SELF FROM

PSYCHOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE

Instructor I:
Keithlyn M. Bay, RPm
 What is Psychology?
It is the field of the social sciences that deals with the
description, explanation, prediction and control of
behavior.
Evolving into a science only in the late 19th century
from the discipline of philosophy.
The mind-body problem of philosophy is one issue in
the field of knowledge.
 Nature-Nurture Controversy

Both nature and nurture influence behavior, each one to

a greater or lesser degree.
 William James
Was an American Philosopher and
Psychologist at Harvard University and
was known for being one of the great
pragmatists.
He is also known for his Theory of the
Self.
Published the book “Principles of
Psychology in 1980”.
Characteristics of Thoughts
1. All human thoughts are owned by
some personal self.
2. All thoughts are constantly changing
or are never static.
3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its
focus shifts from one object to another.
4. Thoughts deal with objects that are
different from and independent of
consciousness itself.
5. Consciousness can focus on particular
objects and not others.
“Thoughts are associated with the
existence of the Self”
Theory of the Self
Me Self

Can be considered as a
separate object or individual
that the person refers to
when discussing or
describing their personal
experiences.
 Components of “Me self”
Ø Material Self
Consists of the things or objects that belong to the
person or entities that a person belongs to.

Ø Social Self
Refers to who the person is in a particular social
situation.
 Components of “Me self”
Ø Spiritual Self
oRefers to the self that is more concrete or permanent when
compared to the material and social selves.

oThe most subjective and intimate part of the self. It

includes individual’s personality, values and morals that are
usually stable and constant.

 Components of “Me self”

Ø Spiritual Self
oThe spiritual self is always engaging in the process of
introspection (self-observation).

oThe method that includes reflecting or looking inward to

study and understand the how and why of the self.

oAccording to James spiritual self is the most important than

satisfying material and social self.
 Theory of the Self
I Self
·The pure ego is similar to the person’s soul or mind.
·The pure ego comprises the totality of the person’s
identity.
·It takes into account the past, present and future
selves of the individual.
·This perception of identity arises from a continuous
stream of human consciousness.

 Global and Differentiated Self

Models

value that a person
Global self represents the overall
places upon himself.
These people are who he turns to when the needs advise,
someone to talk to or just to be with.
His global self is the product of all experiences that he
has in the society which accounts for the kind of person
he presently is.
Murray Bowen (1913-1990)

Was an American Psychiatrist and

Professor of Psychiatry.
He was among those who developed
the Family therapy and systemic
Therapy.
In his observation of the family
(particularly his own) he came up with
the concept of a differentiated self.
 Two forces affecting the
person by Murray Bowen

Togetherness and individuality

A balance should be maintained between these two
forces for: too much togetherness creates friction and
conflict and prevents the development of the person’s
sense of self; too individuality on the other hand results
in distant and estrange feelings towards family and
other people.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

Was an American psychologists who

proposed the personality theory known
to be Person-Centered Theory.
He stated that the term self-concept is
used to refer to how a person thinks
about or perceives himself. These are
the two types of self-concept: the real
self-concept and the ideal self-concept.
REAL AND IDEAL SELF – CONCEPTS

Rogers stated that there should be congruence (sameness,

equality) between the real self and the ideal self in order
for the person to be happy and satisfied with his life.
 SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY OF
HIGGINS (1987)
Stated that people use internalized standards to which

they compare themselves. These are called self-guides

which provide directions for how the person should
present himself.
When the self is found to be deviating/diverting from
these guides, the result if self-discrepancy.
Self-discrepancy may cause emotional discomfort to the
individual and can be manifested as guilt or worst as
indifference.
D.W. Winnicott (1896-1971)

Was an English pediatrician and

psychoanalyst who studies child
development.
He looked into the significance of play
in child development.
It is also through play where he
observed children/people as having
true and false selves.
TRUE AND FALSE SELVES
Albert Bandura (1925-2021)
Is the proponent of the personality
theory known as the Social Cognitive
Theory.
In his Social Cognitive Theory, the person
is seen as proactive and agentic which
means that he has the capacity to
exercise control over his life.
Albert Bandura (1925-2021)
In his Triadic Reciprocal Causation Paradigm, he explains
further how human beings are affected by the interaction
among environmental events, behavior and personal
factors.
THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
Suggested that human beings are proactive, self-
regulating, self-reflective and self-organizing.

People have the ability to influence their own behavior

which may lead to desired outcomes
FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY
In Social Cognitive Theory Bandura discusses the four
features of human agency:

1. INTENTIONALITY
•Refers to the actions performed by the person
intentionality or with full awareness of his behavior. This
feature involves planning with awareness of the possible
consequences of actions.
2. FORETHOUGHT
•Refers to the person's anticipation of likely outcomes
of his behavior. This allows him to select from a
repertoire of behaviors and determine which one will
most likely lead to a positive outcome.

3. SELF-REACTIVENESS
•Refers to the process in which the person is motivated
and regulates his behavior as he observes his progress
in achieving his goals.
4. SELF-REFLECTIVENESS
•Refers to the person looking inward and evaluating his
motivations, values, life goals and other people’s effect
on him.
QUIZ