GETTING RID OF THE RATS ‘The government of New Zealand plans to remove all introduced ‘predators’ from the country by 2050. Location of New Zealand The introduced predators include rats, stoats and possums. Alll of these animals are mammals. ‘The mammals were introduced to New Zealand from Europe or Australia Apart from bats, whales and dolphins, New Zealand has no native mammals, 1 What is the most likely explanation for the absence of native mammals in New Zealand? A. The climate is too extreme to support mammals. B_ Islands as small as New Zealand cannot support mammals, C The New Zealand islands are remote, so land mammals did not reach them naturally. D There has not been enough time for mammals to have evolved in New Zealand. 2 The rats, stoats and possums in New Zealand kill very large numbers of native birds ‘What does this suggest about the native birds of New Zealand? A All birds in New Zealand are smaller than rats, stoats and possums. B Birds in New Zealand are only hunted by introduced predatory mammals. © Birds in New Zealand are more nutritious than birds from Europe or Australia. D Many birds in New Zealand lack adaptations that protect them from predatory mammals,‘One of the birds most at threat from the introduced predators are Kiwis. These are flightless birds that are only found in New Zealand, In many ways, Kiwis behave like small ground living mammals, rather than birds. However, they are classified as birds. 3 Based on the classification of Kiwis as birds, which of these features would you expect them to show? Select the column that provides correct response for each feature, Based on the classification of Kiwis as birds would alal elle ‘you expect them to show this feature? warm blooded no | yes | yes | yes teeth yes | no | yes | no feathers yes | yes | no | yes lays eggs with hard shells yes | yes | yes | no CARPAGEDDON European carp were first put into Australian rivers in the mid-1800s. They are now the dominant species in many waterways. Nearly 80% of all fish in some Australian river systems are now carp. Scientists have been trying to find ways to safely remove carp from Australian rivers. This is so that the river ecosystems can recover. Scientists have discovered a virus which itis estimated will kill up to 80% of the carp. The virus is planned to be released in late 2018, Ifthe virus is successful, many hundreds of tonnes of dead carp will be found in the rivers. A program of collecting and disposing of these dead carp is planned.4 Many people are worried about the presence of carp in the river systems. What would be the basis of this concern? A The carp eat too much food. B The carp reduce the oxygen content in the water. C The carp may cause the extinction of native fish species. D The carp are an unpopular food source for people to catch and 5 What would have been the mos important factor in selecting this particular virus? A Itwas lethal to the carp. B__ It would be cheap to produce. C _Itwas nota native virus but was imported from Europe. D It was not lethal to animals other than carp living in or near the rivers. bale e ey ee 2 Ce) Gia a Na Earthquakes and tsunamis can cause huge amounts of damage. There have been many attempts to design structures that can survive both earthquakes and tsunamis. The amount of damage caused by an earthquake depends on the magnitude (size) of the earthquake. The Richter scale (1-9) is used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes. Magnitude 1 2 3 a 5 6 7 8 9 Similartoa Heavy furniture Buildings Few Total truck passing shift off ‘The effects of earthquakes of different magnitude on the Richter scale6 Which statements about the effect of earthquakes are true and which are false? Select the column that provides a correct response for each statement. Is this statement about earthquakes trueor fase? | A | a | c | po ‘A magnitude 1.9 earthquake would probably be rue: | rues || aro Mie unnoticed by most people. A magnitude 5.0 earthquake would wake up people wo | | ae | save | sue are sleeping Poorly designed buildings would probably be damaged | — | . by a magnitude 6.2 earthquake. ‘alse src: || sre | tale ‘Any earthquake greater than magnitude 4.0 will create |. | «| ame widespread damage 16 buildings Hilge | false | traci] true 7 Inearthquake prone ar springs, ball bearings or special flexible pads built into their foundations. , buildings may need special features. For instance, they may have How would these features help to protect the building from damage in an earthquake? A The features would reduce the magnitude of the earthquake. B The features would prevent the carthquake from happening in the first place. C The features would prevent earth movements from being transferred into the building. D The features would stop the earthquake from reaching the foundations of the building, HOLDING BACK THE WAVES (2) Earthquakes of all sizes produce waves in the surface of the Earth. Reducing the size of these waves before they reach any buildings is now being investigated. ‘A recent experiment drilled holes in the ground to alter the way in which earthquake waves behave. A simulated ‘earthquake’ was created by using a large vibrating pole, buried in the ground. The pole produced waves and detectors were used to observe how far the waves travelled In Part { of the experiment there were no holes drilled into the ground. In Part 2, lines of holes were cut around the vibrating pole. Patt. Part.