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Assessment of heavy metals in soil (A case study of a mechanic workshop in

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Sky Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 5(5), pp. 085 - 090, September, 2015
Available online http://www.skyjournals.org/SJSSEM
ISSN 2315-8794© 2015 Sky Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of heavy metals in soil (A case study of a

mechanic workshop in Kumin Mashi Kaduna State)
Ogwo E.I1*, Ukaogo O. P2 and Egedeuzu C.S2
1
Department of Environmental Resource management, Abia State University, P. M.B 2000, Uturu-Nigeria.
2
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, P. M. B 2000, Uturu-Nigeria.
Accepted 17 August, 2015

Soil samples from 24 locations around Kumin Mashi Mechanic Village, Kaduna State, Nigeria were collected
and analyzed. The study was undertaken to assess the level of heavy metals present in soils around those
locations. Soil depths of 0 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm were taken from each spot, producing 48 soil samples while
the control sample was taken from an area with no mechanic activities. The samples were collected using the
combing and quartering method, dried, sieved and the heavy metal loads were then determined by atomic
absorption spectrometry. The mean metal concentration of the heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn) within the auto
workshops are 7.36 - 36.9 mg/kg, 8.2 - 60.945 mg/kg, 1963.00 - 8832.800 mg/kg and 52.2 - 115.0 mg/kg
respectively while their mean concentrations on the farmlands are 0.718 – 1.157 mg/kg, 0.004 – 0.306 mg/kg,
1244.00 – 3701.400 mg/kg and 12.55 – 31.0 mg/kg respectively. The control sample had concentrations of 0.280
– 0.344 mg/kg, <0.004 mg/kg, 386.000 – 598.400 mg/kg and 6.240 – 8.424 mg/kg respectively. The heavy metal
concentrations in the mechanic village soil samples showed marked difference when compared to the control
samples but slightly differed from their concentration in the farmlands. Though the metal concentration in the
farmlands and the control varied slightly, there is the tendency of heavy pollution above the intervention value,
which could come from wastes from mechanic activities. The trend of heavy metal pollution is Fe>Zn>>Pb>Cd.
Statistical analysis carried out showed that the load of these heavy metals in the mechanic village was
significantly different from values obtained in the farmlands, indicating that the mechanic village is the
contributor of these heavy metals. Pearson correlation studies showed that these metals had positive
correlations; i.e. increase in Lead content for example caused a corresponding increase in the load of the other
elements. The same trend was observed for Cadmium, Zinc and Iron.

Key words: Concentration, atomic absorption spectrometry, heavy metal.

