INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

An Industrial Training report submitted for partial fulfillment of

requirements for the award of

DIPLOMA
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

BOLLA SATYA VARAPRASAD 20375-M-008

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

(II Shift Polytechnic)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to SBTET)
TIRUPATHI(V),DIVILI,PEDDAPURAM(M)-533433
www.kitsdivili.ac.in

(2020-2023)

1
 KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
(II Shift Polytechnic)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to SBTET)

DEPARTMENT
OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the industrial training report being submitted

by BOLLA SATYA VARAPRASAD bearing roll no.20375-M-008 in
partial fulfillment for the award of the Diploma in Mechanical
Engineering. It is record of bonafied work carried out by me under the
esteemed guidance and supervision of Sri. K.PAPARAO

K.PAPARAO A.V.S.RAJU

TRANING GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPT.

LECTURER MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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 EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude to Principal
M.ANAND KUMAR , Kakinada Institute Of Technology And Science college for his refining
comments and critical judgments of the industrial training.

I have great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to our Head of the
Department Mr. A.V.S.RAJU , Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kakinada Institute Of
Technology And Science (II shift polytechnic) for providing all necessary support for successful
completion of our training.

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my trainer Mr.K.PAPARAO,

who gave me the golden opportunity to do this Industrial Training in SRI VENKATA RAMA
OIL INDUSTRIES PVT LTD which helped me in learn so many new things, Knowledge and
Hands- on experience.

I wish to convey my sincere gratitude to my guide Mr.JOSEPH REDDY, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Kakinada Institute Of Technology And Science (II shift polytechnic),
DIVILI. We are highly Indebted to him for his guidance, timely suggestions at every stage and
encouragement to complete this training successfully.

I thank all the staff members of our department & the college administration and
all my friends who helped me directly and indirectly in carrying out this training successfully.

Sincerely,
BOLLA SATYA VARAPRASAD

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 INDEX
S.NO TOPIC NAME PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION OF WORKSHOP

2. TYPES OF WELDING

3. GAS CUTTING

4. DRILLING MACHINE

5. LATHE OPERATIONS

6. SHAPING MACHINE

7. SOLVENT EXTRACTION PLANT

8. OIL REFINERY PROCESS

9. OIL PACKING PRFOCESS

10. DUST OF BRAN

11. FIRE LINE MAINTENANCE

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 INTRODUCTION OF WORKSHOP
Workshop practice is a very vast one and it is very difficult for anyone to claim a
mastery over it.
It provides the basic working knowledge of the production and properties of different
materialsused in the industry. It also explains the use of different tools, equipments,
machinery andtechniques of manufacturing, which ultimately facilitate shaping of these
materials into varioususable forms. In general, various mechanical workshops know by
long training how to useworkshop tools, machine tools and equipment. Trained and
competent persons should beadmitted to this type of mechanical works and permitted to
operate equipment.
There are two types workshops.
1.Training workshop
2.Production workshop

Workshop practice is the backbones of the real world of industrial work

situation or condition, which helps in developing, growing and enhancement
of relevant skills required by the technician job or working in engineering
industries, fields and workshops.
A workshop production is a type of theatrical performance in which a play or musical is
presented in a modest format that does not include some aspects of a full production.
For example, costumes, sets, accompaniment, etc. may be omitted or included in a
simpler form. In contrast, a tryout piece is usually performed as a complete piece with
costumed performers on set and accompanied by an orchestra or band. One common
purpose of workshop production is to provide a preview staging of a new work to gauge
audience and critic response, after which portions of the work may be adjusted or
rewritten before the official premiere. there is. Workshop productions are generally
cheaper to perform, so it is an opportunity for small theaters to raise their profile by
presenting popular or highly anticipated works that would be too costly to complete as a
complete production. increase. In fact, some theater companies specialize exclusively in
workshop productions. For example, amateur and youth theater companies are
commonly built on the workshop production model. When asked about the workshop
productions and comparing them to the Off-Broadway or Broadway versions of these
plays, the differences may be due to different scenes cut or, in the case of musicals, cut
songs or different lyrics. Workshop productions typically take place in venues that are
considered college theaters or off-Broadway theaters. Several fictional works, such as
the musical A Chorus Line and the television series Smash, depict the process of
auditions and workshops for advanced theatrical productions.
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 Fig.1

Beginning with the Industrial Revolution era, a workshop may be a room, rooms
or building which provides both the area and tools that may be required for the
manufacture or repair of manufactured goods. Workshops were the only places of
production until the advent of Industrialization and the development of larger
factories. In the 20th and 21st century, many Western homes contained a
workshop in either the garage, basement, or an external shed. Home workshops
typically contain a workbench, hand tools, power tools, and other hardware.
Along with the practical application of repairing goods, workshops are often used
to tinker and make prototypes.