© Verating Pole © Vevatng Pole Dh viraicn waves stage than those ogra cretnc Maximum cistance at which the waves could be detected, 3K Hole Experiments on waves with holes in the ground (plan view) Without the holes in the ground the waves could be detected 50 m from the vibrating pole. With the holes dug the waves could only be detected 3 m from the pole, However, it was noticed that waves larger than those originally ereated by the pole were detected at point °°. 8 Whats the most likely explanation for the formation of the larger waves close tothe vibrating pole? A B c D The lines of holes reflected the waves back towards the pole. ‘The holes in the ground made the soil weak, so the pole vibrated more. ‘The holes in the ground were creating energy that made the waves larger, The vibrations from the pole damaged the detectors that were measuring the waves. MMaG ke cere ‘The effects of global warming on the water cycle is an important area of research, One already established effect is that as the atmosphere heats it can hold more water vapour. ‘The diagram shows the current water cycle (km"/yr). The diagram shows the amount of water moving and in storage on the Earth (the water budget). = soos - ( ti tt9 Which column correctly shows what may happen to the components of the water cycle as the Earth warms? Water eyele component A B c D ‘ocean evaporation increase | increase | decreass decrease permafrost nochange | decrease | decrease | increase water vapour in atmosphere | inerease | increase | deerease | decrease total mass of water on Earth | increase | nochange | decrease | nochange transpiration of water in plants} decrease | inerea nochange | increase ice decrease | decrease | nochange | nochange 10 Whyis there less precipitation over the oceans shown in the diagram than there is evaporation from the oceans? A Some of the water vapour from the oceans falls as rain over the land. B_ There is 40 km’/yr of surface water running into the oceans, C The missing amount of water is due to transpiration of water by plants on land. D ‘The lost water can be found in the atmosphere and in the ground water aquifers. Lilia APG) ee) Chemicals that slow down or stop fabri retardant chemicals on furniture and clothe buming are known as “fire hhas been banned. irdant’, The use of some fire Experiments have shown that casein, a protein found in milk, can also make fabries fire retardant. Fabrics are soaked in a mixture of casein and distilled water to make them fire retardant. Once the fabrics have dried, experiments show how well the casein mixture works as a fire retardant. wre 1: Cotton and polyester Figure 2: Percentage (%) of sample ‘samples with char marks remaining unburnt blend of cotton | polyester | cotton and lines polyester 86% 77% 0% char cotton polyesteru 2 1B 14 ‘A ‘char’ formed in both samples is shown in Figure 1. The char shows where the flames went out. How must the char work? ‘A The char must nced casein to continue to burn. B The char must use up all of the oxygen in the air. The char must cause the fabric to burn more slowly. D The char must form a protective layer at the edge of the fabric. ‘What is the purpose of the lines on the two fabric samples in Figure 1? A-—Tomeasure how far the flames travel. B_—_Tomeasure the thickness of the char produced. C —Tomake sure the fabrics are of the same length, D_—_Tomake sure the correct fabries are used in the test. The researchers found that if the blend of cotton and polyester was treated with casein it completely burnt. However, they noted that this sample took a lot longer to burn than an “untreated material” ‘To be able to compare these two sets of results, what must ‘untreated material’ be? A Ablend of cotton and polyester with less casein in the mixture. BA blend of cotton and polyester with more casein in the mixture. C _ Ablend of cotton and polyester without any casein in the mixture, DA blend of cotton and polyester with a different fire retardant added. There are possible advantages of using casein as a fire retardant compared to banned chemicals Sclect the column that provides a correct response for each fact about casein. Js this fact about casein an advantage comparedto | 4 | g | ¢ | p banned chemicals? The casein can easily wash off the treated fabrics. yes | yes | no | no Casein is a naturally occurring protein and is non-toxic. | yes | yes | no | yes Casein retardants tend to have a strong unpleasant smell.| no | no | yes | no “The technology to use casein for fire-retardant furniture no | yes | yes | no isnot yet developed. »[eRe eRe ad In the film ‘The Martian’, an explosion inside the pressurised living area blows one of the entrance airlocks off. The astronaut, Mark Watney, is inside the airlock. The airlock lands upside down 50 m away from the living area. Pressurised living area 15 Which of these statements about the explosion is most likely to be correct? A B Explosions cause upward foree. This suggests the roof would be blown off, not the airlock blown away. ‘The explosion is inside the dome so the airlock would always be blown away in a straight line. ‘The foree exerted by the exploding gas on the back of the airlock is not balanced. The path of the airlock can be explained by unbalanced forces, ‘Mars has a much lower gravity than Earth. This would cause the explosion to be quite small. The airlock would be blown only a short distance, not 50 m. 16 Gravity on Mars is much lower than on Earth (0.38 times that of Earth gravity). Which of these statements is most likely to be correct? A B c ‘The gravity on Mars is so low that it has no impact on the movement of the airlock. ‘The low gravity would cause the airlock to fall to the ground more quickly than it would fon Earth. Because Mars is much smaller than Earth, gravity falls off more quickly with height. This ‘means the airlock would stay up longer than if on Earth, Gravitational force acts in the same way on Mars as it does on Earth, However, objects ‘would fall to the ground much slower than they would on Earth.When the airlock was blown out, Mark Watney’s helmet was broken. A hole and many cracks were ‘made in the helmet. Mark covers the hole and cracks with sticky tape. 17 Which of these statements is most likely true about sealing the hole and cracks with tape? A _ Thescience was correct provided two conditions were met. The first, that the tape was strong and did not tear from the air pressure inside the helmet, The second, that the tape was sticky enough to stay on the plastic helmet. B_ Mars has some atmosphere so the loss of air from Mark's spacesuit would not be rapid. He would have plenty of time to seal the hole and cracks. © Mark would have been killed instantly. He would have had no time to put tape over the hole. The film has the science wrong, D This is poor science. The tape could not hold on the outside of the helmet. It would have to be on the inside. eum Cel High flying planes can experience a condition known as ‘icing’. Ieing occurs when moisture in the air freezes and sticks to the surfaces of the plane. Usually this occurs on the front edges of the plane's wings and nose, Icing can be very dangerous as it reduces a plane’s ability to fly safely.18 Which effects of icing could reduce a plane’s ability to fly safely? Select the column that provides a correct response for each effect. Could this effect reduce the plane’s ability to fly safely? | A |B D ‘The ice will reduce the plane’s temperature. yes | yes | no | no The ice will increase the mass of the plane. no | yes | yes | no The ice will alter the shape of the wing. no | no | yes | yes Large planes, such as airliners, usually fly above 10,000 m where the temperature is about -55 °C. It was originally thought that icing could not occur at this altitude because there is no water vapour at this height. Water a this altitude exists only as tiny “ice crystals’ A new condition different from normal icing has been found. It is known as ‘high water ice conditions? (HIWIC). The ice from HWIC usually forms on the front fans of an aircraft’s engines. This is where the temperature is slightly warmer than the outside air. HWIC is very dangerous as it can cause engines to stop. 19 Which of d se explanations could explain how HIWIC occurs in engines? A The ice crystals mix with the fuel, causing both to freeze. B_ The engine temperature causes a chemical reaction with the ice crystals. C The engine warmth acts like a glue to stick the ice crystals from the air together. D The heat from the engine partly melts the ice crystals, which then refreeze in the cold air. 20 Global warming could inerease both normal and HWIC forms of icing, Which effect of global warming could increase plane icing? A More moisture will be present in the air. ‘Warmer temperatures will make water easier to freeze, B C The extra carbon dioxide in the air will also start freezing, D___ The warmer air will be less dense so planes will have to fly higher.70 YEARS IN THE MAKING Just over 70 years ago a 4 km: block of woodland was left to the University of Oxford in a will. This area of woodland is now home to one of the longest running ecology studies anywhere in the world, One of the common species of bird that live in this woodland, Parus major, has been studied for most of those 70 years. This is an insect-eating bird that naturally nests in holes in trees. However, they will breed in nest boxes rather than natural holes if boxes are available. “Most of the studies of this bird are based around placing small metal bands or ‘rings’ on the bird’s leg Adult Parus major. (Note metal ring)a 2 23 Which aspects of Parus major's Select the column that provides a correct respon: jiology probably led to it being studied in this woodland? for cach aspect of the bird’s biology. Would this aspect of the bird’s biology have led it to : aA} p ic] op being studied? The adults foed insects to the chicks. no | yes | no | no ‘The adults willingly use nest boxes to breed in. yes | yes | no | yes The adults and chicks are not disturbed by the presence yes | yes | no | yes of people. This species is common and populations are large. no yes | yes In recent years RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) tags have also been fitted to the legs of these birds. ‘The RFID tags allow scientists to monitor the visits of birds to ‘tracking stations” placed around the woodland. These tracking stations could be feeding locations, sources of water or nest boxes What conditions would have to be met before it was valid to use this technology to study the birds in the