INTRODUCTION

The term heavy metal has been called a
‘’misinterpretation’’ in an IUPAC technical report due to
the contradictory definition and its lack of a coherent
scientific basis (John, 2002). There is an alternative term,
toxic metal, for which no consensus of exact definition
exists either. Heavy metals can include some of the
heaviest metals. Concentration of metals in soil is an
indicator of environmental pollution (Hajra, 2010).
*Corresponding author. E-mail: mailprinso@yahoo.com.
Tel.:+2347033808597.
Interestingly, small amounts of these elements are
common in our environment and diet but large amounts
of them may cause acute or chronic toxicity (poisoning).
Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced
mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels
and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver
and other vital organs. Long term exposure may result in
slowly progressing physical, muscular and neurological
degenerative processes. Allergies are not uncommon
and repeated long-term contact may even cause cancer
(IOSHIC, 1999). For some heavy metals, toxic levels can
86 Sky. J. Soil. Sci. Environ. Manage.
be just above the background concentration naturally
found in nature. Therefore, it is important for us to inform
ourselves about the heavy metals and to take protective
measures against excessive exposure. In most
uncommon medical condition; if unrecognized or
inappropriately treated, toxicity can result in significant
illness and reduced quality of life (Ferner, 2001).
Lide (1992) defined heavy metals as chemical
elements with a specific gravity that is at least 5 times the
specific gravity of water. The specific gravity of water is 1
at 4°C (39°F). Simply stated, specific gravity is a measure
of density of a given amount of solid substance when it is
compared to an equal amount of water. Some well-known
toxic metallic elements with a specific gravity that is 5 or
more than that of water are Arsenic (5), Cadmium (8.65),
Iron (7.6), Lead (111.34) and Mercury (13.546).
Living organisms require varying amounts of heavy
metals. Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Manganese
(Mn), Molybdenium (Mo) and Zinc (Zn) are required by
humans and some other living organisms. Excessive
levels of these elements can cause damage to the
organism. Mercury, Plutonium and Lead are toxic metals
that have no known vital or beneficial effect. Within the
European community, the thirteen (13) elements of
highest concern are Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt,
Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Manganese, Nickel, Lead,
Tin and Thallium (Goyer, 1997). The emission of these
elements are regulated in waste incinerators and
smelting furnaces. Some of these elements are
necessary for humans in trace amounts( Co, Cu, Ni, Mn,
Cr) while others are carcinogenic, toxic or affect the
central nervous system (Mn, Hg, Pb, As) the kidney or
liver (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu) or skin, bones or teeth (Ni, Cd, Cu,
Cr) (Jarup and others, 2004). Some of the sources of
these metals include purification of metals such as
smelting and nuclear fuels, electroplating (chromium and
cadmium), or by ion exchange into soils and mud.
Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals do not decay
and thus pose a different kind of challenge for
remediation (Williams and others, 2000). Plants which
exhibit hyper accumulation can be used to remove heavy
metals from soils by concentrating them on their bio
matter (John, 2002).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study was carried out in Kumin Mashi Mechanic
Village, Kaduna State. Kurmin Mashi is a place with a
very small population in the state/region of Kaduna,
Nigeria which is located in the continent/region of Africa.
Kaduna is an ancient city with Latitude. 10.5542°,
Longitude. 7.4189°. The town is made up of immigrant
workers from other states whose major occupations
range from trading, artisanship, civil service, farming etc.
The Mechanic village is in the Kaduna main town, along
the Kaduna-Zaria express way. There are farmlands
close to the mechanic village, with the farmlands being
prone to contamination by agricultural runoff. The local
people who inhabit the area along the mechanic village
are mostly farmers and so depend on the farms for their
earnings.
Sample collection
The sampling was performed in the mechanic village in
the outskirts of Kaduna-Zaria express way. The soil
samples were collected at different depths from three (3)
different farmlands and five (5) auto mechanic
workshops. Thirty (30) samples were collected from the
three (3) farmlands, five (5) spots on each farmland about
twenty (20 m) from the other, with a depth of (0 - 10) cm
and (10 - 20) cm on each spot. Eight (8) other samples
were collected from four (4) different spots; about ten (10)
meters from each other near the auto mechanic
workshops. The locations were selected to represent
different areas in the auto mechanic workshops in Kumin
mashi Mechanic Village, Kaduna State and also to
examine their corresponding effects on farmlands
situated some distances away from the mechanic
workshops. Control samples were taken from an area
which does not have auto mechanic workshops within the
radius of 5km. The area is located across the road, in a
village called Banawa low courts, Kaduna State.
Method of sample collection
The soil samples (0 - 10cm and 10 - 20cm) from each
location were collected using the combing and quartering
method. The composite sample was placed in a hard
clean surface and then divided into four (4) even
quarters. Two opposite quarters were removed and the
two remaining quarters were mixed together again. The
process was repeated until a sample of the required size
was obtained. The collected samples were then
transferred into black polyethene bags to avoid being
mixed together.
The samples were labeled as follows:
FL1Aa, FL1Ab, FLIBa, FL1Bb, FL1Ca, FL1Cb, FLIDa,
FL1Db, FLIEa, FLIEb, FL2Aa, FL2Ab, FL2Ba, FL2Bb,
FL2Ca, FL2Cb, FL2Da, FL2Db, FL2Ea, FL2Eb, FL3Aa,
FL3Ab, FL3Ba, FL3Ca, FL3Cb, FL3Da, FL3Db, FL3Ea,
FL3Eb, MV1a, MV1b, MV2a, MV2b, MW3a, MV3b,
MV4a, MV4b, MV5a, MV5b, NMV1a, NMV1b, NMV2a,
NMV2b, NMV3a, NMV3b, NMV4a, NMV4b, CTa and
CTb.
Where: FL = Farmland; 1-3 = Location of the farmlands
respectively; a = 0-10cm depth; b =10-0 cm depth.
A-E = Respective spots on the farmlands; MV =
 Ogwo et al. 87

Table 1. Showing the results of the heavy metals Pb and Cd in the farmlands.