Fig.2
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 Arc Welding

Arc welding is a welding process that is used to join metal to metal by using electricity to
create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals, when cool, result in a binding of the
metals. It is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc
between a metal stick ("electrode") and the base material to melt the metals at the point of
contact. Arc welding power supplies can deliver either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current
to the work, while consumable or non-consumable electrodes are used.
The welding area is usually protected by some type of shielding glass (e.g. an inert gas),
vapor, or slag. Arc welding processes may be manual, semi-automatic, or fully automated.
First developed in the late part of the 19th century, arc welding became commercially
important in shipbuilding during the Second World War. Today it remains an important
process for the fabrication of steel structures and vehicles.

Fig.1.1

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 Types of Arc Welding
 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (Stick Welding)
 Gas Metal Arc Welding (MIG or MAG Welding)
 Flux-Cored Arc Welding
 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (TIG Welding)
 Plasma Arc Welding
 Carbon Arc Welding
 Submerged Arc Welding
 Atomic Hydrogen Welding
 Electroslag Welding
 Drawn Arc (DA)

Shielded Metal Arc Welding.

The electric arc is generated, by either an AC or DC current, between
the flux-covered consumable electrode and workpiece material. The filler
materials then melt into a molten pool and fuse the metals. The electrode’s flux
coating decomposes into a shielding gas during heating.

Gas metal arc welding (MIG or MAG welding)

This process forms a direct current (DC) electric arc between a consumable wire
electrode and the workpiece materials, which melts them together and causes them
to fuse. Shielding gas is fed through the welding torch to protect the arc.
MIG welding refers to using metal inert gas as a shielding gas, whereas the MAG
weldingtechnique uses metal active gas.

This process was initially developed for non-ferrous metals such as aluminium but
then became commonly used for welding various materials, including thin sheets.
The process is simple, economical, versatile, and easily automated.

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 Flux-cored arc welding
A similar process to MIG welding, but instead of shielding gas, it often uses a flux-
filled hollow electrode wire. However, non-emissive fluxes may need shielding gas.
There are two types of flux-cored arc welding:

 Self-shielded – relies on the gaseous protection from the flux-cored electrode and
the slag system to shield the molten metal from the atmosphere.
 Gas-shielded – uses external shielding gas and the slag system to protect the
arc from oxidation.
This method is ideal for thicker joints due to the high weld-metal deposition rate,
strong weld penetration, and constant voltage welding power supply.
Common uses for flux-cored arc welding include manufacturing plants, bridge
construction,heavy equipment repair, industrial piping, and railroads.

It has a flexible torch movement and orientation, making it easy for users.
However, the weld isn’t usually visually pleasing. It can cause slag inclusion (the
result of molten flux getting trapped inside weld) and is costlier due to the
equipment needed.

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (TIG welding)

This method uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode and constant current
power source to create a plasma arc between metals and can be conducted with or
without filler material. Inert shielding gas protects the weld area and electrode
from the atmosphere.
TIG welding can be difficult to learn and technically demanding. It requires more
operatorcontrol than similar processes, but there are both manual and automatic
methods available. The process produces high-quality, clean, and strong welds but can
be time-consuming. It’s primarily suitable for welding thin materials and non-ferrous
metals but isn’t ideal for thicker metal joints.

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Plasma arc welding
This type of welding uses ionised gases and electrodes to form hot plasma jets.
It’s similar to TIG welding, but the plasma arc is separate from the shielding gas
envelope due to positioning the electrode within the body of the welding torch.
Plasma arc welding is ideal for narrow and deep welds because the jets are particularly
hot,enabling increased weld speeds.

*Carbon arc welding.

An electric arc forms between a non-consumable carbon electrode and the
workpiece, joining the metals and creating a solid bond. This method was the
first type of arc welding to be discovered and was previously commonly used.
However, this process has since decreased due to the enhanced safety and
convenience of modern techniques.

*Submerged arc welding.

This technique forms an electric arc between the workpiece and a continuously fed
electrode. A layer of flux powder covers the arc and provides protective shielding
gases and a slag, which can add alloying elements to the molten pool. The flux
layer also prevents sparks and spatter and reduces heat loss.
After welding, a flux hopper can recycle unused flux and remove the slag layers.
This process, which the welder can operate as automatic or semi-automatic, allows
deeper heat penetration but is restricted to steels and horizontal welds.

*Atomic hydrogen welding.

An arc generates between two tungsten electrodes, with hydrogen used as a
shielding gas, and travels through the hydrogen gas, causing it to dissociate into
atomic hydrogen.
A skilled operator is required to control the heat produced and the flow of the hydrogen
gas and the arc. This process produces quick results but is rarely used as it’s
expensive, involves highly inflammable gases, and is limited to flat positions. MIG
welding is usually preferred.

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*Electroslag welding
This method is a combination of arc welding and resistance welding. A wire is
fed into the welding area, and flux is added to the electrical arc until the molten
slag covering on the weld surface reaches the electrode and ignites the arc. The
electric resistance from the molten slag melts the filler metal and creates a molten
pool on the joint surface.
Electroslag welding is ideal for welding thick materials, such as low carbon steel, due
to a large amount of heat. The welder performs this process in a vertical – or close to
vertical – position.

Drawn Arc (DA) stud welding

This method is generally considered a form of stud welding due to the equipment
used, but the process involves producing an electric arc.

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 Argon Welding

Welding is a process used in a number of industries, and there are

several different processes welders can use depending on what kind of
project they’re working on.
If you like working with your hands and are detail-oriented, you might
consider a career in the field. Universal Technical Institute (UTI) teaches four
major types of arc welding processes, including gas metal arc welding
(GMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), which both use shielding
gases to help protect welds from contaminants.
Pure argon or an argon mix is often the choice when it comes to the shielding
gases used for these methods. Keep reading to find out more about how argon
works.
There are several reasons why shielding gases are used for different types of
welds. They help protect the weld pool from airborne contaminants. The
shielding gas can also help shape the penetration profile of the weldment, to
stabilize the electric arc.
Shielding gases play a role in the quality of the weld, as well as the
productivity and efficiency achieved during the process. Protecting the weld
from oxygenation and moisture in the air helps increase how durable a weld is
and prevents corrosion.

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 Ag4 Cutting

A disc cutter is a specialised, often hand-held, power tool used for cutting
hard materials, ceramic tile, metal, concrete, and stone for example. This
tool is very similar to
an angle grinder, chop saw, or even a die grinder, with the main difference being
the cutting disc itself (a circular diamond blade, or resin-bonded abrasive cutting
wheel for a disc cutter vs. an abrasive grinding wheel for an angle grinder). This
tool is highly efficient at cutting very hard materials, especially when compared to
hand tools.

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Best practices optimize metal-cutting performance and results By Rick Hopkins, a
senior product manager for welding and fabrication at Weiler Abrasives, Cresco,
Pa. Reprinted with permission: The AWS Welding Journal Maximizing
productivity and quality when cutting metal with a right-angle grinder depends on
many factors, including choosing the right abrasive and using it properly.Consider
these tips to help improve productivity and save time and money in metal-cutting
applications. Tools for Cutting Metal When an operator needs to make multiple
cuts to a piece of metal with an offhand cutting tool, they are likely using a right-
angle grinder or, in certain specialized cases, a die grinder. When choosing a
cutting wheel, there are two profiles most commonly found in general fabrication
and cutting applications. A Type 27 cutting wheel, sometimes called a depressed
center wheel, has a raised hub at the center. While this feature provides additional
offset or clearance between the wheel and the tool, it reduces the amount of cutting
surface, especially with wheels that are 4 1⁄2 in., or smaller, in diameter.
Type 27 wheels are also limited when working around extrusions, corners, or
profiles. In comparison, a Type 1 cutting wheel has a flat profile and increased
cutting surface, allowing the operator to complete more cuts per wheel. Two
specific applications for a Type 27 cutting wheel are flush cutting and rip cutting.
Type 1 cutting wheels are available in diameters of 2 to 9 in.
Type 27 wheels are typically not available in sizes smaller than 4 in.

