Chapter 2 Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry Multiple Choice Items (1) Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry Question 1 Some students decsrmined che mass of copper that could be obtained from a known, mass of red copper oxide using the equipment shown below. cl aon ibe eicyo mein powder excess gas burne off Iydrogen ee amp bap song beating by Bunsen burner ‘The equation forthe reaction is Cu,0%0) + HAG) > 2Culs) + HO® If the mass of copper oxide used was 0.80 g, chen ic is expected that the mass of, copper formed would be (A) equal tothe mass of copper oxide ess the mass of water formed. {B) equal roche mass of copper oxide plus the mass of hydrogen. {O) less chan the mass of copper oxide [D) the same as che mass of copper oxide, Question 2 ‘When methane, CH,, is burne the following reaction occurs CHYg) + 20g) -» COXg) + 24,019 If the combustion of 1.6 g of methane produces 4.4 g of carbon diowide and 36 g of veater then the mass of oxygen consumed inthe reaction is closest A) 32g ®) 64g © 80g (D) 10.05 Question 3 ‘Which one of che equations on the nexc page is not balanced? Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 49 (A) GHA) + 50,4q + 3CO¥g) + 41,00 (B) 2Fe(s) + 20.6@) + Fe,0,) (N,Q) + 3H) + INH (D) SNH,@) + 50x(@) + 4NO() + GHW Question 4 ‘When copper reacts with concenteated nitic acid che following reaction occurs Cubs} + WHNO,) + xCu(NO), + yNO,@) + 2H,00) ‘The coefficients in the balanced equation are af a wy 7 T © | 2 oft Question 5 Sroichiomeary teers co the relative quancves of teactants and produces in chemical reactions, Some sadens wecestdying the reaeton berween hydrogen and oxygen. 2HAg) + O4@) + 24,00 Below are three comments made by the students about this resction. 1 ‘The mass ofhydzogen reacting depends upon the mass of oxygen used, LL The eetio mass of hydrogen : mass of oxygen is constant TIL ‘The molecular ratio is2 1:2. ‘Which of these stacements refer co the stoichiometry of the above reaction? (A) Landi (B) Landi = (C) Land I (D) Wand ut ‘The folowing informanion refers 10 Questions Gand 7. Asstudene weighs a tes tuhe, adds some sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO, end ‘weighs itaguin. He hen heats the test rube to drive off some gaseous substances uni 1 further thas loss occurs. His results are given below. . Mavof see ilo Mass of test ube + NaHCO, 20.79 @ Mass of test tube after heating 1871g | Question 6 ‘The percentage mass lst is (A) 100% = B) 11.19% (© 36.9% (0) 63.1% Question 7 ‘The balanced equation for the cesetion occurring in the heated cese tube is most likely to be(A NaHCO9) + NOH + COL {B) 2NaHCO,(s) + Na,O(s) + H,O() + 2CO,(_) (C) INaHCO\) + Ne,C.O,6) + Hig) + Og) (D) 2NaHCO,{s) + Na,CO,(s) + H,O(} + COWg) (2) The Mole Concept Question 8 Armouns of wbsance in chemisty are mend in mols, The moe ix measure of (A) concentration of particles B)_ density of particles (©) volume of particles. (D) umber of puri Question 9 W the mass of an atom of "C is taken as 12 units exactly, then the atomic v (elative atomic mass) of an elemene is defined as the (A) mas of one atom of the element relative roan atom af ™C. (@) weighed mean of he elaive mass af the ropes ofthe clement on che °C (©) mass of one mole ofthe clement in grams (D)_ average mass of one mole ofthe isotopes ofthe element in grams Question 10 One mole is defined as (A) the numberof atoms in 12 g of eabon-12. (B) 12g of naturally occurring carbon, (C) themumber of coms in 1.0 g of hydrogen [D) the mass of 6.02 « 10° atoms of cacbon-12. Question U1 ‘The molar mass of « substance is the (A) tm of the cle stomic mass of the cement in the fxmuls of te (8) ravoof he mas of | mole ofthe substance to 12 gof earbon-12 (C) mass of one mole of the substance. {DB} maw of one molecsle ofthe substance relative to the mass af one atom of take 612 exactly Question 12 ‘The Avogadro Constant is best defined as (A) the number of coms in exactly 12 g of carbon. (B) the number of acoms in exactly 12 g of earbon-12. (©) one mole of carbon-12. (D) the mass of carboo-12 that contains one mole of atoms, Question 1 Considering the following reaction 2CuSO,lag) + 4KHlag) + 2CulG) + L(9 + 2KSOLQ ‘Which one of the following starements is incorrect? (A) 2 mol of CuSO, i equited vo produce 1 mol of fy {B) 0.5 mol of Kl irrequired co produce 0.125 mol ofl {C) 4 mol of CuSO, is fequired to produce 4 mol of Cu {D) 1 mol of Klis required co produce 1 mol K,50, Question 14 ‘The relacive formula mass of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH),, is a 97 74 © 7 4 Question 15 ‘The mas of potassium, in grams, in 0.25 mol of potassium chloride, KCI is closest ro W978 (B) 18.65 © 391 es Question 16 ‘Which one of che following contains the smallese mass of hydrogen? (A) 20g of methane, CH, (B) 36 gof wares, HO (C) 1 goFhydrogen, H ) 40gof butane, Ch, Question 17 ‘The number of mole of sodium atoms in 16.4 g of sodium phosphate, Na,PO, armula mass «164 g mol"), is closest ro (a) 0.10 (B) 0.30 © 0 (D) 30 Question 18 ‘The numbet of mole of oxygen atoms in 40.0 g of ion(TIf) sulfite, FeSO), (formula mass = 400 g mol" is closes to (a) 040 ®) 070 (©) 120 ©) 120 Question 19 A scudent weighs a sample of aluminium nitrate, Al(NO,), and chen finds thar he has taken 0.15 mol ofthe compound. What mas of otrogen is present in this mpl? (A) 585g (B) 31.95 ¢ © 63g D) 21g Question 20 An element forms an oxide with the formula X,0,, If the formula mass of the oxide is approximately 182 g mol, then the relative atomic mass of dhe clement is closest. (al 166 ®) 102 51 (D) 3052 Chemistry Question 21 ‘The molar mass of chromium( Hl) oxide, Cr,O, in g mot is (a) 188 1B) 68 on ©) 12 Question 22, A student weighs 2.20 g of lithium sullize, Li,$O,. The number of mole of 0 gis (ay 50 (B) 25 (C004 (D) 002 Question 23 Uranium hexafluoride, UF,, is used in che production of uranium fel rads for puclear power stations. The number of mole of fuesine atom in 5.84 g of UP, is closest © A 000277 B, (0.0166 c. 0.0995, D. 016 Question 24 ‘The mass of oxygen, in grams, chat reacts with manganese wo form 5.00 g of 1manganese(ID) oxide, Mn,O,, i closest (a) 051 B) 152 © 254 (D) 480 Question 25 Hiydrogen sulfide gos, H.S, burns in oxygen to produce steam and sulfar dioxide according 0 the equation below: 2HS(g) + 30,9 > TOW + 20) ‘What mass of oxygen gas would be required to produce 9.6 g of sulfur dioxide? A) 325 @B) 36g © 728 © 4g Question 26 ‘Two reactants, X and Y, react to produce the product XY. IF reactant X isin excess, this means that (A) the reaction will peoceed uncial ofXis ured wp. {B) the reaction will proceed until boch reactants X and Y ate completely used up. {C) the limiting reactane is X (D)_ the reaction will proceed until all FY is completely used up. Question 27 Aromonia will eace with oxygen to produce nitrogen and stam, ANH Ag) + 30,{@) > 2NJQ) + 6H,0(@) 136 mol of NH, and 30 mol of O, are mixed and allowed to react, the amount of IN, formed will be (A) 18 mol (B) 20 mol © V7 mol (D) 66 mol. | | | Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 53 Question 28 Sulfur reacts with exygen according co the following equation Si} + Og) + SOG) “What mass of sulfur will remain when 160 g of sulfur is eacted with 64 g of oxygen? 1A) Og @) 325 ) big ©) 9% Question 29 ‘The equation for she reaction of methane with oxygen is CHYg + 20, > CO. + 2H,00) What mass of carhon dioxide is produced when 3.2 g of methane and 3.2 g of oxygen are alowed ro react? (A) 22g Bi 44g () 88g (© 642 Question 30 ‘The amount of chlorine in a pesticide may be determined by precipitarion of the chlorine as silver chloride, AgCL. F175 of pesticide eacs to giv 0.177 g of AgCl then the percentage, by mas, of chlorine i the pesticide is (A) 0.0705% = (B)._-2,500% ( 10.1% ©) 40.9% Question 31 ‘The percentage of oxygen in potassium sulfate, K,SO,.i8 (a) 97.14 (B) 36.73 (© 1268 (Dp) 9:19 Question 32 Todine will react with fluorine to form a compound with the formula TF,. The percentage by mass of fluorine in this compound is approximately (A) 4281 (8) 5749 1 B02 (D) 8335 Question 33 Which one ofthe following compounds contains the greatest percentage of carbon? @) CHO, (B) CHN © CHO, ©) CHO Question 34 ‘A-compound of sodium chlorine and exygen contains 18.78% sodium and 28.98% clilorine. What mass of exygen is present in 6.4 g of the compound? ®) 120¢ 155 (©) 3068 ©) 3Me‘54 Chemistry Question 35 A compound of tin and chlorine has the formula SaCl, and conta ‘The mass of chlorine, in grams, in 6.25 g of the compound i @) 125 (B) 25 © 340 () 5.00 45.53% cin Question 36 A compound of sodium, sulfur and oxygen was analysed. 