS
27-14 Edition 42
NOTES

THE BROADEST
LINE IN THE MINING INDUSTRY
DEALER SUPPORT
ELECTRIC POWER MINESTAR SYSTEM
GENERATION FLEET
TERRAIN
DETECT
HEALTH
COMMAND
HYDRAULIC
EXCAVATOR
ARTICULATED
TRUCK
TRACK
DRILL
MOTOR GRADER
BLASTHOLE
DRILL
WATER TRUCK
MINING TRUCK
MECHANICAL DRIVE ELECTRIC
ELECTRIC DRIVE ROPE SHOVEL
HYDRAULIC WHEEL
SHOVEL
OPEN PIT
UNDERGROUND TRUCK
SHAFT
DRILL
ROCK MOVER
UNDERGROUND LOADER
CAVING
ROCK FEEDER
ROCK FLOW SYSTEM
HARD ROCK
THE BROADEST PRODUCT LIN

AND THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPORT NETWORK TO S
277
DRAGLINE TRACK-TYPE
TRACTOR
HIGHWALL
LOCOMOTIVE & RAIL SERVICES MINER
SCRAPER
UTILITY WHEEL LOADER

DOZER TRUCK OFF-HIGHWAY
TRUCK
SURFACE MINING: COAL
ROOM &
PILLAR
FEEDER BREAKER ROOF BOLTER UTILITY LOADER SCOOP FACE HAULAGE CONTINUOUS MINER
SHEARER
LONGWALL
ROOF SUPPORT AFC SYSTEM BELT SYSTEM ROOF SUPPORT CARRIER
PLOW
LONGWALL
ROOF SUPPORT AFC SYSTEM
NE IN THE MINING INDUSTRY—

SERVE EVERY MINING REGION IN THE WORLD.
Typical open pit mine
REFERENCE INFORMATION 279
Typical cast or cast strip mine
Mine Site Illustrations

NOTES
281
NOTES
NOTES
283
NOTES
NOTES
285
NOTES
This document is available: at Mining.cat.com

Reference #AEXQ0030-03
Mining.cat.com
© 2013 Caterpillar All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A.

CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, "Caterpillar Yellow," and the POWER EDGE trade dress as well as
corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.
Cat and Caterpillar are registered trademarks of Caterpillar Inc., 100 N.E. Adams, Peoria IL 61629.
AEXQ0030-03

FieldGuide2013 HR

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FieldGuide2013 HR

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A REFERENCE GUIDE TO

SURFACE MINING APPLICATIONS

Cost-per-Ton Improvement (%)

Large Wheel Loader

Hydraulic Front Shovel

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and

Optimal Bench Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift

Cycle Times 28 – 42 seconds (depending on model)

Bucket Fill Factor in 90 – 110%

Conditions • Poor underfoot conditions

Ideal System Match

Model 770 772 773 775 777 785 789 793

Model 988H 990H 992K 993K 994H

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Parallel dig pattern

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Things to watch for (GET)

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and

Optimal Bench Approx 75% of max. vertical reach / height

Bucket Fill Factor 90 – 100%

Conditions • Excessive tramming

IDEAL SYSTEM MATCH

Model 6015 FS 6018 FS 6030 FS 6040 FS 6050 FS 6060 FS 6090 FS

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

1. First two passes: 1

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and

Optimal Bench Length of stick, or between truck side rail

Bucket Fill Factor 90 – 100%

Conditions • High benches

Ideal System Match

Model 6015 6018 6030 6040 6050 6060

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Sufficient bench height

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Truck on lower level — typical application

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Truck on upper level — top loading

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and

Optimal Bench Between Parallel Dipper Arm and Boom

Conditions • Working a single face of the correct

Ideal system match

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Dig angle effect on power requirements

Dig Angle Power Requirement to Lift Load*

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Suggested Starting Points for Adjusting the Tooth Angle and

Material Diggability Approximate Dipper

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Swing Arc Approximate Percentage of Optimum Output

• Avoid swing angles that exceed 90°

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques