‘The importance of having a command of intervals cannot be overemphasized. This will allow the student to have a true understanding of how scales, modes, and chords are constructed, etc. Although intervals above the octave are indeed common and are found in numerous chords in more sophisticated music, learning the specific number of half steps in those intervals would pethaps be impractical. It is recommended that the student memorize the information found in the preceding example, 1-12. As for the remaining intervals, it is best that the individual becomes familiar with the equivalents of the higher intervals to that of a lower one. For example, knowing that the ninth is the same as the second, or that the eleventh and the fourth are the same note (divided by an octave) is more important and practical than knowing how many half steps are in a major thirteenth. With this in mind, the following table will list the upper extensions and their equivalents. Example 1-13 Int il Name Equivalent Minor Ninth Minor Second Major Ninth Major Second Augmented Ninth Augmented Second or Minor Third Major Tenth Major Third Perfect Eleventh Perfect Fourth Augmented Eleventh Augmented Fourth or Di Perfect Twelfth Perfect Fifth Minor Thirteenth Minor Sixth or Augmented Fifth Major Thirteenth Major Sixth