5.65 g of the compound contained 1.72 g of oxygen and 1.64 g of sodium. The percentage of sulin the ‘compound is closes co (a) 59.47 (B) 4053 (O) 30.44 (D) 29.03 Question 37 ‘The mass of 1.5 mol of propanoic acid, CH,CH,COOH, is W ing (B) 0.0203 g © 3g D) 74g Question 38, Ethane, Ctl ions ofthe compounds found in axa gas, Which ofthe following (A) 0.1 mole of C,H, contains 4.8 x 10 atoms. {B) 3.0 g of ethane contains 2.4 g of carbon (©) 1.0 goFethane contains 4.0 & 10 atoms of earboo. (D) 1 molecule of ethane has « mass of 30. Question 39 ‘The number of hydroges atoms present in 4.0 g of methane, CH is (A) 1.5% 10" atoms (B) 6.0% 108 acoms (OQ 24% 10" aoms (D) 9.610" xoms Question $0 ‘Which one of the following has che smallest number of atoms? {A} 0.10 mol of hydrogen, H., {B) 6% 10" molecule of ethyne, CH, {C) 10g of water, HO. (D)_ 0.05 mol orbutane, CH. Question 41 A compound of carbon and hydrogen contains $0% carbon. The empirical formula of che compound is most likey to be ‘ CH CH cH, D) CH, Question 42 7 ‘An oxide of chlorine contains 38.8% chlorine, The empirical formula of the ‘compound is ww) clo B) Clo, © co, @) Lo, Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 55. Question 43 A compound lias the ernpirical formula CH,O and has a relative molecular mass of 90, The mos likely molecular formula of the compound is (a) CHO B) CHO, ( CiHi,0, ®) CHO Question 44 A-compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen has the empirical formula C,H,O. 2.0 ‘mol of the compound weighs 176 g The molecular formula of the compound is most likely to be A) Cali0, @) GH,O, (©) CHO, CHO Question 45 Astudent adds 3.561 g of tin to 5.076 g of iodine and allows the rection to proceed tna all ofthe iodine has been consumed. The student finds that st the end ofthe reacion 2374 g of tin remains. From these results the empirical formula of tin iodide is (A) Sad, (B) Sal, ©) Sal, () Sag Question 46 ‘When 1 mole of a hydrocarbon is burne in oxygen equal amounts (in mole} of CO, and H,O are formed. The formula of the hydrocarbon is mos likely co be AW CH, 8) GH, © CH ) GH. Question 47 Lactic acid has the molecular formula C,H,Os, The percentage of carbon in lactic acid is (A 25 (B) 25 © 36 ©) 40 Question 48 Which one of the following compounds contain the greatest percentage of garbon? (a) CHE BR GEN © CHO (D) GHC Question 49 ead nitrate reacts with porasium iodide according to the fllowing equation, PhINOS,(aq) + 2KMaq) —> POL) + 2KNOSaq) ‘The mass of lead iodide precipitate formed when 2000 mL. of 1.50 mal L” potasium fodide solution reacts with 150.0 mL of « 0.500 mal L” lead nitrate Solution is elosest co (A) 138g @) 3505 (© 280x10'g — (D). @0g56 Chemistry Question 50 ‘Which of che quantities below has the greatest mass? (A) 60g ofzine B) 60 moles af copper. (C) 40% 10" molecules of oxygen. (D) 2.4. 10% atoms of mercury. Question 51 A scientist adds 2.540 g of iodine to 2.298 g of indium and heats the mixture in a solvent until all of the iodine has reacted. The remaining indium is washed, dried and weighed. 1.532 g of indium remains. The empirical formula of indium iodide is (A) Int B) Ind, © ing, (©) Il, (3) Concentration and Molasity The fllewing information refers to Questions 52 and 53 Solutions of porassium petmanganace selutions can range in colour from pink ro purple, Diluce solutions appear pink while more concentrated solutions are dark purple, Crystals of potassium permanganace were added ta four test tubes containing, ‘varying amounts of distilled water as shown below. Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 57 Question 55 Diferenc masses of four compounds ae added ro separate 100 mi samples of waver 425°C, as showa in the table below. Compound ‘Mass oF oid added vo 100 mL of water Tocssium lode, KC] 200 oxasium nite; KNO, 300 Sodium brome, NaBe 400 Sodium chloride, NaCl 200 Jeol Tex ube Volume of dalled ware (mi) | 1.0 50 200 50.0 ‘Mass of KMnO, added 50.0mg [100m [O.10g [050g Question 52 Once all ofthe crystals have dissolved in each tesc tube the ces tube containing the solution thac isthe palest pink is (A) cesteube L B)wsccube 2. (© cestube 3 (D) ese ube & Question 53 ‘The concentration, in g L", ofthe potassium permanganate saluion in test cube 2is a). 20, ®) 20. (©) 020. (D} 0.020. Question 54 A solution is formed by dissolving 0.30 mol of calcium bromide, CaBr, in 150 mi. of water. The concentration of the solution in g Lis ‘A 400 ® 90 © 20 (D) 040 ‘Which solution would have the lowest concentration in mal L“? (A) Potassium chloride solution (B) Potassium nieeate solution (©) Sodium bromide solution (D) Sodium chloride solurion Question 56 ‘An aqueous solution is lbelled “0.75 mol L* CBr," The bese explanation of this label thatthe soluion contains (A) 0:75 mol of calcium bromide added to 1.0 L of distil water {B) 150 gof calcium bromide added 0 1.0L of distil water. (©) 0.15 ofealcium bromide per 1.0 ml of solution {D)_ 0.75 gofcalcium bromide per 1.0 ml. of solution Question 57 ‘When a solution of bleach is diluted, the number of moles of bleach (A) increases, (B) decreases. (©) remains conseant (D) varies according ¢o che amount of dilution, Question 58. ‘What volume of water is needed to dissolve 1.00 mole of porassium bromide, KBr, co produce atolution with a concentration of 60 g/100 ml? @) 504m @) T4mL = © mL =D) BML Question 59 ‘The mass of porassium nitrate, KNO,, in grams, present in 0.750 L of 2 2.20 mol L” poxasium nitate solution is closest co a 45 B) 167 © 2m (D) 296 Question 60 Household bleach contains 35.0 g of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO, per litre of bleach, What volume of water must be added to 200 ml. of bleach to change the ‘concentration of NaClO co 5.00 g per lee? (a) 1208 (B) 1401, (©) 02801 (D) 0.080158 Chemistry Question 61 ‘The active ingredient in houschold bleach is sodiui hypochlorite, NaClO. If the molarity of a sample of bleach is 0.711 mol L” and the density of the solution is LOgml, what is the concentiation of sodium hypochlorite in this colution expressed a6 95 composition (6 ma/m)? 1a) 930 (B) 530 © ws (0) 00711 Question 62. A lead nitrate solution has a molarity of 0.50 mal L*, Haw many moles of lead nitrate are in 500 mL. of solution? @) 10x10 (B} 010 (© 025 () 0.50 Question 63 ‘olation of ammonia, NHL, contains 6.3 mg ofammonia dissolved in 100 ml. of solution. What is the concenttaion ofthe solution ing L-? (A) 63x 104 (B) 63x10" © 63 @ 6 Question 64 ‘Whar isthe concentration of a solution that consains 2,00 g of silver aitate, AgNO, dissolved in 300 ml. of solution? (A) 0.00354 mol {B) 0.0118 mal L (©) 0.0392 mol L* {D) 667 mol L” Question 65 Asoluion of coppe chloride conetna 570 of copper sherds, CuCl, in 750 ml ef olution, Whavis the concentration ofthe slot? (A) 0.0424 mol L* (B) 0.0566 mol L-* (©) 60768 mol (D) 1.02 mol L* Question 66 ‘What is the concentration of chloride ions in « 1.2 mol L solution of slursiniam chloride, AICI? (A) 48.molL7 B) 36 mol L” (©) 24m Ll? @) 1.2 mol 7 Question 67 The amount, in mol, of CF ions in 500 ml. of 20.50 mol L°* AICI, solution is (a) 0.083 (B) 025 (025 (D) 10 Question 68, ‘The mass of solute, in grams, in 200 ml. of 2.50 mol L-* Fe(NO,)sfaq) is a 44 B) 89.9 180 450 Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 59 Question 69 “Which one of che following solutions contains che largest amount of nitrate fon? (A) 400 mL of 0.45 mol 1 sodium nitrate, NaNO}, (B) 500 mL of 0:30 mol [~ calcium alate, C(NO2), {C) 250 mi of 0.30 mol L'alursinivm nieate, AINO,), (D) 300 eal of 0.20 mol L thorium nitrate, Th(NO,)« Question 70 200 ml. of a 2.0 mol L” solution of sodium nieuwe is diluted wo 500 mL. The concentration of the diluted solution is (A) 0.40 mol L* {B) 0.80 mol (OQ 20 mol {D) 5.0mol 17 Question 71 A glucose solution has 2 concentration of 1.50 mol". What volume of water must bedded to 300 mi ofthis solution co change the conceetration to 0:500 mol L (A) 100mL —(B) 300mL = (C)_ D0 mL {D) 900 mL Question 72 ‘The amount of Borde in water sipplies mose be carefully conteled. In which one ofthe following solucioas isthe concentration of NaF 500 ppm? (Assume the densicy ofthe solutions is LO g mL) {A) 5.00 ml. of a solution that contains 5.00 mg of NaF. {B) 0.500 gof NaF in 500 mL. of solution, {C) solution with a NaF concentration of 0.100 gL”, [D) 50.0 mg of NaF in 100 mL of solusion. Question 73 Sulfar dioxide, SO,, is used in small quantices as an antibiotic and antioxidant to maintain che quality of wines, In many countries che maxitoum amount of SO; ‘permitted in wine is 210 ppm. What mass of SO; must be added co a 750 ml. bowle (of wine to teach this concentration? (Assume the density of wine = 1.0 g l-".) (A) 0210g —B) 0.280g (©) O1S8mE DH 158mg Question 74 ‘The amoune of ethanol in alcoholic drinks is often expressed 25 96(v'), ie. the volume of ethanol in 100 