I. Look at these pictures, what can you say about them? what do you think they refer to?

the text refers to dessert recipes

Rain occurs when water vapor

condenses from gas to liquid and

becomes droplets that contain clouds and fall
II. Do you know what a sequence is?
_ Series of elements that follow one another and are related to each
other.____________________________________________________________________

III.Do you know what sequence words are?

___ Sequence words indicate when an event happens in a story, such as "first", "then", or "finally", to
properly order the following actions._

A Sequence words pattern of organization arranges information according to a

progression of time, either forward or backward. When a topic is best understood in terms of
different segments of time, a chronological format works well, and also, arranges information
according to a step-by-step sequence that describes a particular process. Using a sequential
pattern, each main section of information represents a main step that one would follow in
the actual process. The points included within each main section represent the sub-steps one
would follow. When one wishes to describe a process that follows a specific series of steps in
a particular order, then, a sequential pattern works well.

We use the sequence pattern:

Commonly used in anthropology, history, art history and political science.
It answers the questions relating to time.

Example:
Between now and the election, the candidate will make a number of campaign stops
throughout the U.S.

Signal words
• first, third…; next, then, finally, eventually, following this, before, after, initially, at the
beginning, between now and …,
• Other signal words for this pattern are dates, years, times of the day, seasons, and
plain numbers.

http://faculty.washington.edu/ezent/impo.htm#SEQP

IV. Do you know what a chronological order is?

_It is the form of organization that obeys the logical succession of seconds, minutes, hours, days, months,
years or centuries, as appropriate

Now let´s read this text!

I. Read this text

George Washington

On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as
the first President of the United States. "As the first of everything, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent," he wrote
James Madison, "it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles.“

Born in 1732 into a Virginia planter family, he learned the morals, manners, and body of knowledge requisite for an 18th century
Virginia gentleman.

He pursued two intertwined interests: military arts and western expansion. At 16 he helped survey Shenandoah lands for Thomas,
Lord Fairfax. Commissioned a lieutenant colonel in 1754, he fought the first skirmishes of what grew into the French and Indian
War. The next year, as an aide to Gen. Edward Braddock, he escaped injury although four bullets ripped his coat and two horses
were shot from under him.

From 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, Washington managed his lands around Mount Vernon and served in the
Virginia House of Burgesses. Married to a widow, Martha Dandridge Custis, he devoted himself to a busy and happy life. But like his
fellow planters, Washington felt himself exploited by British merchants and hampered by British regulations. As the quarrel with
the mother country grew acute, he moderately but firmly voiced his resistance to the restrictions.

When the Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia in May 1775, Washington, one of the Virginia delegates, was
elected Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. On July 3, 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he took command of his ill-
trained troops and embarked upon a war that was to last six grueling years.

He realized early that the best strategy was to harass the British. He reported to Congress, "we should on all Occasions avoid a
general Action, or put anything to the Risque, unless compelled by a necessity, into which we ought never to be drawn." Ensuing
battles saw him fall back slowly, then strike unexpectedly. Finally in 1781 with the aid of French allies--he forced the surrender of
Cornwallis at Yorktown.

Washington longed to retire to his fields at Mount Vernon. But he soon realized that the Nation under its Articles of Confederation
was not functioning well, so he became a prime mover in the steps leading to the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in
1787. When the new Constitution was ratified, the Electoral College unanimously elected Washington President.

He did not infringe upon the policy making powers that he felt the Constitution gave Congress. But the determination of foreign
policy became preponderantly a Presidential concern. When the French Revolution led to a major war between France and
England, Washington refused to accept entirely the recommendations of either his Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who was
pro-French, or his Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who was pro-British.

To his disappointment, two parties were developing by the end of his first term. Wearied of politics, feeling old, he retired at the
end of his second. In his Farewell Address, he urged his countrymen to forswear excessive party spirit and geographical distinctions.
In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances.