Fig1.3.1 Fig1.3.2

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 AG7 Cutting

An angle grinder, also known as a side grinder or disc grinder, is a handheld

power tool used for grinding and polishing. Although developed originally as
tools for rigid
abrasive discs, the availability of an interchangeable power source has encouraged
their use with a wide variety of cutters and attachments.

Fig 1.4

Angle grinders can be powered by an electric motor or compressed air. The motor
drives a geared head at a right-angle on which is mounted an abrasive disc or a
thinner cut-off disc, either of which can be replaced when worn. Angle grinders
typically have an adjustable guard and a side-handle for two-handed operation.
Certain angle grinders, depending on their speed range, can be used as sanders,
employing a sanding disc with a backing pad or disc. The backing system is
typically made of hard plastic, phenolic resin, or medium-hard rubber depending
on the amount of flexibility desired.
Angle grinders are standard equipment in metal fabrication shops and on
construction sites. They are also common in machine shops, along with die grinders
and bench grinders .

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 Gas cutting

Oxy-fuel welding (commonly called oxyacetylene welding, oxy welding, or gas

welding in the United States) and oxy-fuel cutting are processes that use fuel
gases (or liquid fuels such
as gasoline or petrol, diesel, bio diesel, kerosene, etc) and oxygen to weld or cut
metals. French engineers Edmond Fouché and Charles Picard became the first to
develop oxygen-
acetylne welding in 1903. Pure oxygen, instead of air, is used to increase the
flame temperature to allow localised melting of the workpiece material (e.g.
steel) in a room environment. A common propane /air flame burns at about
2,250 K (1,980 °C; 3,590 °F), a propane/oxygen flame burns at about 2,526 K
(2,253 °C; 4,087 °F), an oxyhydrogenflame burns at 3,073 K (2,800 °C; 5,072
°F) and an acetylene /oxygen flame burns at about 3,773 K (3,500 °C; 6,332 °F).
During the early 20th century, before the development and availability of coated
arc welding electrodes in the late 1920s that were capable of making sound welds
in steel, oxy- acetylene welding was the only process capable of making welds of
exceptionally high quality in virtually all metals in commercial use at the time.
These included not only carbon steel but also alloy steels, cast iron, aluminium,
and magnesium. In recent decades it has been superseded in almost all industrial
uses by various arc weldings methods offering greater speed and, in the case of gas
tungsten arc welding, the capability of welding very reactive metals such as
titanium. Oxy- acetylene welding is still used for metal-based artwork and in
smaller home-based shops, as well as situations where accessing electricity (e.g.,
via an extension cord or portable generator) would present difficulties. The oxy-
acetylene (and other oxy-fuel gas mixtures) welding torch remains a mainstay heat
source for manual brazing and braze welding, as well as metal forming,
preparation, and localized heat treating. In addition, oxy-fuel cutting is still widely
used, bothin heavy industry and light industrial and repair operations.

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Manual gas tungsten arc welding is a relatively difficult welding method, due to the
coordination required by the welder. Similar to torch welding, GTAW normally
requires two hands, since most applications require that the welder manually feed a
filler metal into the weld area with one hand while manipulating the welding torch
in the other. Maintaining a short arc length, while preventing contact between the
electrode and the workpiece, is also important.

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 Drilling Machine
A drilling machine is a type of machine in which the holes are being made
on the workpiece by making use of a rotating tool called drill bit or the twist
drill.
Drilling is basically a technology of creating holes. Drilling operations can also be
performed on Lathe machines.
In the lathe machine, the workpiece rotates and the drilling tool is held stationary in the
tailstock.

Fig1.6

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Types of Drilling Machines

According to the structure and application, Drilling Machines can be classified into
seven types:

1. Portable drilling machine

2. Bench drilling machine

3. Pillar drilling machine

4. Radial drilling machine

5. Gang drilling machine

6. Multi-spindle drilling machine

7. Deep hole drilling machine

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 Lathe operations
In the Mechanical Engineering field Lathe machine plays an important role in
Manufacturing. In this article, I am going to discuss the Lathe machine in detail.
A lathe is a machine tool which is used to remove unwanted metals from the work
piece to give desired shape and size.
Lathe machine is one of the most important machine tools which is used in the
metalworking industry.
It operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and a fixed cutting tool.
The cutting tool is feed into the work piece which rotates about its own
axis causing the workpiece to form the desired shape.
It is also known as ” the mother/father of the entire tool family”.
It was invented by DAVID WILKINSON ( 05 Jan. 1771 – 03 Feb. 1852).

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Main Parts of lathe Machine :
In a lathe machine every individual part performs an important
task. Some important parts of a lathe machine are as follows:

Main Parts of Lathe Machine

1. Bed
2.Head Stock
3.Main Spindle
4.Tail Stock
5.Lead Screw
6.Live Center
7.Dead Center
8.Carriage
*Saddle
*Apron
*Tool Post
*Cross slide
*Compound Rest
*Compound Slide
1.Feed Mechanism
2.Belt Feed Mechanism
3.Gear Feed Mechanism

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Types of Lathe Machines :
Here is the list of lathe machine types commonly used in the
real world:
1.Speed Lathe Machine
2.Center Lathe or Engine Lathe
Machine 3.Turret Lathe Machine
4.Toolroom Lathe Machine
5.Bench Lathe Machine
6.Automatic Lathe Machine
7.Special Purpose Lathe
Machine 8.CNC Lathe
Machine

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 Operations of Lathe Machine

1. Turning

i. Tapers and Taper Turning

ii. Straight turning

iii. Profiling

iv. External grooving, etc

2. Facing

3. Drilling

4. Boring

i. Counter Boring

ii. Taper Boring

5. Reaming

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6. Knurling

7. Chamfering

8. Filling

9. Parting

10. Threading

11. Grooving

12. Forming

13. Polishing

1. Turning

Turning is the operation of reducing the diameter of a work piece to produce a cone -shaped or a
cylindrical surface as shown in fig. above.

A simple single point cutting tools are use for turning operations.

Turning can be different types like

i. Tapers and Taper Turning

ii. Straight turning

iii. Profiling

iv. External grooving, etc.

i. Tapers and Taper Turning

A taper may be define as a uniform increase or decrease in diameter of a piece of work

measured along its length.

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In a lathe, taper turning means to produce a conical surface by gradual reduction in diameter
from a cylindrical work piece.

ii. Straight turning

The Straight turning produces a cylindrical surface by removing excess metal from the work
piece.

iii. Profiling
In profiling, the cut can be vary with regard to cutting depth, feed and speed.

iv. External grooving

In external turning operations machines the outer diameter of the work piece.

2. Facing

Facing is an operation of reducing the length of a work piece to produce a flat surface square
with the axis.

A regular turning tool may also be using for facing a large work piece.

3. Drilling

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Drilling is an operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a work piece by the rotating cutting
edge of a cutter known as the drill.

4. Boring

Boring is the operation of enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity to produce circular internal
grooves.

Holes may be bore straight and tapered.

i. Counter Boring
Counter Boring is the operation of enlarging a hole through a certain distance from one end
instead of enlarging the whole drilled surface.

ii. Taper Boring

Taper Boring is similar to the external taper turning operation and is accomplished by rotating
the work on chuck or a face plate, and feeding the tool at an angle to the axis of rotation of the
work piece.

5. Reaming

Reaming is the operation of finishing and sizing a hole which has been previously drilled or
bored.

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The tool use so call as the reamer, which has multiple cutting edges.

6. Knurling

Knurling is the process of embossing a diamond shaped pattern on the surface of a work piece.

The purpose of knurling is to provide an effective gripping surface on a work piece to prevent it
from slipping when operated by hand.

7. Chamfering

Chamfering is the operation of beveling the extreme end of a work piece.

This is done to remove the burrs, to protect the end of the work piece from being damaged and to
have a better look.

8. Filling
Filling is the finishing operation performed after turning.

This is done in a lathe to remove burrs, sharp corners, and feed marks on a work piece and also
to bring it to the size by removing very small amount of metal.

The operation consists of passing a flat single cut file over the work piece which revolves at
high speed.
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9. Parting

Parting is the operation of cutting a work piece after it has been machining to the desired size
and shape.