ml. of the solution, Which one ofthe following conexins the largest amount of aleahol? (A) 350 mL of beer containing 5.3% alcohol {B) 150 ml. of champagne concaning 12.5% alcohol (©) 200 ml of wine containing 12.096 alechol {D) 50 mLof brandy containing 40.0% aleohol60 Chemistry Question 75 260 mL of 0.500 mol 1! potassinm sulfite solution are added 1 430 mL of 1.70 mol L aluminium sulfa solution. What is the concentration of sulfate ions in the final solution? (A) 337 mol? @B) 125 mol L* (©) 1.52 mol + (D) 3.56 mol L* Question 76 A solution contains 7.70 g of porassium iodide, What is the least volume of 2.00 mol L* lead nitrate solution that would be required to ensure complete precipitation of che iodide fons as lead iodide? (A) 464 mb (B) 36.55 mL (© 232mL D) 16 mt, Question 77 Whar volume of 0.045 mol L” aluminium chloride will contain 1.0 mole of chloride (a) 741L @) 7im- = (©) 247L (D) 823 ol. Question 78 ead chloride, PbCl,, has a solubility of 1.08 g in 100 ml. of H,O at 25°C, This corresponds 19 concentration of (A) 0.388 mol L" (B) 108 g1> (©) 1080 mg 1. (D) 10800 ppm Question 79. Which of the following sodium chloride (NaCI) solutions contains che largest number of moles of sodium chloride? (A) 400 mf of 3.0 mal L” solution B) 300 mb of 040.0 gL" solution (©) 300m of 0.4 mal L” solution {D)_ 400 mL ofa 0.25 g mL"solution Question 80 Sodium carbonate is reacted with silver nitrate according to the following, equation Na,CO,(aq) + 2AgNOsfag) + Ag,COJ) + 2NaNOsag) 1f 20.6 mL. of 0.150 mol L* sodium carbonate solution is added co 30.00 mL of 0.250 mol L" silver niteate solution, the maximum miss of silver carbonate, in ‘grams, that would be precipitated is A old, B 0.927, C165, D. 207. Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 61 (8) Gas Laws Question 81 ‘The scientist wha first researched the relationship between the reacting volumes and. produce volumes in gaseous chemical reactions was (A) Amedeo Avogadro. (B) Joseph Gay-Lussa (©) John Dalton (D) Robert Boyle, Question 82 ‘Which one of the geaphs below best represents Boyle's Law? “ 8) v v vp vp © © vy v vp up Question 83 ‘Which one of the following best represents Charles’ Law? (A) Acconstanepresture the volume ofa fixed mas of gas varies ditecdly withthe absolute temperature. (8) Atconreanr temperature the volume ofa fixed mass of gas varies inversely with the prose. (©) Ac constant cemperatute and constant volume the pressure of a gs varies lecly with the mass ofthe gas (D) Acconstant pressure the volume ofs fixed mass ofa gs varies dieecly with the centigrade temperate Question 84 ‘Which scientise made te following starement? “Ae che same temperature and the same pressute equal volumes of all gases contain the same numberof particles.” 1A) Robert Boyle (B) Joseph Gay-Lussac (©) Jacques Charles (D) Amadeo Avogadeo62. Chemistry Question 85 Neon gas at 20°C and standaed atmospheric pressure is placed in a 1.00 1. closed container. Under these conditions (A) all neon atoms have the same kinetic eneepy. {B) the average kinetic energy of neon atoms is different from that of other gases under the same conditions. (©) the average kinetic energy of neon atoms is proportional co the temperature. (D) the percentage of atoms with high kinetic energy is higher chan it would be at the same pressure and volume and 2 temperature of 40°C, Question 86 Assuming chac other conditions remain constant, which one ofthe following will not inceease the pressure of a ges in a closed container? (A) Increasing the volume ofthe container (B) Increasing the temperature of the gar (©) _Iewroducing a second ines: gas (D) Increasing the amount of gas in the container Question 87 fa mixcure of nitrogen and helium is placed in a closed container: (A) 2 chemical reaction will occuc between the evo gates and the gas pressuze will change. (B) forces of auraccion between the gas particles will decrease the number of collisions wich the walls ofthe concainer. (C)_ there are more collisions with the containee wall than i the same total number of particles were of only one element (D) each gas collides with the container walls as iF ic were the only gas occupying, the container. Question 88 A balloon has a volume of 1.50 L at 25°C and 101.3 kPa, What will be the new volume ifthe pressure decreases to 95.3 kPa and the temperature remains constant? 141 @®) sik. © 1591, ©) 0941. Question 89 “The volume ofa gas syringe is 500 mL and the gas pressure i 99.5 KPa. What will be the new pressure if the volume is decreased to 125 mL and che temperature remsins (A) 398 KPa (B)24.9KP.—(C)GIZKPA—{D) 49.8 kPa Question 90 Which one of the following corresponds to a temperacuce of 139°C? (a) 34K B) Bd © 42K ©) 42K Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 63 Question 91 Four gas syringes, W, X, Y and Z are all ac the same temperature and pressure and ‘contain equal masees ofa different gas as shown in che rable below. (Siringe W x ¥ Zz Gas ‘Ouygen, | Sill dowide, | Salar wiexide, | "Methane, o 80. SO, CH, Which one of the following statements is corseet? (A) Wand Z contain equal volumes of gs. {B) The volume of sulfur dioxide is rwice the volume of oxygen. (C)_ The volume of methane is five times greater than the volume of sulfur trioxide {D)_ Y contains the largest number of acon. Question 92 Anweather balloon with a volume of 500 L at 25°C and 1,00 atm pressuce is catied to Antarctica where the temperature is ~33°C. If the pressure is unchanged, what will be the new volume of the weather balloon? (ay ear. ®) 1651. (©) 402. (D) 0.606 L. Question 93 Asample of0.35 mol of fluorine has a volume of 5.9 1. Ac constant temperature and pressure, what will be che volume occupied by 2.3 mol of fluorine? (A) 39x 10'L (B) 0.901. (© 0141. (D) 39. Question 94 Under standard laboratory conditions, SLC, (A) the volume occupied by one mole of chlorine gas, Cl is approximately double the volume occupied by one mole of argon, Ar (B) the volume occupied by 39.95 g of argon is approximately the same as the volume occupied by 4.00 g of helium. (©) the volume occupied by one mole of ammonia is exactly the same as the yolume occupied by one mole of helium. (D} the volume occupied by one mole of all real gases is exactly the same as chere are no interparticle forces of attraction. . Question 95 TThe behaviour of sr is closer to that ofan ideal gar at (A) sea level {B) che absolute zer0 of temperature. (© inside a car tyre. (D) high alitudes Question 96 The molar volume ofa gas at 75.0 kPa and ~40°C is claseseto (A) 2581. (B) 2451. (©) 3471. (D) 2241.64 Chemistry Question 97 An aie bubble rapped in ice at ~18°C and 2.00 am pressuse has a volume of 1.50 mL. Whae willbe the increase in volume of the air bubble when the ice melts co water ar 0°C and the pressure is 1.00 ati? (A 050ml. (8) 1.70 mL. (Q 320m. (D) 470m. Question 98 Assuming that all real gases deviate from ideal gs behavious, one mole of which of the fllowing gases might be expected co aceupy the smallese volume ae SLC? (A) ammonia, @) oxen © argon. (D) mathane Question 9 sealed 5.00 L flask contains a ga at 35°C and 156 kPa pressure. 10.083 mol of sis removed fom the flask, the amount of gas remaining {A) 0.025 mol. (B) 0.22-mol (©) 031ml — (D}_ 0.39 mol. Question 100 A syringe contains 75.0 ml. of nitcogen at 20°C and a preseure of 101.3 kPa. The plunger of th ting ie pushed down ai the volume ofthe nizogen recede 57.3 mL. What is the new pressure of the nitrogen if the temperature has increased we (A) 499KP, (B) 43.1 kPa (©) 150kPa, — (D) 135 kPa Question 101 Iie pressure, in kPa, and temperature in K, of 146ml oF hydrogen are doubled, chen the new volame of the hydrogen wil he aaa (A) M46mL. — (B) 73 mL. (©) 292 mL. (D) 438 mL. Question 102 Equal volumes of sulfur dioxicle and oxygen are at the same temperature and pressure, Both gas samples (A) contain equal masses. @)_haveall molecules moving wid ehe same velocity. (©) coneain equal number of toms (D)_ have molecules withthe sme average kinetic energy Question 103 20 mil of « gusous ene of sitiogen is completly decomposed to nitrogen and onygen. 20 mi of nitvogen and 50 ml of waygen ate produced al ofthe volumes sre merle ime temperate an ros hen she el ofthe ve @ NO (B) No, © No, (} NO, Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 65 Question 104 ‘A student collects @ simple of gas ftom an experiment and finds that at 18°C and a pressure of 760 mm Fig,ic occupies 450 mL. The nese day che student finds thac che folume of the gos is 473 mL but the pressure is still 76D mm Hg, The new Cemperature ofthe gas is closest to (ay 4c. ® xe ©) 19°C, Oy 38. Question 105 “The product ofa reaction beewcen carbon disulfide gas and oxygen gas are carbon dioxide and sulferdiawde. The volume of the products is 60 mL. Sig) + 30,@ > COW) + 28018 [Assuming complete reaction of both reactants, what are cheit initial yolumes under the same temperature and pressure? ‘welume of CS, Gal) ‘olume of; Gb) “ 20, 00 ®) 60, 20 o 20, 60 o) 40 20, Question 106 ‘The equation forthe reaction of hydrogen chloride with oxygen is AHICKe} + Oe) —+ 2H,0(0 + 2Ch(Q) 50 mL of oxygen gis reacts completely with excess hydrogen chloride gas. IF the volumes are measured at che same temperatureand pressure, then the volume of hydrogen chloride reacting and the volume of the products will be volume of HCI) volume of products (mal) a 200 100 B) 50. 