Washington enjoyed less than three years of retirement at Mount Vernon, for he died of a throat infection December 14, 1799. For
months the Nation mourned him.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewashington
 II. Now that you know what sequence words are, give 3 examples from the text.

1.______ George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in
New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States.
_________________________________________________________________

2.___ Ensuing battles saw him fall back slowly, then strike
unexpectedly.______________________________________________________________
______

3.______ Finally in 1781 with the aid of French allies--he forced the surrender of Cornwallis
at Yorktown

III.Now , answer the following questions to give a chronological order to the events
that are presented in the text.

1. What happened before 1754?

He pursued two intertwined interests: military arts and western expansion. At 16 he helped survey Shenandoah lands for
Thomas, Lord Fairfax. Commissioned a lieutenant colonel in 1754, he fought the first skirmishes of what grew into the
French and Indian War. _

2. What is the last event presented in the reading?

Washington enjoyed less than three years of retirement at Mount Vernon, for he died of a throat infection December 14,
1799. For months the Nation mourned him. _

3. How many sequences can you find? Write them below.

_

First, firstly, Next, then, After, Finally,

IV. According to the sequence given in the text gives, which event has to happen
first?. Organize them by numbers.

4 the aid of French allies, he forced the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown.

-3___ In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances.

1
born into a Virginia planter family, he learned the morals, manners, and body of knowledge
requisite for an 18th century Virginia gentleman.

2 he fought the first skirmishes of what grew into the French and Indian War.

5 Washington enjoyed less than three years of retirement at Mount Vernon, for he died of
a
throat infection.
6 he became a prime mover in the steps leading to the Constitutional
Convention at Philadelphia
 V. Read the text again. Look at the underlined dates Write the events related to each date.

Date Event
April 30, 1789 George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York,
took his oath of office as the first President of the United States
December 14, Washington he died of a throat infection December 14, 1799.
1799
On July 3, 1775 Washington, one of the Virginia delegates, was elected Commander in Chief
of the Continental Army. On July 3, 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
In 1732 Born in 1732 into a Virginia planter family
Finally in 1781 with the aid of French allies--he forced the surrender of Cornwallis at
In 1781
Yorktown.

From 1759 From 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, Washington managed
his lands around Mount Vernon and served in the Virginia House of
Burgesses.
May 1775, . When the Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia in May
1775, Washington, one of the Virginia delegates, was elected Commander in
Chief of the Continental Army.

VI.Look at thESE PICTURES. What do you think thEY MEan? WritE soME liNES about it

A) The first image shows a beach that later caused a flood

A)

B) The first image shows a man with a lot of money, then they burn the money and he runs out of money in the third image

B)
 A cause and effect paragraph is a paragraph that indicates the cause (or
reason) that produces an effect (or result), or the paragraph that points out the
effect (or result) produced by a cause. The function of cause/effect is usually to
answer the questions 'Why", such as Why did it happen?" or "What", such as
'What are its causes?" or 'What are its effects?" In short, the cause/effect
paragraph explains why a condition occurs or the effect that this condition
brings about.

Causes Effect
result in results from
is a cause of is due to
can help so because the
can make effect of
because of
http://e-book.ram.edu/e-
book/e/EN305(41)/en305-
6.pdf

VII. In thE following paragraphs, what is thE cauSE and what ARE thE EFFECTS?

A) These decisions were made way back in the 1940s. If this is the first major power shortage associated with the Guri Dam, then it

Cause: demand for energy has grown and as the standard of living improves there is also increased demand for energy by households.
Unfortunately there is no tap to turn on the flow of water in the Caroni River only rain can do that.

Effects: effects of drought are evident as water supplies are getting scarce on some islands.

“The biggest danger is within us”, warns Chávez. He adds officers incompetence to the corruption. He probably does this to tran
B)

Cause: He adds officers incompetence to the corruption.