This process involves rotating the work piece on a chuck or face plate at half the speed that of

turning and feeding by a narrow parting – off tool perpendicular to the axis by rotating the cross

-slide screw by hand.

10. Threading

Threading is a operations to produce a helical groove on a cylindrical or conical surface by

feeding the tool longitudinally when the job is revolved between center’s or by a chuck.

Threads can be produced either on internal or external surface of a cylindrical bar.

11. Grooving
Grooving is the process of reducing the diameter of a work piece over a very narrow surface.

It is often done at the end of a thread or adjacent to a shoulder to leave a small margin.

Grooving Operations are:

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 a. Square Groove

b. Round Groove

c. Bevelled Groove

12. Forming

Forming is the process of turning a convex, concave or of any irregular shape.

13. Polishing
It is basically a surface finishing operation to improve the surface quality of the work piece.

Polishing with successively finer grades of emery cloth after filling results in very smooth,

bright surface.

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 Shaping Machine
The shaper machine is a reciprocating machine tool used for producing
horizontal, vertical or inclined flat surfaces. This is achieved by the means of
straight-line reciprocating single-point cutting tools.
Working principle of a shaping machine:

The reciprocating shaper machine working is achieved by fixing the workpiece

on the machine table. The cutting tool is fixed on the ram which moves forward
and backward in a slider (reciprocating movement) form. The forward strokes
toward the workpiece take the cut and the backward movement set the ram for
another cutting action.

Fig 3

27
Shaper Machine Operations
The following are the shaper machine operations:

1. Machining horizontal surface

2. Vertical surfaces
3. Angular surfaces
4. Irregular surfaces
5. Cutting slots, grooves, and keyways
6. Machining splines or cutting gears.

The various shapes of surfaces ate the result of either one or a combination of
more than one of the above operations.
1. Machining Horizontal Surfaces
It is the most common shaper machine operations. In this, the work is fed in
a horizontal direction under the reciprocating tool and the surface produced
is horizontal and flat.
The work is either held in a vice or clamped directly on the machine table,
depending upon its size. The tool is held in a proper tool holder. It is set at a
proper inclination and at the correct height above the work, as described later in
this article. The depth of cut adjusted and the machine get starts.

Crossfeed to the table is given initially by hand until the cut starts. After that
power feed can be employed. After the cut is finished, the machine is stopped and
the work inspected. If more material is to be removed, the procedure is repeated
until the desired surface is obtained.
A special precaution is required in setting the tool for horizontal cutting. The tool
should be held vertically in such a way that its cutting edge points in a direction
slightly away from the work, as moves, due to the cutting pressure, it will move
away from the work instead of digging into it.
Another precaution to be taken in tool set is that its cutting edge should not be
projected much below the tool holder. The vertical slide of the tool head should not be
made to overhang too far below the ram. If otherwise, the tool will be weakened and
subjected to under strain. Also, a lot of chatter will result.

28
2. Machining Vertical Surfaces
A vertical cut is made while machining the end of a workpiece, squaring up a
block or cutting a shoulder. The work is attached in the vice or directly on the table
and the surface to be machined is carefully aligned with the axis of the ram.

A side cutting tool is set on the tool post and the position and length of stroke are
adjusted. The vertical slide is set accurately at zero position.
This is necessary to enable the tool to move upwards and away from the work during
the return stroke. This prevents the side of the tool from dragging on the planed
vertical surface during the return stroke. The down–feed is given by rotating the
down feed screw by hand. The feed is about 0.25mm given at the end of each
return stroke. Both roughing and finishing cuts are done to complete the job.
3. Machining Angular Surface
The apron is then further swivelled away from the work so that the tool will clear
the work during the return stroke. The down feed is given by rotating the down
feed screw. The angular surface can also be machined in a universal shaper or by
using a universal vice without swivelling the tool head.
4. Machining Irregular Surfaces

A shaper can also produce a contoured surface, i.e. a convex or concave surface or a
combinationof any of the above surfaces. To manufacture a small contoured surface a
forming tool is used. If the curve is large, power cross feed in conjunction with manual
down feed is so adjusted that the wool will trace the required contour. If the contour
(workpiece shape) has too many ups and downs both the feeds are operated by hand.
For machining irregular surfaces a round nose tool is used. For a shallow cut the
apron may be set vertical but if the curve is quite sharp, the apron in swivelled
towards the right or left away from the surface to be cut. The figure shows the
machining of a concave surface using a round nose tool.