200, © 125 25 wD 100. 50 Question 107 - Methane reacts with oxygen accosding 1 he following equation, CH) + 204g) > COQ) + 2H. 100 mi of methane is completely combusted 0 carbon dioxide and water vapour swith mo excess oxygen remaining, Assuming thc all reactants and products ae in the fascous state and at the same temperature and presure, the charge in worl Volume during the reaction i (A) 000ml. (BY 3.00 mt. (© 100mL — (D) 300k. Question 108 ‘Asample of sir in a 3.0 L container at 2.0 atm is connected 0 another sample of ait ina 2.0 L container at 3.0 atm, The tp between the «wo containers is opened so chat66 Chemistry both samples of air have access to both containers. If the temperature cemains «constant throughout, che final pressure in both containers will be (A) 20am (B)-2.4atm (C) 250m (D) 3.0: Question 109) 17.94 g of a gaseous element has a volume of 7.82 Lat a temperature of 27°C and & pressure of 100 kPa. The element is most likely to be (A) oxygen (B) chlorine, (©) Muosine: (D} nitrogen. Question 110 Samples of two different gases, Q and J, have equal masses and volumes and are at the same temperature, Gas Q has a higher molar mass than gas J. Which one of the following seatements is correct? (A) Gas Quill exerea greater pressure (B) Gas} will exert a greacer pressure (©. Both gases will exere the same pressure, (D)_ The gas with the higher densiy will exert a greater pressure, Extended Response Questions (1) Chemical Reactions, Stoichiometry and the Mole Concept Question 1 ‘Write balanced formula equations forthe fllowing reactions. 2) Magnesium reacting with steam. 2 mas) (b) Calcium seacting with dilute hydrachlorie acid (2 masts) (©) Sodium reacting with oxygen, 2 mata) (Total = 6m) Question 2 Write balanced formula equations forthe following reactions (a) The reaction of chromium with oxygen to farm chromium(TID oxide, (2 marks (b) The reaction of lead wich chlorine o form lead(1V) chloride, 2 mks (©) The reaction of potassium with water. @ mals) [@) The reaction of aluminium with steam. Q masks} (©) The reaction of iron with diluce hydrochloric acid to form ieon(Hl}) chloride (2 make) {8 The reaction of aluminium with sulfiic aid co form aluminium sult. rio) (Tcl = 12 ase} Question 3 ‘When heated strongly sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaKICOs, decomposes. The products are sodium carbonare, Na,CO,, water and cathon dioxide. Ina sypical experiment, 5.163 g ofa pure sample of NalICO, after heting to dive offal of the water and CO, gave 3.258 g of Na,CO,, [n a second experiment 4.687 of an impuce sample of NaHCO, was heated in similar way, 3.207 g of solid remained. Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 67 (a) ‘Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction, (2 mats (8) Calculate the percentage loss of mass that occurred when the pure NaHCO, was heated, mks) (What was the percentage purity of the NaHCO, used in the second experiment? mek) (Tou = 6 mats) Question 4 ‘Asscienist determines a value for the Avogadso Constant by the following method. ‘Using a Geiger counter the scientist measures the number of particles emuted by a sample of radium in one second and obtains a value of 6.2 x 10". Each particle is converted into an arom of helium. The helium is collected and ater 10 days the mass Of helium is 3.68 % 10° g Use the scicatis's results 10 calculate a value for the Avogadro Constant (val <4 tis) Question 5 ‘Write balanced symbol equations for the following rezcions. G)Copperts) reacts with nittic acid, HINO,faq), co give copper nitrate), water and nitrogen dioxide eee Caer () Ethane gas (C,4,) burns in oxygen co give carbon dioxide and water. @ mark) {0 Phosphorus (P) reacts with fluorine (P) to form phosphorus pentafloride (2 mls) 4a) Aluminiwss sulfate solution reacts with basinm chloride solution co give aluminium chloride solution and a precipitare of barium sulfite. mala) fe) Heating ead nitrate) produces lead oxide) oxygen and nitrogen dioxide. (Tors = 12 masks) Question 6 Calculate the molar mass of che flowing substances 7 @ (NH (b) NaSO,.10H,0 ORRIN, Question 7 For a 3.60 g sample ofethanoic acd (CH,COOW) calculate (a) che number of mole ofechanoic acid. (0 mary (b) che number of molecules of ethanoic acid. +O mat (©) the number of mole of axygen atoms mas) (@) she total number of atoms, Cr) (ol = mas Question 8 In the nineteenth century, scientists calculated the telaive atomic mass (atomic ‘weight} of an elermenc by measuring the mass of exygen that reacted with a known Inass of che cement. With chs method the scenvsts had tol make an astumpeion bout the formula of the oxide. Before 1868, scientists had calculated chat the Glement indium, Jn, hada relaive atomic mass (atomic weight) of 79. This value of the relative atomic mass was incorrect since the scientists had assumed an incorrect Formula for che oxide. Ina ypical experiment, 5.00 g of indium was converted into 6.08 g of indium oxide68 Chemistry G@) Dede the formula che scientists had assumed for indium oxide, ahs) (6) Later sina asnumed tha the foe of indi acide was IngQ, Wha value dil hey Cac for the reve mass Geomic wegh) anes Simi) rats nak) Question 9 Bornite ian or of Ag.COJG) + 2NaNO, faq) (8) Cleulae rhe mass faim carbonate needed rec ith the sier nme () Cael he mas ofr carbonate formed may (Cas ms) Question 23 ase water from clecuoplaing processes often contains chromivm(ll) chloride, CrCl, It cam be removed by reacting it with sodium hydroxide secording 10 the equation shown on the nex page introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 71 CrChiag) + NAOHGaq) + CHOW) + 3NaCllaq) (a) If a sample of water contains 2.35 kg of chromium chloride, what mass of sodiuim hydroxide iscequited to eeact with i (2 aks) (b) Calculate the masses of chzomium(IID) hydeoxide and sodium chloride formed by the reaction in pact (a), 4 mal) (Toa «6 east) Question 24 100 g of sulfur dioxide ie mixed with 100 g of oxygen and allowed to react to form sulfur trioxide according to the equation, 280, + Og) + 25049) (2) Deverenine which reactant is in excess and calculate the mass remaining at the completion of the action Goutis) (b) Calculate che maze of alte trioxide formed. rks) (Tox =5 maths) Question 25 ‘The following method was used ro determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide, A crucible and lid was weighed then a small piece of magnesium ribbon was added and the crucible and lid reweighed. The crucible and lid was then strongly heared. Occasionally the lid was raised for a few moments and then lowered again. Heating was contiaved until no more reaction occurred. After cooling the cucible, lid and contents were then weighed again Ress: mass of rile snd id =1567 4 thas of euch and magnesium 866 mms ofcrvcibe id and magnesium ovde = 1596 (©) Why wath ded for few moment? (smal) (6) Use he above results alee mpi Frm of magresiom oxide om) (©) The accepred empisical formule of magnesium oxide it MgO. Suggest ree reasons why it ifr fom the ansner cll in par () ‘il touts) Question 26 Avsudent determines the formula of zine iodide by che following method. The student weighs a conical flask adds a small amoant of zinc and weighs the fas again Asimilar amount of iodine was then added and the flask weighed for 2 third time. ‘Aproximately 5 ml of water and a few drops of edhanoic acid were added to the fas. The fisk was warmed slighty unl ee colour of odie had comple appeared Some zinc remained unreacted. ‘The liquid was decanted from the remaining, zine. “The remaining zine was washed and then dried. Results: mas of flask = 24628 mass of flask and zine 26588 ‘mass of lak, zinc and iodine 23.66 ‘mass of lak and remaining zine 26.04 § (Why was che remaining zine washed? (ae (6) Use the above results to calculate the empicical forrnuts of zinc iodide. (3 mats) (Total = marks)72 Chemistry Question 27, G@) Determine the relative formula mass ofthe mineral malachite, CuxCO/OH), (marl) (©) Whavis the percentage composition of copper (Cui in malachite? matis) (0 What mass of copper could be obtained from 500 kg of malachite? (3 marks) (Toad 6 mars} Question 28 A.studene determines che formula of copper oxide by the following method. 