Pb(mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg)
Spot 1 Spot 2 Spot 3 Spot 4 Spot 5 Spot 1 Spot 2 Spot 3 Spot 4 Spot 5
0-10cm depth 3.592 0.544 0.020 0.028 0.036 0.792 <0.004 0.004 <0.004 0.004
Farm 1 10-20cm depth 2.880 0.368 0.036 0.016 0.292 0.480 <0.004 0.004 <0.004 0.004
Farm 2 0-10cm depth 1.720 0.024 2.880 0.004 0.544 0.120 <0.004 0.004 <0.004 <0.004
10-20cm depth 1.848 0.028 3.040 0.004 0.864 0.008 <0.004 0.004 <0.004 <0.004
Farm 3 0-10cm depth <0.004 4.012 0.028 1.608 1.604 <0.004 0.012 0.004 0.808 0.404
10-20cm depth <0.004 0.016 0.012 1.256 2.504 <0.004 0.016 0.012 0.444 0.056

Table 2. Result of heavy metals in the farmlands.

Zn (mg/kg) Fe (mg/kg)
Spot 1 Spot 2 Spot 3 Spot 4 Spot 5 Spot 1 Spot 2 Spot 3 Spot 4 Spot 5
0-10cm depth 12.040 11.920 15.600 12.000 11.200 4.276 2.588 0.436 4.540 0.406
Farm 1 10-20cm depth 13.000 10.000 17.040 14.000 9.400 2.624 1.826 0.370 3.760 0.362
0-10cm depth 13.840 12.400 16.000 12.800 12.640 6.689 7.585 0.473 3.470 0.296
Farm 2 10-20cm depth 12.000 13.000 15.040 13.880 13.720 4.369 4.191 0.357 3.200 0.243
0-10cm depth 25.640 28.000 31.440 37.720 32.720 1.873 0.610 0.323 3.644 0.355
Farm 3 10-20cm depth 22.400 25.600 32.080 27.680 16.080 1.678 0.536 0.320 3.337 0.316

Mechanic village; NMV = Near mechanic village; CT =
Control.
Sample preparation
5.0g of the samples were oven dried at 60°C until
moisture contents were removed. Soils (sieved) were
weighed and digested by wet method. This digestion was
operated in a closed system. Closed system, improves
the reaction kinetics, allowing digestion to be carried out
in a matter of hours. This closed system process makes it
clear that temperature represents the most significant
parameter. It is the ultimate determinant of the digestion
quality but also results in a pressure increase in the
vessel. The speed with which samples are heated can
result in exothermic reactions during the digestion
process (Kotz and others, 1972). For safety purpose,
heating was done in special heater blocks and not in a
laboratory oven.
Sample digestion
To digest the soil samples, an acid mixture (extracting
mixture) of concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid
(H2SO4) and Salicyclic acid (C7H6O3) in the presence of
Selenium catalyst was done.
Procedure
5 g of the processed samples were weighed into
digestion bottles. 5.0 ml of the extracting mixture was
added to the sample processed and allowed to stand for
few minutes. The sample mixture was then placed inside
a heating block of a stainless steel pressure digestion
system inside a fume cupboard. The temperature was set
at 60°C and allowed to heat for about four (4) h. The
digest was allowed to cool and was transferred into a fifty
(50 ml) volumetric flask and made up to twenty (20 ml)
mark with deionized and distilled water. The
concentrations of the trace metals were then estimated
using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer: 969502369
v 5.66, Gilson 221/SM 90, Result File:
C:/SOLAAR32/DATA/SOLAAR SLR.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
From the results, the sequence of heavy metal load on
the location is as follows: mechanic village > near
mechanic village > farmlands > control sample. This
sequence is comparable to the one reported by
(Onianwu, 1995) for top soil. The burden of heavy metals
in the soil samples collected from the auto mechanic
village workshops are generally higher than those from
the control site; a trend observed in contaminated soils by
(Jinadasa and others, 1997; Adeniyi ,1996).
Lead: The concentration of lead reduced while moving
from the mechanic village to near mechanic village down
to the farmlands (Tables 1, 3, 4 and 6). This implies that
the presence of these metals in the farmlands have their
sources from the mechanic workshops. The control
sample had a lesser concentration when compared to the
results obtained from the other sources (Tables 1, 3, 4
and 5) the high load of these metals in the mechanic
village could be attributed to the emissions from vehicles
containing gasoline blended with tetra ethyl or tetra
88 Sky. J. Soil. Sci. Environ. Manage.

Table 3. Showing results of heavy metals near the farmlands.

Pb(mg/kg) Cd(mg/kg) Zn(mg/kg) Fe(g/kg)

0-10cm 10-20 0-10cm 10-20 0-10cm 10-20cm 0-10cm 10-20cm
Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth
Spot 1 13.840 12.040 35.040 17.600 60.800 58.400 4.800 4.032
Spot 2 8.200 8.200 16.120 12.720 48.000 49.440 3.598 3.802
Spot 3 7.200 7.600 10.800 9.400 46.000 43.600 0.007 0.008
Spot 4 1.840 1.640 1.120 1.440 66.000 60.000 0.010 0.010

Table 4. Result of heavy metals in the mechanic village.