woodland? Select the column that provides a correct response for each condition. Would this condition have to be met before the RFID tags could be used to gather reliable information A| Bic] op about the birds? The tags should not alter the behaviour of the birds. yes | yes | yes | no The tags should not alter the lifespan of the birds, yes | yes | no | yes The tags need to be made from biodegradable materials. | yes | no | no | no Studies show that birds now lay their eggs almost 14 days earlier than in the past. Which aspect of the studies in the woodland make it possible for this observation to be made? ‘A This type of data has been gathered in the woodland for a long period of time. B_ The data used in the studies has always been gathered by the same organisation. C There will have been no changes in the woodland during the course of the studies. D __ New technologies have been used to gather better information about the behaviour of the birds,NYLON MUSCLES Nylon is a plastic. It is made by joining many small molecules into one giant molecule. Fishing line is made by drawing liquid nylon out into a strong, flexible fibre. It is possible to use nylon fishing lines to make artificial ‘muscles’ for robots. These muscles are made by: + hanging a weight from a length of fishing line + spinning the weight many times until the twisted fibre forms into a tight coil, When heated the coil will contract. Cooling the coil will cause it to return to its original length again. PEOGR =. Cool coil Heated coi 24 What kind of change happens when a coil of nylon fibre is heated? A areversible chemical change B an irreversible chemical change C __ areversible physical change D___anirreversible physical change 25 Nylon coils can be used as muscles for robots. A coil can be heated by passing electric current through a wire wrapped around the coil. This will make the coil contract. Why is heating the coil by electric current better than heating the coil by hot air or hot water? Select the column that provides a correct response for each advantage. Is this an advantage of using an electric current rather than hot air or hot water? The heating can be controlled by varying the current through the wire, yes | yes | no | no The coil can also be cooled by reversing the electric custent yes | no | yes | no Heating the wire too much can melt the nylon, yes | no | no | yesScientists have recently invented a new form of material to use in 3D printers. The material is used to form implants to help heal broken bones, The implants are soft and flexible and can be printed rapidly if needed. Tt is hoped that these soft implants will replace the hard ceramic or metal implants currently in use. One of the advantages of the new implants is that blood vessels grow into them and new, natural bone starts to form. This regrowth of natural bone does not occur with ceramic or metal implants. 26 The material used in the new implants has a specific set of properties. Which property is the material least likely to possess? A lowtoxicity B high strength C high solubility in water D__ high melting point 27 Implants made from this new material are flexible. Why would this property (flexibility) be usefull when the implants are being used to help heal bones? ‘A The flexibility stores elastic energy that the bone will use to help it heal. B The flexibility allows the implant to change shape if the bone is broken again © The flexibility means that implants of any shape could be used to help heal bones. D The flexibility absorbs some of the naturally occurring forces on the bone as it is healing. Rea ee eo l Researchers have developed a new kind of fabric. The new fabric contains both cotton and carbon fibre. This fabric protects (shields) the wearer from electromagnetic radiation. Smart phones, watches and some medical equipment are sources of electromagnetic radiation Itis possible to use metal to shield objects and people from electromagnetic radiation. However, itis not practical to make everyday clothes from metal 28 The carbon fibre in the new material shares a property with metals. This property allows the carbon fibre to shield people from electromagnetic radiation Which property of the carbon fibre is most likely to provide this protection? A The carbon fibre is very strong. B_ The carbon fibre is very light weight. ‘The carbon fibre can conduct electricity. D The carbon fibre can be moulded into complex shapes. aTo accurately study eclipses, scientists need precise information about the features and position of the moon, 29 Why can we always sce only one side of the Moon? A B c D The other side of the Moon is always dark. The same side of the Moon always faces the Earth, The Moon and the Earth spin in the same direction, The Moon and the Earth spin in opposite directions. 30 Which is the best way to find the distance to the Moon?” A B c D Bounce a beam of light off the Moon and time its retum. Observe two craters far apart on the Moon. Send a rocket to the Moon and return it to Earth Observe the Moon from two places far apart on EarthCorrect in an one, 1 opie undenondng of hae thatthe psa endronmen pasinexantem dentpment | [neces a co fa Re ea SO FORTE 7 bites tc eames erin eye 2 1 fs ests Fp TON 5 aca ey a Re HR CoRR a 6 reas a reseed noni rm =. 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