0.256 ‘of copper oxide was dissolved in 50 ml. of dilute sulfuric acid, Small amounts of zine ‘were added until che blue colour of copper sulfate completely disappeared and all of the copper bad been formed. The copper solid was collected yashed and dried. The mass of copper was 0.203 g. Use chese results to determine the empirical formula of copper oxide orl 3 at) Question 29 Caleulae the percsrage composition of metbyl bueancate, CH,CH,CH.COOCR,, mu) Question 30 2.167 g of a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen is completely burnt in ‘oxygen. 4.761 g of carbon dioxide and 2. 603 gol water ue fumed Ee (2) Calculate the percentage composition ofthe compound, (3 mals) ©) Gabeulate dhe empirical formula ofthe compounnl te (©The molecular formula of this compound must be the same as its empirical formula, Suggest reason for this mack) (4) Draw the struccural formulae for two isomers with this formula, (2 marks) (Tox = 8 marks Question 31 Hiydrazine, N,H,, and hydrogen. peroxide, H,Q,, are both liquids at oom ‘emperacure and react according to the following equation, 2H) + NH) — Ni@ + 44,06) ‘The reaction occurs easily at room temperature and also produces large amount of beat neg This pair of compounds as ben we the propellant ten fr sme (@) Give two reasons why these materials be suitable as propellans. mak) (©) tf he maximum load of the propellant liquids for a rockets 2500 lg, callare the separate masses of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide that need be loaded into the rocket. mks) Tort ~ 5 cl) Question 32 ‘The clement silicon is produced by heating. silica {SiO.} 10 approximately 2000°C. with carbon, The equation of the reaction is 2C6) + SIOMD + SK) + 2CO® Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 73 In one experiment, 800 kg of lice is heated with 250 kg of eazbon. (2) Determine which reactanc is in excess and calculate the mass of this reactant remaining. Goals) tb) Caleulae she mass of silicon (Si} formed in this experiment rons) (Total = mu) Question 33 Soditm penicillin has ehe formula, C\,HyN;NeO,S (molar mass ~ 356.4 g mat"). Ie is administered in ucts where 1,00 uni is equivalent to 6.00 ug. A dase of 50 000 tints i administered vo patent. For this dose calculate @) the number of mole of sodium mts) (b) the mass of nitrogen. mas) (©) the number of carbon atoms. Cmte) (Foul - Gamo) (@) Concentration and Molarity Question 34 Achemist prepares 250 ml. of 0.0500 mol L* magnesium chloride (MgCl) solution. @ Caleulare che amount, in mel, of magnesium chloride inthe solution. (1 nad (&) Caleulare che amount, in mol, of chloride ions in solution, (1 ak (© Calculate che number of ions in the solution 0 mak) (4) Calculate che mass of magnesium chloride needed to make the solution (1 mk) (Total = 4 md) Question 35 A120 g ancacid tablet contains 80.0% magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH), as the active ingredient. (@) Write an equation for the reaction of solid. magnesium hydroxide and hnydrochloie acid (HC) if magnesium chloride and. water are the only products, (macs) (b) Calculate the number of mole of Mg(OH}in che tables. 2 ait) (© Galealace the number of mole of HCI needed co react with che Mg(OH Gna (@_Wharvolume of 0.250 M hydrochloric acd could the antacid tablet neutralise? se make ‘Tol 7 mats) Question 36 An outdoor spa holds 5000 L-of water. 40.0 kg of sal, NaCl, i dissolved in the spa {@) Determine the concenszation in mol L” of the salt solution. (2 wat) () After a spell of hor weather the volume of water in the spa is reduced to 4500 L. Calculate the new conceneration ofthis salt solution. (2 mark) (Tora = 4 mas) Question 37 100 mL of 0.25 mol L* chromium(I1) nierate, Ce(NO.), solucion is mixed with 0,600 L’ of 0.10 mol L* sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH. A precipitate of chromium({ID hydroxide, Cr(OHD, is forrned,74 Chemistry (2) Give the overall equation for this eeacrom ifthe only other produc is sodium ita ¢tmsk) (b} Which isthe exces eactant and by how many mol? (male) (6) Whar mass of chromiurilLD)hydeoxide would be formed? mas) (@) Calculate the concentration of nitrate ions in che final liquid mars) nah = 8a) Question 38 Hydrochloric acid is often sold. as a soaion with a concentration of 10.0 mol L”. (@) Calculate the mass of HCl present in 25.0 L ofthis solution. 2a) b) Teche density of cis acid is 1-16 g mi“, calculate che % composition (% mim) ofthis solaton mas) (6) A-cass needs a diluce solution of hydrachlotic acid for an experiment. IF the required concentration of dhe diluce solution is 0.125 mol L”, calculate che volume of the concentrated acid needed to make 2.50 L of the dilute solution (Car) (2) Calculate che volume of water needed co dilute 50.0 mL of the concensrated acid t0 a concentration of 0.500 mol L”, (2 maka) (©) Calculate the final molarity of a hydrochloric acid solution when 200 mL. of (0,600 mol L”* HCL is mixed with 300 ml-of 1.60 moll” HCL 2 masks) ‘Toul « 10 marks) Question 39 A seudenc dissolves 12.83 g of aluminium sulfate in enough water to make 250 mL of solution (2) Caleulate che concentration of aluminium sulfate in moll” gl" rms) 50.0 mL. ofthis solusion is diluted so that the new concentration is 0.100 mol L” (b) Calculate the volume of water added co the 50.0 ml. of solution to achieve the new concentration. mks) (©) Caloalate the concentration of sulfate ions, in g Lin the diluced solution, (esas) (Tonal 7 aks) Question 40 A solution of ethanol in water is made by dissolving 15.3 g of ethanol in 120 ml. of water, The density of ethanol is 0.785 g ml! {) Calculate the volume of he ethanol before iis dissolved. na {b) Calealace dhe expected volume ofthe ethanol solution. ask 6) The volume of the ethanol solution is found to be only 135 mL. Give 2 possible explanation for this observation. «tm 4) Calculate the concentration of the ethanol soluion inthe Following units: ©. moll” gh Gi) 9% mim (os) % mie (©) ppm 6 ma) Cat = 8k) Question 41 {@) Calculate the molarity of OH" ions in a solution of calcium hydroxide made by ‘completely dissolving 4.50 g of calcium hydroxide in warer ro make 500 mL. of solution. ‘3 mas) Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 75 (b) Calculate che volume of che solution from pare (a) that is needed co completely react with 100 ml. of 0.150 mol L” hydrochloric acid Bm) (6) IF 25.0 mb of the solution fom part (a) is added co a 1.00 1. volumetric Haske and water is added 10 the mark, calculate the concentration of calcium hydroxide in che new solution in ppm. Gms) (lesa = 8 mac) Question 42 50.0 mL of 0.250 mol L” zinc chloride i added t0 50.0 mL. of 0.500 mol L-* potassium carbonate solution. (3) Write the equation for the reaction (mae) (b) Caleulae the mass of precipitate produced (mada) {(@)Galelate the concentration ofthe porasium ions inthe foal slusion. (2 ads) (Toal= 5 nals) Question 43 200 mL. of 2 3.00 mol L” solution of iron(lll) sulfae is mixed with 120 mL of a 5.00 mol L” solution of sodium hydroxide. A precipitate of izonifll) hydroxide forms. {@)_ Write a balanced equation for che reaction. oo) {b) eccrine which reactants in excess. mans) (@) Calculate the final concentzation of the reactant in exces. rails) {@) Calla the mass ofthe precipice formed, rs) (Toul 8 ma) Question 44 50.0 mL of 1,20 mol L* silver ierare solution is reacted with 75.0 mL of 0,800 mol L~ potassium chloride solution, (a) Write balanced equation forthe resction. (mato) {b) Which reagent is in excess, and by how many moles? eat) {6} Name dhe insoluble product and caleulate che mass produced, 2 mks) {@) _Weiee the ionic equation for the rection and give the formulae ofthe spectator fons @ eats) (Tod <7 om) (4) Gas Laws Question 45 10.0 Lof argon exeresa pressure of 1.05 x 10" Pa at 27°C (2) Calculate the mass af argon present mick ‘The gsi allowed to expand 10 20.0 1.and the pressure fills to 6.00 x 10° Ps (0) Calculate the new temperature ofthe gs mais) A further 10.0 gof argon i added so che gar fom pare (b). (©) Calculate the new pressure ofthe gas if che ocher conditions from part (b) are unchanged, (masks) (Toul = 6 mat)76 Chemistry Question 46 ‘Niteogen(Ll) oxide, NO, can be prepared by reacting copper with 7.0 mol L nits acid. 3Culs) + SHNO,fag) + SCu(NO,),aq) + INOW!) + 44,00) {2} Whac volume of NO at 18,0°C and 99.85 kPa pressure wil be produced if 2.20 gof copper are reacted with an excess of rite acid? ma) If copper is reacted with concentrated nittic acid a different reaction occurs and nitrogen{IV} oxide, NO,, is produced. Cuts) + 4HNO ag} + Cu(NOJ;(ag) + 2NOJg) + 24,00) (b) Calculate che volume of NO, produced at 25°C and a pressure