ELECTRICAL MACHINES 214 (EMC611S) LABORATORIES– EXPERIMENT 1

Student’s Surname: ______________________ Student’s Initials: ______________________

Student No: ______________ Bench No: ______________ Date: _______________

INTRODUCTION TO SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS:

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TURNS RATIOS AND VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RATIOS

OBJECTIVE:
This laboratory exercise is an introduction to single-phase transformers. The objective of this
experiment is to demonstrate the relationship of turns-ratios, voltage ratios and current ratios in
transformers by circuit measurements and observation.

EQUIPMENT:
 Digital Multimeters (DMM)
 Function generator
 Load Simulator panel, Variable Resistors (100-Ω, 500W)
 Single phase transformer Trainer with tapings
 Connecting wires/cables

MARKS OBTAINED:

Marks
Maximum Score
SECTION A 20

SECTION B 20

SECTION C 8

SECTION D 2
TOT
AL 50

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INTRODUCTION
Transformers may be used to “step-up” or “step-down” voltages (and currents). In practice it is not
possible to attain an ideal transformer with 100% efficiency, i.e. all of the power in the primary
circuit to be transferred to the secondary circuit. An ideal transformer is one in which the product of
V and I in the secondary winding is equivalent to the product of V and I in the primary winding, and
the current step-up or step-down ratio is the inverse of the voltage step-up or step-down ratio. To
illustrate the concepts of basic transformer action, theoretically, an ideal transformer (with 100%
efficiency) is assumed for all calculations performed.

Figure 1

PROCEDURE
1. Set the frequency of the function generator to 50 Hz and the voltage to 20.6 volts peak-to-
peak.
2. Connect the Single phase transformer trainer panel with terminals labelled with primary: 0-
210-220-230 and secondary: 0-60-110, 0-60-110.
3. Assume the transformer turns ratio can be obtained from the voltage labels given on the
transformer trainer, i.e. for a step down transformer with primary connections between
terminals 0-220 and secondary connections between terminals 0-60 is (N P:NS = 220:60 =
11:3).

SECTION A: STEP – DOWN TRANSFORMATION

1. Connect the outputs of the function generator to the primary of the transformer trainer at
different terminals.
2. Use a DMM and measure the voltage present at the primary and at the secondary (with no
load connected to the secondary) and record the readings in Table 1. Repeat the
measurements for the values indicated in the table.
3. Calculate the primary-to-secondary voltage ratio (VP: VS = NP: NS) from the given readings on
the panel.
4. Determine the approximate primary-to-secondary turns ratio using the measured voltage
values.
5. Connect a 100-Ω, 500-W variable resistor (from the load simulator) and adjust it to 50- Ω as a
load across the secondary terminals.
6. Measure the primary and secondary voltage and the current with the 50-Ω resistor connected.
7. Record your readings in Table 2. Repeat the measurements for the values indicated in the
table.

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8. Compare the previously determined voltage ratios with the primary-to secondary current ratios.
9. For each loading in table 2, calculate both the input power (P P = VP·IP) and output power
(PS = VS·IS) and the corresponding efficiency.
10. Comment on your results.

Table 1: Measurements for an unloaded step-down transformer

Primary Secondary Measured Voltage Turns-ratio
Connections connections Voltage Ratio
VP [V] VS [V] Vp:Vs NP:NS given NP:NS measured
0 – 210 0 – 60
0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220
0 – 220 0 – 60
0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220
0 – 230 0 – 60
0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220

Table 2: Measurements for a loaded step-down transformer

Primary Secondary Measured Measured Current Power
Connections connections Voltage Current Ratio
VP [V] VS [V] IP [A] IS [A] IP:IS VP·IP VS·IS
measured [W] [W]
0 – 210 0 – 60
0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220
0 – 220 0 – 60
0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220
0 – 230 0 – 60

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 0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220

SECTION B: STEP – UP TRANSFORMATION

Note: The Single phase transformer trainer is now connected as a step-up transformer.

1. Connect the outputs of the function generator to the primary of the transformer trainer at
different terminals.
2. Use a DMM and measure the voltage present at the primary and at the secondary (with no
load connected to the secondary) and record the readings in Table 1. Repeat the
measurements for the values indicated in the table.
3. Calculate the primary-to-secondary voltage ratio (VP: VS = NP: NS) from the given readings on
the panel.
4. Determine the approximate primary-to-secondary turns ratio using the measured voltage
values.
5. Connect a 100-Ω, 500-W variable resistor (from the load simulator) and adjust it to 50- Ω as a
load across the secondary terminals.
6. Measure the primary and secondary voltage and the current with the 50-Ω resistor connected.
7. Record your readings in Table 2. Repeat the measurements for the values indicated in the
table.
8. Compare the previously determined voltage ratios with the primary-to secondary current ratios.
9. For each loading in table 2, calculate both the input power (P P = VP·IP) and output power
(PS = VS·IS) and the corresponding efficiency.
10. Comment on your results.

Table 3: Measurements for an unloaded step-down transformer

Secondary Primary Measured Voltage Turns-ratio
connections Connections Voltage Ratio
VP [V] VS [V] Vp:Vs NP:NS given NP:NS measured
0 – 60 0 – 210
0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220
0 – 60 0 – 220
0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220
0 – 60 0 – 230
0 – 110

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 0 – 170
0 – 220

Table 4: Measurements for a loaded step-down transformer

Secondary Primary Measured Measured Current Power
connections Connections Voltage Current Ratio
VP [V] VP [A] IP [A] IS [A] IP:IS VP·IP VS·IS
measured [W] [W]
0 – 60 0 – 210
0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220
0 – 60 0 – 220
0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220
0 – 60 0 – 230
0 – 110
0 – 170
0 – 220

SECTION C: TECHNICAL REPORT

In addition to the official standard report of your findings, you are advised to write a brief technical report
summarising the technical facts learned from the experiment. The report should be organised to provide the
following aspects:
1. An introductory part describing the type of circuit(s) being analysed and the key parameters that are
analysed related to the circuit(s).
2. A practical example of how the information learned in this experiment may be useful in the real world.
3. A summary statement listing the most positive aspects of the experiment and any parts of the
experiment that were difficult because of equipment problems or unclear instructions. Include areas that
might be improved.

SECTION D: PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT (DUE DATE: SUBMIT BEFORE STARTING THE LAB)

1. Differentiate between an ideal transformer and a real/practical transformer.

2. With reference to an ideal transformer derive the expression for the transformer ratios (voltage, current
and number of turns ratios), state all the assumptions used as the basis to derive the expressions.

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SOME RECOMMENDED BOOKS (OTHER BOOKS CAN BE USED)

1. Hughes Electrical and Electronic Technology (10 th ed), Revised by John Hiley, Keith Brown and Ian
McKenzie Smith, (Pearson) Prentice Hall.
2. Bhag, S. Guru., & Huseyin, R. Hiziroglu (2001). Electric Machinery and Transformers (3 rd ed), Oxford
University Press
3. Stephen, J. Chapman. (2005). Electrical Machinery Fundamentals (4 th ed), McGraw-Hill;

Reference: Adopted from EMC510S Lab 2 by Messrs Sendegeya A. M. Shuudeni S.Penti

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