29
5. Cutting Slots and Keyways
With suitable tools, a shaper can very conveniently machine slots or grooves
on work or cut external keyways on shafts and internal keyways on pulleys or
gears. For cutting slots or keyways on shafts and internal keyways on pulleys
or gears. For cutting keyways or slots a square nose tool similar to a parting
tool is used.
External keyways are made on a shaft by first drilling a hole at the blind end of the
keyway. The diameter of the hole should be 0.5 to 0.8mm oversize than the width
of the keyway and the depth should be about 1.5mm larger than the depth of the
keyway.
This is important to leave clearance on the tool at the end of the stroke. The length
and position of stroke are carefully adjusted so that the stroke will terminate
exactly at the clearance hole. The speed is reduced while cutting keyways.
6. Machining Splines or Cutting Gears
This types of shaper machine operations done by using an index centre, illustrated
in a gear or equally spaced splined may be cut. The work is placed between two
centres, and a spline is cut similar to the cutting of a keyway. After the first spline
is cut, the work is rotated through a predetermined amount by using the index
plate and index pin.
The periphery of a gear blank is divided, and equally spaced grooves are cut using
an index plate having proper hole circles. While cutting gear a forming tool is used

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 Solvent Extraction Plant

Solvent extraction is an efficient and reliable extraction to process edible oil from
oilseeds and nuts using solvent, with Hexane being the preferred choice. Industrial
oil processing for the edible oil generally involves the solvent extraction step
which may or may not be preceded by pressing. Hexane-based processes have been
in commercial operation for a long time. For such processes, it is possible to
achieve oil yields in excess of 95% with a solvent recovery of over 95% which in
compare to 60 to 70% oil yield by mechanical expeller pressing. The solvent
extraction method will remove all but about ½% of residual oil, uses less energy,
and requires less maintenance. It is relatively efficient and reliable, and making it
the primary means of separating large tonnages of oil from protein meal.
The Solvent Extraction plant extracts the majority of the oil from the prepared raw
material using the counter-current flow of miscella at specified operating
temperature for a predefined extraction time frame. Miscella feed flow rate design
and specially designed wedge wire screen enable optimum oil recovery.
The extracted meal is transferred to a desolventizer toaster to recover entrained
solvent which removed, and desolventised material is conditioned by controlling
and adjusting temperature and moisture. Vapours from the DT are taken to the
condenser for vapour/solvent condensation and recovery of solvent via the
economizer.

Fig4

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 Oil Refinery Process
Edible Oil Refinery and Edible Oil Refining have been the areas of excellence
for TINYTECH UDYOG. We are based in India and since 1990 we have been
the Basic Designers, Manufacturers and Exporters of complete Edible Oil
Refinery Plants to convert the crude oils into pure RBD oils.
Crude Oils & Fats that are obtained after mechanical expelling or solvent
extraction process contain several unwanted items in them. All of these must be
either fully removed or partially reduced before human consumption. An Edible Oil
Refinery removes these unwanted constituents and it can refine almost all types of
oils. The refined oil quality depends on the type of crude oil and its chemical
structure.

The above photo shows the complete Edible Oil Refinery of 5-Ton
capacity erected at our Tinytech showroom.
Edible Oil Refinery 5 Tons per day.
*Neutralizer

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  Bleacher
 Deodourizer
 Cooler
 Thermic Fluid Boiler

 Oil Filter Press

 Raw / Crude Oil Tank
 Bleached Oil Tank
 Soap Pan

Steam Generator and several process pumps are installed at their relevant places and
are not visible here. The Barometric Condenser and Catchalls along with its 40 feet
high tower will be erected outside the building area shed.
For refining the edible oil, there are basic processes in the refinery. Neutralization is the
first process carried out in Neutralizer Equipments. Alkali reaction at 60°C under
agitation removes the Free Fatty Acids (FFA). Generated soap stock by-product is
allowed to settle for further collection into soap pans.
Neutralized oil is transferred to Bleacher where color of oil is removed by
bleaching process with aid of bleaching earth or carbon. The oil heated up to 110°C
by thermic fluid coils. Bleaching is done under vacuum and slow agitation.
Bleached Oil is filtered on Press Filters or PLF to recover the spent chemicals.
Oil is further drawn to Deodorizer where oil temperature is raised up to 180 to
200°C. Live steam is sparged from steam nozzles inside the deodorizer and entire
process is under high vacuum. This eliminates the odor from the oil. Cooler vessel
has water circulating coils to take away heat and oil is cooled. Final filtration in
Press Filter or Polish Filter gives refined and transparent color less oil.