of 102.0 kPa if 2.20 g of copper is reacted with an excess of concentrated nitric acid. (2 mata) (onl = at) Question 47 Avhelium balloon is to be used co any scientific instruments into che upper stmosphere. At ground level the balloon has a volume of 15.0 Lata temperature of 204°C and a pressure of 752 min Fig, Whac wil be the volume ofthe balloon when the temperature is~25.0°C and the pressure is 100 mm Hg? (Tora = 3 mato Question 48 (2) Use the expression pV = nitT to calculate the molar volume of an ideal ges at 20°C and.a pressure of 101.3 kPa mark) (b) Use che value from part (a) ro calculate the denscies, (i) nicogen (ii) ammonia. gl'sof niteogen(ID oxide 1S mas) ‘The actual densities of chese three gases at 20°C and a pressure of 101.3 kPa are Eiven in che table below. Gs Densigy gE") Niveogen, Nr L165 “Kenmonia, NH ori? [Niwogent oxide NO [1299 (©) Foreach gu calculate che actual molar volume of the ges. mas) (©) Comment on any diferences beeween the values in part (a) aud those in part © Wn) (Tal 9 a) Question 49 An importane step in the industrial production of nitric acid involves che oxidation of samaonia at 900°C and 10 aumospheres pressice ANHY@) + 30,9 > 4NO® + GH.OG IF 6.00 L of ammonia is mixed with 10.00 L of oxygen and allowed to react under these conditions, calculate the (2) volumes of ammonia and oxygen thac react @ macs) Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 77 () volumes of niteic oxide and steam produced. rake) (2) final total volume of gases. ‘Leak (orl «5 ale) Question 50. Under certain conditions atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen con nitrogen(ID oxide. This is then further oxidised o nitrogentTV) oxide. (a) ‘Write balanced formula equations forthe above reactions, mak) (b) Calculate the coral volume of oxygen required to convert 1.50 L of nitrogen to aitrogen(IV) oxide, @ mats) fe) Iftemperature and pressuee conditions remain constant and aie contains 20% oxygen by volume, what is rhe minimum volume of air needed to carry ou che reactions in part (6)? 2 mats) (Tosal- 6a) Question 51 A student heas 0.980 g of cobslU(ID) nitrate. He collec from the reaction 0.332 g of solid cobal{ll) oxide and 360 mL of 2 dark beown gas, which he suspects contaius some nitrogen dioxide, NO,. He then shakes the gas with sodium hydeexide solution and all of the nitrogen dioxide dissolves. 72 mL of a colouriess gas, which reignited a glowing spline, remained. All gas volumes were measured at 20°C and a pressure of 101.3 kPa when the molae volume of gases is 24.05 L mol’. The molar masses of cobalt) nitrate and cobalt(II) oxide are 245 g mol! and 166 g mol, respectively. {a} Mentify the colourless gs ft mak (6) Caleubie the number of mole of cobae(It) nitrate used. mak) {0} Calculate the number of mole of cobalt(lD) oxide usd. itm (@) Galeulae the number of moles ofthe two gases formed. acid eo) Destuce the equation forthe reaction. mark) (oat = 7m) Question 52, ‘The equation for the reaction berween potassium permanganate, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxides given below 2KMuO4ag) + SHLOfas) + SHLSO,g} + KSO(ag) + 2MASOMU) + 50) + BHO (Calculate che volume of exygen, st 20°C and a pressure of 104.3 kPa (molar volume = 24.05 L mol”), released when 25.0 ml. of 0.0200 mol L" pocassium ‘peemanganate solution i reacted with an exces of the other nwo reagents as) (©) Caleulae the volume of 0.0200 mol L*! KMnO, solution must be used to produce 0.190 ¢ of oxygen assuming that there is an excess of the other reactants 2 ams (@ 1F 400 ml. of 00200 M_KMn0, solution, 20.0 mL of 0.100 M H,0, solution and 20.0 mL of 1.0 M HO, are mixed together, whar volume of ‘oxygen at 20°C and a pressure oF 101.3 KPa would be celeased? (Smut (Toul Sacks)78 Chemistry Question $3. A scientist isolates a gaseous hydrocarbon of unknown formula (ie. CF) and determines its formula as follows. 20 ml. of the hydrocarbon is mixed with 230 ml ‘of axyyen at 20°C and 1.0 atm. The mixture is ignited and the hydrocarbon is burnt to produce carbon dioxide and water. The temperature and pressure of the gases are returned to 20°C and 1.0 atm and icis found chat 80 ml. of CO, and 130 mL O, ate present. The equation for the combustion reaction is CHA®) + (+ 0.2510,@) = xCO,@ + 0.59H,0@ {2} From the experimental results, deduce the ratio n(CO,) : n(C,H,) and hence decermine the value of xin the equation. Qos) (b) Use the experimental results to deduce the ratio of n{O,) : n(C,H,) and hence determine the value of y in the equation, (2 mas) (0 Whar is che moleculac formula of the hydrocarbon? (mak) (Tora) = 5 mae) Question 54 Iehas been found thet the radioactive elemens, radium, emits alpha particles (helivin ‘nucke). The number of particles emitted can be counted with a Geiger counter. Each, alpha particle is converted into 2 helium atom by gaining electrons fom the surroundings. A certain quantity of radium emits 3.2. 10" alpha particles in one day. Ac che end of 10 days the total volume of helium gas produced, at 20°C and 701.3 kPa pres i0.135 mL Caleta vale fer the Avogueo Convean (Total = 3 ate) Question 55, Aflask containing 1.08 g of a gaseous compound, X, a¢ 120°C is evacuated and filled with nicogen, Nz, ar the seme temperature and pressure, The mass of nicogen in the flask is 0.42 (2) Calculate che molar mass ofthe gus X. (maka) (6) * If the compound contains only carbon and hydrogen, deduce the molecular focmula of X. msg Tox = 3 marks) Test: Quantitative Chemistry Multiple Choice Items Question 1 ‘Which one of the following equations is NOT balanced? (A) 2HSi®) + 30,l9 — 20% + 2505) B) 2CHig) + 70g) + 4COAg + 6H,0®) (© HClag) + NOH(aq) -+ H.W) + NaClag) {D) 3NO®) + 2049) — 3NOAE) Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 79 Question 2 ‘Which one ofthe fllowing quantities would have the greatest mats? (A) 1.0 mol of butane, CH,CH.CH,CH, (B) 0 mol of I-peopylamine, CH.CH,CHNH, {C) LO mol of propanal, CH,CH.CHO {D) 0 wol of ehancic acid, CH}COOH Question 3 Which one ofthe following contains the largest amouac of hydrogen chloride, HC (A) 8.0L of 0.175 mol 1" hydrochloric acid @) 8.0L of FICl gas ac 25°C and 100 kPe presure {C)_ 80x 10" molectes of HCl {D) 8.0 g0F HCI Question & ‘When 8.8 g of an oxide of nitrogen are decomposed 3.2 g of oxygen ate formed. The cepirical formula of the oxide is mose key ta be @ NO B® NO © No, () No, Question 5 An important reaction in the production of sulfuric acid is conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfr trioxide 280,@) + Og) + 25049 “The mass of sulfur wioxide produced when 60.0 g of sulfur dioxide is teaced with LOD g of oxygen iz A 2505 B) 500g, © 750g ©) 000g Question 6 Four compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen have the molecular formulae CHO, CHO, CHO, and C,HjO,. When placed in order of increasing percentage of oxygen the order is (smallest fist) (A) CH,O< CHO, < CHD, < CHO, (B) CHO, < CHO, < CHO, «CHO. (Q) CH{O, < CHO < C.H,0, < GHA, (D) CHO, < CHO, < CHO < CHO, Question 7 32.0 g of @ compound of carbon and hydrogen contains 2.18 mol of carbon, The molecular formula of the compound is mos¢ likely co be (a) GH, (B) Cy iO OH, ©) Cai,80. Cher ry Question 8 What volume of water must be added to 20.0 ml. of 9.0 mol L” hydrochloric acid to produce a concenteation of 1.5 mol L-"? (A) 100mL —(B)120mL (C160. {D) 160 mL. Question 9. Under suitable conditions oxygen and carbon monoxide will react according the equation shown below. : 2CO® + Oe) + 20049) ‘A mixcare of carbon monoxide and oxygen had a volume of 1.00 L at 60°C and 101.3 kPa, The mixture is allowed wo react unt one of the reacrants is completely ‘consumed. The final volume ar chs cemperacuce and pressure was 800 mL, The most likely composition of che misture afte reaction is {A) 500 mL. of CO, and 300 ml of O, {B) 400 mL of CO and 400 ml of CO, {C) 600 mL of CO and 200 mL of CO, {D) 300 mL of CO, end 500 mi. of O, Question 10 A\solution of ammonia, NH, contains 3.70 x 10 mole of ammonia dissolved in 100 mi of solution. Whacis the concentration af che solution in gL"? (A) 629x104 (B) 629x107 (©) 6.29 ©) 9 Question 11 250 mL of an aqueous solution contains 0.900 mole of ethanol. If the density of the solution is 0.952 g mL, then the concentration expressed as % composition is (ay 154 B) 166 (© 178 (D) 415 Question 12 ‘Which one of che following solutions bas the lowest concentration of chloride ions? (A) 100 ml. ofa solution containing 0.05 mol of potassium chloride {B) 100 ml of a solution containing 0,03 mol caleium chloride {©) 100 ml of a solution containing 0.04 mol aluminium chloride, (D) 100 ml of a salation containing 0,02 mol tin(IV) chloride. Question 13 80 ml. of ammonia are mixed with 80 mL. of oxygen and caused 10 react according to the following equation, 4NH,@ + 30.