Effects: The real reason of the measures against RCTV is that such TV channel, with the most audience, has constituted the voice
and image of the ones that protest and claim, almost always dressed with red shirts.
 VIII. READ thE following tExt. WritE thE cauSE and thE EFFECTS on thE liNES BELow

Over the last fifteen months, Venezuela has suffered from tremendous political turbulence. As I argued in the
November/December 2001 issue of Foreign Affairs, the deficient performance of Hugo Chavez's populist
government undermined its popularity. The opposition, comprised of political parties, powerful business
groups, trade unions, and other sectors of civil society, therefore put increasing pressure on the president
through a series of protests. When one of these mass demonstrations provoked a violent response from the
president's followers in April 2002, factions within the military tried to force Chavez to resign. But the political
blunders of the coup plotters and the unexpected resilience of Chavez's hard-core followers among the poor
and elsewhere in the military quickly allowed the president to return to office. This unforeseen resurrection
embarrassed the Bush government, which had seemingly condoned the coup.

Chastened by this political near-death experience, Chavez initially promised to pursue reconciliation. But
radical sectors among his followers and intransigent groups in the opposition posed insurmountable obstacles
to any such effort, and Chavez's penchant for fiery rhetoric soon overwhelmed his good intentions--if they
were ever sincere. Also, the deteriorating economy, shaken by a large-scale devaluation in early 2002 and
rocked by the political turmoil, exacerbated disaffection among the business community and the rest of the
citizenry. In polls, a majority of the population favored the president's resignation. Only a limited, but
increasingly organized and armed group of fervent followers continued to support the president.

Political tensions again escalated in the second half of 2002. In December, business and labor organizations
declared a general strike designed to bring down the government and lead to new elections. When most
workers of the state oil company, PDVSA--which produces three quarters of Venezuela's exports and supplies
the state with approximately half of its tax revenues--joined the stoppage and brought petroleum production
and shipments almost to a halt, the president's days seemed numbered. But once again, Chavez proved to
have unexpected political resilience. He has been "sitting out" the strike, insisting on completing his
constitutionally guaranteed mandate and hoping that the costly strike would collapse. The Venezuelan
economy has suffered tremendous damage from this irresponsible war of attrition; it will take weeks to
increase oil production once the strike ends.

http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64209/kurt-weyland/venezuelas-worsening-political-crisis

Causes

1._ Venezuela has suffered from 4_ As I argued in the November/December 2001 issue of Foreign
tremendous political turbulence. Affairs, the deficient performance of Hugo Chavez's populis
___ ___
2._ The opposition, comprised of
political parties, powerful business
groups, trade unions, and other
sectors of civil society, therefore put
increasing pressure on the president
through a series of protests.
___
3._ When one of these mass
demonstrations provoked a violent
response from the president's
followers in April 2002
 Effects

1._ Chastened by this political near-

death experience, Chavez initially
promised to pursue reconciliation.
2.
In april 2002,
factions
within the
military
tried to force
Chavez to
resign.

3, This unforeseen resurrection

embarrassed the Bush government,
which had seemingly condoned the
coup.

4. In polls, a majority of
the population favored the
president's resignation.
 I. Look at thESE SENtENCES and find thE cauSE and thE EffECT. WritE thEM down.

A) Obama's policies or communication strategies were the primary cause of his declining
approval ratings.

Cause:

_ Obama's policies or communication strategies

Effect:

_ declining approval ratings.

B) The Obama administration’s fiscal stimulus has also significantly helped the economy

Cause:

_ The Obama administration’s

Effect:
_ significantly helped the economy

C) Police seized a large quantity of marijuana, confiscated four guns and arrested a 33-year-old man
during a raid at an apartment near an Oakland elementary school, authorities said.

Cause:

_ Police seized a large quantity of marijuana, confiscated four guns

Effect:

_ arrest a 33 year old man during a raid at an apartment near an Oakland elementary school,
authorities said.