Pb(mg/kg) Cd(mg/kg) Zn(mg/kg) Fe(g/kg)

0-10cm 10-20 0-10cm 10-20 0-10cm 10-20cm 0-10cm 10-20cm
depth depth depth Depth depth depth depth Depth
Spot 1 40.320 39.600 73.040 65.680 86.000 106.800 7.158 6.682
Spot 2 31.840 32.040 36.324 9.840 61.200 70.400 8.041 7.802
Spot 3 19.320 27.120 17.840 16.000 144.800 140.400 12.802 9.600
Spot 4 44.080 36.240 115.040 69.280 170.400 124.000 11.203 7.040
Spot 5 49.040 45.360 62.480 64.0080 112.800 109.600 4.960 4.020

Table 5. Result of the heavy metals in the control.

Pb(mg/kg) Cd(mg/kg) Zn(mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg)

0-10cm 10-20cm 0-10cm 10-20cm 0-10cm 10-20cm 0-10cm 10-20cm
Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth depth Depth Depth
0.344 0.280 <0.004 <0.004 8.424 6.240 598.400 386.000

methyl lead. The blend improves the octane rating of
such fuels (Harrison and others 1981; Hamanci and
others, 1997) the lead is converted to lead II oxide (PbO)
and lead IV oxide (PbO2) on combustion which is then
transformed into volatile PbCl2, PbBr2 and PbBrCl by the
addition of dichloro or dibromo methane to the gasoline.
The reduced concentration of lead moving towards the
farmlands and away from the mechanic village could be
because of chelation with exchange sites in the soil, soil
type (sandy loam) which hardly permits mobility because
of the presence of clay, also, microbial reduction of these
metals may result in their reduced mobility and toxicity.
Though most of the samples have concentrations
higher than the control, they have not exceeded some
established standards but with an increase in mechanic
activities, the load of lead in the soil might be increased.
Cadmium: The same sequence of heavy metal load
observed for Lead was also applicable to Cadmium. The
auto mechanic soils had the highest load of Cadmium
followed by near mechanic village samples then the
farmlands. This is seen in Tables 1, 3, 4 and 6. The
concentration of Cadmium in the farmlands reduced
drastically even below established standards. This could
be attributed to leaching, making ridges and planting etc.
The result shows that Cadmium concentration was least
in the farmlands. This could be attributed to the fact that
Cadmium is strongly bound to organic matter and also
has a weak absorption to clay (Prokop and others, 2003)
Van Assche and Ciarletta (1998) developed a model for
Cadmium exposure for human beings and they attributed
Cadmium exposure to various sources. Their analysis
acknowledges that most human cadmium exposure
comes from ingestion of foods which are contaminated by
Cadmium via plant uptake from fertilizers, sewage,
sludge, manure and atmospheric depositions. Some of
their assumptions and data inputs have been based in
large part, on actual data from Belgium and European
communities. Table 7 shows that Cd has high
concentration in MV than in NMV.
Zinc: From Tables (2, 3, 4 and 5) Zinc followed the
same trend as Lead and Cadmium in the sampled soils.
Zinc was highest in the mechanic village (170,400 mg/kg)
followed by near mechanic village (66,000 mg/kg) and
then the farmlands (37,200 mg/kg on farm III). The
concentration of Zinc in the sampled areas was very high
above the values obtained for the control (Table 5) and
even higher than the stipulated standards (Table 8 and
9). Looking at the farmlands, the third farmland (farm III)
had the highest concentration of Zinc. This high
concentration indicates that activities which promote the
production of Zinc such as painting, welding, hammering,
dumping of scrap metals are carried out in the mechanic
village workshops. Free zinc ions in solution are highly
 Ogwo et al. 89

Table 6. Mean metal concentration in the soil.