@) > 2NJg) + SHO After the reaction the temperature and pressure are returned ¢0 the same values as at the begining ofthe experiment. The total gar volume will be (A) 20m. B40 mL. (©) 160 mt. (D) 180 mL. Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 81 Question 16 When a sample ofa hydrocarbon is completely burne in ai 1.76 g of carbon dioxide and 0.90 g of water are formed. The empirical formula of the hydrocarbon is (a) cH @) CH © cH, ) CH, Question 15 40.0 mL of oxygen is reacted with 32.0 ml. of carbon monoxide to produce carbon dlioxide gas asin the equation below. IF all gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure, what would be the final composition of gases when the reaction is complete? 2C0®) + O,(@) + 2CO.ig) (A) 72 mLef CO, (B) 24 ml of Q, and 32 ml. of CO, (©) BmLofO, and32 mL of CO, (D)_ 12 mL of CO and 20 ml. of Extended Response Questions Question f A tudenc obtains the following results fora block of tungsten: Mass ~ 1544p Volume = 80 mb He finds the following information in a daca book: Molar mass of tungsten, - 183.85 g mol" Acomic radius of uangsten = 137 pm 1pm = 1x 10 em and 1.0 em? L.0 ml. (@) Calculate the number of mele of tangsten in the block: a (b} Calculate the volume of one atom of tungsten using volume, V; = (4/3) i okt (0 Galeulae che number of tungsten atoms in the block, assuming that there is 00 space berween the atoms. mack) (d} Calculate Avogadro's constant (number) based on these results (ack) (€) How docs this value compare with the ‘expected’ value’ for Avogadro's constant? Suggest a reason for che difecence. (ati) Tora = ars) Question 2 Calculate the percentage composition of ironilll sulfate @ macs) Question 3 Aballoon containing chlorine gas (Cl) at 1.23 atm pressute and 50°C has a volume of 6.55, {@) Caleulae the mass of chlorine gas inthe balloon. mark82 Chemistry In the presence of sunlighe this amoune of chlorine is bubbled through 650 mL. of ‘water and the following reaction occuts. a 2CY® + 2H.OW + 4HClaq) + OL (©) Whar volume of oxygen gis will be evolved at 25°C and @ pressure of 1013 kPa? (@ mars) (© After the reaction, whar will be the concentration of HCI, in mol L”, in the solution? marks) (€)__ After the reaction, whae will be the concentration of HCL in the solution, 2s 6 mv, ie. the mass in 100 ml of solution? C marks) (Tora = Smt) Question 4 0.1377 gof nitcogen, No is placed in a Bask and exers a pressure of 1.03 atm. When 0.2088 & oF gas X is placed in the same flak ar the same temperature ie exerts a pressure of 0.97 atm, {@) Calculate che molar mas of gasX (mats) 0) Suggesca possible formula forthe gos. ‘a mac) (Tol « ma) Question 5 1.25 g of a compound of carbon, hydeogen and exyygen contains 0.763 g of carbon, and 0.148 g of hydrogen, (2) Calculate the empirical formula ofthe compound G mars) (b) If the molar mass of the compound is 118 g mol", ealeulate che molecular formula of the compound, (2 mls) (Fond 5 rte) (Total = 40 marks) Chapter 3 Reactive Chemistry Multiple Choice Items (1) Chemical Reactions: Question 1 Sodium chloride undergoes a chemical change when. (A) crystals of the sale dissolve in water, (B) _caysals of che sal are broken into stoaller fragments (C)_asolution of sodiuim chloride is added 10 a solution of silver oitrate (D} crysiale are heated unvil they mele Question 2 “Which one of che following is only 2 physical change? (A) Hard boiling an egg, (B) _Liguefping oxygen, (©) The corrosion of iran, (D) Combustion ofa fuel Question 3 Carbon dione sublime fom a slid wo agus at 80°C. This process i (A) A chemical change because i absorbs heat {B) A chemical change because a new product forms (©) Neithera physical nora chemical change because it remains as CO, molecules {D) A physical change because is reversed by cooling. Question 4 Solid sulfur may be extracted frou the earch by melting using superheated steam lander pressure. It is then possible ro solidly i in different crystalline form ro the original deposit. This process involves {AY _ physical changes aly (8) chemical changes ony {C)__ncither physical nor chemical changes (D)_ both physical and chemical changes. Question 5 When blue crystals of hydrated copper sulfive ate heared, steam is evolved and white sushydeous copper sulfate remains. This change is (A) _ physical because there are changes of state and cotour only, (B) both physical and chemical, because there are changes of state and colour and weak chemical bonds are overcome.164 Chemistry (Th fi ison ceri te amour fen mee emare oe dleewon fiom an atom inte gscoue phase. onion energy unally has units SF mot", Normally onc ofc ou! shell trons would Be removed fst. Gaara) (Teel marks) Question 2 @ w) @ axe, © saRSQay Question 3 Carbon dioside isa molecular substance. Bach molecule consists of a C arom bonded to eo O atoms by carbon oxygen double covalent bonds. Only weak dispersion Forces are possible between the molecules and the substance is a gas at tom temperature, Silicon dioxide is a network lattice. In cis structuce each Si arom forms Sngle covalent bonds to four © atoms. Each O acom is covalently bonded to two Si atoms. The latice extends in three dimensions and che substance is « solid at coom cemperature (al = 4 mare Question 4 CE, is 1 symmetrical molecule. Although each C-F bond is polar because of che tle mmeay. ie bond plas ancl eachother Out (emt) Question 5 G)_ Methane, CH, is a non-polar molecule. The only forces of attraction beoween the molecules are dispersion forces, These are very weak and hence methane is fa gas at caom temperature, Water is 2 polar molecule. As well as dispersion Torces there are hycrogen bond: becveen the molecules. Hence the intermolecular attractions are mach greater in water and itis higuid. (2 ma) (Ammonia is a polar molecule. The polar N-H bonds can form hydrogen bonding with water molecules. Hence ammonia is soluble in water. (atid (©. Tedine is a nonpolar molecule. I¢ does not form hydrogen bonds eo water molecules and chus bas low solubiliey in water, The dispersion forces bervcen the iodine molecules are comparable to the dispersion forces between the hexane molecules. Hence iodine is soluble in hexane. (ak) (Tor = mak) or a i | | | | | Answers: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry Multiple Choice Items Bee HEE SEE EEE ee eee eee orotate Se a ay dog aa alow ema op WT De Fein esp ateay wm) i nO) _ (C0) +m(ti0)-n{CH) =4A + 36-16 : {tap + 40,9 ~ 2040 De Bhean be inion sce # ms be Ao tee N roms w = 2x + y which eliminates (A) and {C). 5A Souhiomny tthe que redo Serene Seton th aun She rom ee ee rawer ee etetdg (079.1870 100 demas lass = G979-15.16)_~ 365°" je elaine ms ofNSHCO, #23 1 68-84 hi Forequatan 4) % marae 227 5240 ee Rusa sate este ws For equion (C96 marae 222, 2925 ase rovequaianD) 9 maton 22222. 36.9 4b B.Tise deion ofthe ant » Ths be denon of date ao mas. RAN ave no Tt fe Dhl kn hui ma A Dia i C.— (])isthe definition of molar mass and has units of g mol (A) Oi i ee iaaf be aatnes we __anhon of Argus aber oD, Drolet Kate eed o produce | mal of KO, we MICO) = 1008 + 2419 + 2X LOD = TA oF Po See cea 00 +025 nal riers vase Hin compo ncompoud 00 ForA mass H= (20+ 10)x4=5 g ForB mass H= 36+ 18) x24166 Chemistry Answers: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 167 %O = Bx38.10) + 32065 64" 35-73 tlSn) = 1.187 + 118.7 = 0.0100 mol Question Answer Comments Question Answer Comments Tleont). B. For Cmas = (10> 2)x2= Wg 32 x in dhis compound 1265 g of fodine combine with 3x 19 BoP For D mass H = (40 + $8) x 10= 6.9 g fluorine. Formula mass of compound = 126.9 + 95 = 221.9 1, Be alNPO) = 164 + 164 «0.10 mol: Na «30.10 = 0.30 | eect 7 Mieeeosgi daa tuon Codie i 38. ALC (ss C + molar mas compound) x 100, Fo the Four Each mole of iron sulfate contains 12 male of © atoms, compounds the values are n(O atoms) = 0.1 x 12 = 1.2 mol ‘ A = 40.0%; B = 38.71%; C = 39.1%; D 1% iaeeeeeteel ta taavasiia adssca tc sea D. 0-10-18 78-2898 «37.24% om) 05 13.2048 a / Meagan aay 20, C Formula mass = (RAM X « 2) + (16 x 5) = 182 t 35. c % Cl = 100 ~ 45.53 = 54.47% ate maine boil ' Mas Cle (625 9447) + 100-340 g RAMX« . £ at i 36. B. ‘Mass sulfur = 5.65 = 1.72 — 1.64 = 2.29 g a D. Formula mass C10, » (52 x 2) + (16 x 3) = 152 g mol”! i sulfur = (2.29 = 5.65) x 100 = 40.53 22D. Foul mas L604 = (692) «321 + (164) 1099 ' 37. AL Molarmas of popanoic acid = 36 6 +3274 gol n(Li,SO) = 2.20 + 109, i Massof 1.5 mole =74x 1.5 Ul g, 2. © ; 38. D. Pach molecule of ediane contains 8 atoms. Thus 0.1 mole i ont 0.1 6 10" 8 atoms | Tmele of thane weighs 24+ 6-30 E 2. B. Formula mass Mn,0, = (54.9 x2) + (163) = 157.8 i ‘Thu 1.0 g is (1 30) mol and contains (2 + 30) mole of C. n(Mo,0) « 5.00 + 157.8 = 0.0317 mol 1 molecule of ethane would weigh 30 + (6 x 10") g, that is 0.0317 = 0.0951; mass oxygen = 0.0951 x 16 5x10 pg 25. C. ) x n(SO,) + (3 x 9.6) + (64 x 2) = 0.225 mol ; 39. B. ‘Molar mass of methane = 12 + 4 = 16 g mol”. Mass O, = 0.225 3267.26 | n(H) = (4x 4) = 16 © 1.0 mol 26D, Since Xi in excess the reaction wll sop when ll oF has been i mamber of Harms = LO< 0019 consumed. Vis the limiting rear. i 40. G_—_Foveach of the answers the numberof atoms presen is 2.6 mol of Ny wl eset with 27 mal af O,(acntrey ! ee 20 mo Os wu ss wth 0 lo NE). Stes i Croix 3 x6 106 He Of NH, to N; is 2:1 then 18 mol of N, will be produced. | 5 x 14 x6 x 10" = 4.2.x 10% 2% dD, Molaration$) 10) 11.10) in 64/52 «2 ‘ Hence man Seeing 20SaGhg | 4 GH = 100-80 = 20 Mars eats oto i aU 2001220) iC) =80=12=667 : = 160-4968 i Iai of) = 206.67 = 3 2», A. (CH) = 3.216 -0.20 mol n(O,) = 3.2/32 = 0.10 ml, i Soccer mois? den OW mat Opeceremahooso | OOD. 38 G1 iis Sone ee ad eeea | (C= 388 35.5 - 1098, fO)~ 61.2 = 16-3825 Mas CO, 2008024422. 