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Fig 5.1

Fig 5.2

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 Oil Packing Process

The invention relates to a method for the packaging of edible oil in flexible
packages without a risk of deformation of the packages such as occurs as the air
enclosed in the packages readily dissolves in the edible oil and creates a partial
vacuum in the package . This problem is solved in that the edible oil beforehand is
saturated with nitrogen gas and that the packing operation is performed in a
chamber wherein a nitrogen gas atmosphere prevails. As a result of this process the
sealed package on the one hand will contain edible oil saturated with nitrogen,
which means that the edible oil in principle is unable to absorb any more nitrogen
gas, and on the other hand the gas which is enclosed in he package consists of just
nitrogen gas, which means that the edible oil cannot absorb and dissolve the gas
which is enclosed in the package.\

Fig 6

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 Dust Of Bran
The utility model discloses a bran-discharging air and dust separation device of a
rice huller or a rice mill.
The air and dust separation device is characterized by comprising a filtering bag
and a filtering bag airinlet fastening device, wherein the filtering bag is connected
with a bran discharging pipe of the rice huller or the rice mill through the filtering
bag air inlet fastening device; the bran discharging pipe is used for charging dust-
containing air into the filtering bag; and the filtering bag is used for filtering dust
particles in the dust-containing air and discharging clean air. By the air and dust
separation device, the dust-containing air is filtered by the filtering bag, the clean
air is discharged, so that the amount of rice hulls and rice bran powder in the
discharged air is greatly reduced, the discharged air can meet an environment-
friendly requirement, and the environment is not polluted.

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 Industrial Safety

The term safety measures means the provision of devices, equipment or other
methods which ensure safety e.g. presence of guard endorsing a rotating part of a
machine, and fire extinguishers etc. Safety procedure relate to the methods to be
followed for the minimization of accidents e.g. provision of double controls. While
designing an electrical installation i.e. one local and other remote so as to ensure
double safety.
Safety Measures:

(i) Proper lighting and ventilation provisions.

(ii) Proper control of overhead cranes.

(iii) Due consideration to be given to sharp bends, heavy slopes and undue steps.

(iv) Availability of emergency exits.

(v) Adequate control on electrical installation must be available.

(vi) First aid arrangement in different shops.

(2) Safety against machine accidents:

The following provisions should be made:

(i) Dangerous parts should be out of reach during operation.

(ii) Some guards are built into a permanent casing, while some are attached after wards.

(iii) Machines or their parts should be fenced when it is not possible to provide safe guards.

(iv) All boilers and other pressure vessels must be kept in good/ proper condition. Safety valves,

pressure gauges and water gauges etc. must be thoroughly examined at regular intervals.

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(v) Cranes, hoists and lifts etc. must be of sound construction. They should be periodically

tested.

(vi) Repair work on machines to be avoided during running of machines.

(vii) All belts, gears, fly wheels and pulleys etc. should be covered with adequate guards.

(3) Safety against fire:

Following measures should be taken.

(i) Adequate provision of passages and exits should be made.

(ii) The doors should be open out wards.

(iii) Adequate warning signals should be provided.

(iv) Fire extinguishers should kept at suitable places.

(v) Storing of explosives (if required to store).

(vi) Training in fire fighting should be given to all employees.

(4) Prevention of Electrical accidents:

To prevent electrical accidents following measures should be taken:

(i) Insulate all electrical equipment, wiring appliances and controls and these should be

periodically tested.

(ii) All metallic covers over electrical machinery or control equipment should be properly
earthed.

(iii) Underground cables/wires should be safe from mechanical damage or exposure to excessive

moisture.

(iv) Every live conductor should begin with a safety fuse.

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(v) The C.T.C. extinguishers should be clearly marked.

(vi) Repair work should be started after switching the power off.

(vii) Use safety equipment’s such as insulated tools, rubber gloves etc. whenever required.

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OUR PLANT:

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