Farm I Farm II Farm III

0-10cm depth 10-20cm depth 0-10cm depth 10-20cm depth 0-10cm depth 10-20cm depth
Pb 4.548 ± (0.516)*(0.364)** 3.592±(1.218)*(0.292)** 5.172±(1.245)*(0.544)** 5.784±(1.295)*(0.864)** 7.255±(1.638)*(1.604)** 3.79±(1.115)*(0.016)**

Cd 0.806±(0.353)*(0.004)** 0.494±(0.213)*(0.004)** 0.133±(0.052)*(0.003)** 0.021±(0.002)*(0.003)** 1.231±(0.358)*(0.012)** 1.531±(0.190)*(0.016)**

Zn 62.76±(1.74)*(12.00)** 63.44±(3.11)*(13.00)** 67.68±(1.48)*(12.80)** 67.64±(1.12)*(13.72)** 155±(4)*(31)** 123.84±(5.99)*(25.10)**

Fe 12.244±(1.997)*(2.586)** 8.464±(1.433)*(1.826)** 18.507±(3.396)*(3.470)** 12.36±(2.03)*(3.20)** 6.826±(1.434)*(0.610)** 6.22±(1.32)*(0.54)**

* -- Standard Deviation
** ---Median

Table 7. Mean metal concentration in the soil.

NMV MV
0-10cm depth 10-20cm depth 0-10cm depth 10-20cm depth
31.04±(4.93)*(7.70)** 29.44±(4.31)*(7.90)** 184.6±(11.7)*(40.3)** 180.36±(6.98)*(36.24)**
63.08±(14.27)*(13.46)** 41.2±(6.8)*(11.1)** 304.724±(37.213)*(62.480)** 224.88±(29.40)*(64.08)**
220.8±(9.7)*(54.4)** 211.44±(7.73)*(53.92)** 575.2±(43.9)*(112.8)** 551.2±(25.9)*(109.6)**
8.415±(2.469)*(1.804)** 7.852±(2.258)*(1.906)** 44.164±(3.154)*(8.041)** 35.144±(2.024)*(7.040)**
*-standard deviation
**-median

toxic to plants, invertebrates, some vertebrates
and even some organisms. (Muyessen and
others, 2006). Zinc was the most significant
contaminants, and the degree of contamination
was highest for Zn in MV (table 7) compared to
(Ayodele and Modupe, 2008).
Iron: The concentration values obtained for Iron
were very high. They were converted to g/kg
instead of mg/kg. Tables 1, 3, 4 and 5 shows that
concentration of Iron is very high in the three
farmlands particularly on farm II. Scrap vehicles,
bolts, nuts, used cans and grinding etc make Iron
sufficiently present. The results obtained from the
farmlands, near mechanic village and the
mechanic villages are higher than both the control
(Table 5) and some established standards,
indicating that activities which promote the
production of Iron are much prevalent.
Iron uptake is tightly regulated by the human
body. The body has no physiological means of
disposing Iron. Only small Iron is lost due to
mucosal and skin epithelial cell sloughing.
Therefore, uptake of Iron is mostly by regulating
its uptake (Kumar and others, 2005). Iron
supplements should only be taken if there is
deficiency of Iron. High blood levels of Iron
damage the DNA, proteins and lipids. Excess Iron
when noticed can be removed by the use of
specific chelating agents called deferxamine
(C25H48N6O8). It binds and removes the excess
Iron from the body (Tenenbeing, 1996).
Conclusion
The presence of these metals in the farmlands is
an indicator that the mechanic village is a major
source of heavy metals due to the different types
of activities going on inside it. The concentration
of Iron was highest in all the samples followed by
Zinc, then Lead while Cadmium had the least
(Fe>>Zn>>Pb>Cd). Results from Table 5 shows
that the mechanic village
90 Sky. J. Soil. Sci. Environ. Manage.

had the highest concentration of the metals and there
was no much difference between the values obtained
near the mechanic village and the farmlands. This implies
that the mechanic village is the major source of these
heavy metals.
Our investigations revealed that the mean
concentrations of Iron and Zinc (Table 6) exceeded the
soil boundary values established by authoritative bodies,
indicating that the mechanic village and its environments
are polluted with mostly Iron and Zinc with respect to the
four (4) metals studied. Lead poses a great threat to life.
From the results, Lead has not exceeded the standard
limits in the farmlands but the trend (mechanic village >
near mechanic village > farmlands) is an indication that
the farms got exposed to Lead but in small amounts.
Foods harvested from such locations through
bioaccumulation, become poisonous. The case in
Zamfara State, Nigeria where Lead poisoning killed
scores stands to buttress the effect of Lead poisoning.
The poisoning was caused by the illegal extraction of
gold by the villagers. The soils contaminated by Lead,
poisoned people through hand-to-mouth contamination.
Food and water in that area were major sources of the
contamination.
Cadmium in small amounts can cause impairment. It is
normally bound with organic matter in the soil hence,
becomes available for plants grown in such area in the
form of manure. This indicates that the presence of
Cadmium in the sampled farmlands is already an
indicator of threat.
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