8 ratio n(C):a(O) = 1.093:3.825 = 13.5 or 27 OB i ou : (Be, Formula mussof CHO = 1242+ 16 30 m{Clr} = niAgCl) = 793357 + 1.235 x 10° mol | ‘Molecalar formula is 90 + 30 = 3 times empirical formula MassCl 1235» 1023545 = 0048785 1 Nokrmasofcompounds 176.2 88a” %Cl = Sa = 2.50 i ‘Molar mass of empirical formula = 24 + 4+ 16 = 44 He | Molecular formula is 88 + 44 = 2 imes empirical formule mB 416% 100 i 4s Mass Sn eacted = 3561-22374 = 1187 g :168 Chemistry Question: Teont) 46, 47. 48 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 55. 56. kK Answer Comments all) = 5.076 = 1269 = 0.0400 mal Simplest ratio (I): a{Sn) is 0.0400 : 0.0100, ie. 4:1 ‘The general equation for complete combustion of 2 hydrocarbon is CH, + oxygen > xCO, + y/2H,0 Since equal numbers of moles of CO, and HO are formed: x=yi2andy=2x, ie. a(H)~2n(C) Ifn(©) = 5 mol, then n(H) = 10 mol and formula is C,H, Molar mass of C,H,O, C= (36 = 90) x 100 % C in each compound A = 50%; B= 63.2%; C= 60% D=51.8%. (Kl) ~ 150% 0.2 mol = 0.3 mol a(Pb(NO,),) = 0.5 x 0.15 mol = 0.075 mol 2KI + Pb(NO,); + 2KNO, + Pbl, ‘nol ratio KI: Po(NO,), = 2:1 (0.3 mol KI requites 0.15 mol Pb(NO.)a: Pb(NOs)s isin excess ‘mol ratio PB(NO,),: Pbly= 1:1, n(PbL,) = 0.075 mol m(PbI,) = 0.075 x (207.2 + 2x 126.9)) = 34.6 g (Cu) = 6.0 x 63.54 =3812 ¢ (0) = (4.0 x 10%) + (6 x 10"): m(O,) = 0.067 x32= 2.13 g (Hg) = (2.4 x 10") x 200.6 + (6 « 10%) = 80 g Mass of In reacting = 2.298 ~ 1.532 = 0.766 g ‘a(ln) = 0.766 + 114.8 = 0.006672 mol Mass of I reacting = 2.54 g all) =2.54 + 126.9 = 0.0200 mol Ratio [sin = 0.0200: 0.006672 = 3:1 ‘The concentrations of the four solutions, in mg mL, are cest tube 1 = 50.0; est tube 2 = 20.0; test cube 3 = 5.0 and test tube 4 = 10.0. Hence test tube 3 will be the palest pink. Mass of KMnO, = 100/1000 = 0.10 g Volume of solution = 5.011000 ~ 0,0050 1, Concentration in g L-! = 0.10 + 0.0050 =20 Mass Car, = 0.30 x 200 = 60 g Volume = 150 +1000 = 0.15 L Concentration = 60 + 0.15 = 400 gL? The amounts of each compound, in mel, are (A) = 20.0/74.6 = 0.268; (B) = 30.0/101.1 = 0.297; (C) = 40.0/102.9 - 0.388; (D)= 20.0/58-4 = 0.342. The corresponding concentrations, in ‘mol L", are 2.68, 2.97, 3.88 and 3.42. ‘The concentration is 0.75 mole in 1.0 L of elution. 0.75 mol of, CaBr, is 0.75 x 200 = 150 g/L oF 0.15 g/ml. 59. 60, 61 a 6. g 0. 70. 7 Answers: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 169 ‘Comments Dilution only involves adding water, the number of moles oF | solute is unchanged Mass of KBr = 59.1 + 79.9 = 119 g Volume of water required is (119 x 100) + 60 = 198 ml. a n=en, n(KNO) =2.2 x 0.75 = 1.65 mol Mass (KNO) = aM, = 165 x 101.1 = 16638 g Mass of bleach = 35.0 x 0.200 ~7.0 g Volume of solution needed = mass + new concentration =7.0 + (5.0 + 1000) = 1400 ml. ‘Volume water needed = 1400 ~ 200 mL. ~ 1200 ml. (1.2L) MANACIO) «74.44 In'.00 L:m(NaClO) - (0.711 x 74:44) = 52.925 Mass NaCIO in 100 g of solution = (52.92/1000) x 100 = 5.30% mim 1 n(Pb(NO,),) = 0.5 > 0.5 mol, = 0.25 mal Mass of NH, = 6.3 mg = 6.3/1000 g = 0.0063 g This mas is in 100 mL. Mass in 1 Lis 0.063 g. (AgNO) = 2.00/169.9 = 0.0118 mol c{AgNO,) = 0118/0.300 = 0.0392 mol L (CuCl) = 5.70/134.44 mol ~ 0.0423 mol e(CuCh} = 0.0423/0.75 = 0.0565 mol [-* ‘molar ratio AICI, : Cl'= 1: 3, (CI) = 3 « 1.2 = 3.6 mol L* a(Cl) =3 x (xv) = 3% (0.5 x05) = 0.75 mol n(Fe(NO,), « €x v = 2.50 x 0.200 ~ 0.500 mal M(Fe(NO)), = 55.85 + 28.02 + 96 = 179.87 Mass (Fe(NO,),) = 179.87 x 0.5 = 89.94 = 89.9 g (3 sig fig) ‘The amount of NO; in each solution is (A) = 0.4 x 0.45 = 0.18 mol; (B) = 2 0.5 x 0.3 = 0.30 mol; (©) -3 0.25 x03 ~ 0.225 mol; « {D)=4x03 x02 =0.24 mol iv, = G5 2.0 x 0.200 = 0.500 x e3 €» = 0.80 mol L-* 15x03 =0.5 xvx hencev,=0.901L of 900 mL, ‘volume of water added = 900 ~ 300 = 600 ml. 1 ppm = 1 gsolute in 10g solution or 10 ml. 1 ppm is also 1 mg in 10° mL or 1 L For each example the concentrations are (A) = (5.0 x 1000)/5.0 = 1000 ppm {B) = (05 « 1000 x 1000)/500 = 1000 ppm {C)=0.1 « 1000 100 ppm {B) = (50> 1000)/100 = 500 ppm170 Chemistry Question 7 D. 74, c 7; A 76. D. 7. A 78. D, 2. D. 30. B. 8h B. 2. © Answer Comments 210 ppm is 210 mgin 1.0L 1000 mL). Mast SO, added «075 x 210 = 157.5 mg ie 158 mg G sig ig) “The walume of alcohol in each example is (a) = (5.3 %350)/100 = 18.6 mL @) = (125 x 150)/100 (©) = (120 x 200/10 (40.0 x 503/100 = 20.0 eal MKSO) = €¥= (0.5 0.26) = 0.13 mol. » n(S0,) {AL{SO,)s= {1.7 x 0.43) = 0.731 mol 0.731 = 2.193 mol 13 + 2.193 mol = 2.323 mol. total volume = 430 + 260 ml. = 690 mi, (S02) = 2.323/0.69 « 3.37 mol L* 2KI + Pb(NO,), > 2KNO, + Pbl; molratio KI: PbiNO,), = 2:1 (KD) = m/M, = 7.70/166 = 0.0464 mol Hence n{Pb(NO,),) = 0.0464/2 mol = 0.0232 mol yol(Pb(NO,)) ~ nfe = 0.0232/2.0 L = D016 L = 11.6 ml. 0.045 mol L” AICI, contains 3 x 0.45 mal «0,135 mal Cr ions in 1.0 6 1 mol Cl fons is contained in 1.010.135 « 7.41 1 e(PbCI,) = (1.08/278.1) = 0.1 « 0.0388 mol L”. S{PbC) ~ 1,08/0.1 = 10.8 g Lor 10800 mg L” (= ppm. n(NaCh = (0.25 * 1000 + $845) x 0.4 = 17 mol. Other answers ate 1A) = L.2 mol, (B} = 0.205 mol, (C) 0.12 mel. n(Ns,CO) « 0.15 x 0.020 = 0.0030 mol ‘n{AgNO,) = 0.25 ¥ 0.030 = 0.0075 mol Since the molar rato is | : 20.0030 mal of Na,CO, reacts with 10,0060 mol of AgNO, ic. AgNO is ia cco. n(Ag.CO,) = niNa,CO) = 0.0030 mol mass (Ag,CO,} = 0.0030 > 275.8 = 0.827 & Gay-Lussic stated in his Law of Combining Gas Volumes that in a gaseous chemical reaction, at constant temperature, the tatios of reacting g2s vohumes are small whole numbers. Job Dalton proposed an Atomic Theory, Robere Boyle demonstrated the celasionship berveen gas pressure and gis volume and Avogadio suggested that at he same T and P equal ‘volumes of gases contained the sume number of molecules. Boyle's law states thac for a given mass of gas at a fixed temperature the volume varies inversely with the pressure, Le. as the pressure increases the volume decreases. Hence as p increases Iip decreases and V decteases. Answers: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 171 Question Answer Commencs ®. ‘A. GB ina stacement of Boyle's fav. (C) tue Buse aot Charles law. (D) is incorrect, BA D. Charles demonstrated the relationship berween gas volume and absolute temperature. For Boyle, Gay-Lussac and Avogedro, sce answer to question 81 85. ©. Im any gas at any temperature there will be a range of kinetic cosiis Ths atl neon sta ip he simple wil have be same kinetic energy at a certain temperature bur theit average kinetic energy is proportional co the temperature, 86 A. —_Tncreasing the volume decreases che number of particles per unit area and cherefore decreases the rate of collision of particles with the container walls 87. D. As the volume occupied by the gas particles is negligible though it were the only gas in the container 88. PY, = PAW, Vi =101.3 x 1.5/95.3 = 1591, 89. PV, = PV, Pz = 99.5 x 0.510.125 = 398 kPa 90, 0°C #275 K, therefore ro convert “C wo K, 273 is added. (139 +273) = 134K aL C—Since Pand T'are the same forall gases then Vir = constant. ‘The gyringes contain equal mases hence Vx M,= constant. “The gas with the largest molar mass will occupy the smallest volume, M{SO,)/M(CH) - 80 +165 92. © New volume of weather balloon » 500 x 240/298 L = 402L. 93, D. Volume of fluorine = 5:9 «2.30.35 L = 39. 94. B. The volume of a gas ot fixed temperature and pressure conditions depends on the number of particles, and whether the gas behaves as an ideal gas with no areacive forces berween parccles. Thus (B) which compares the volumes of one mole of «ach of cwo monatomic inet gases i the only correct answer, 95, D. The lower the pressure of a gas che greater the intexparticle distance and theless likelihood of interparticle aactions 96. A. Moka volume of gas= ni 7P = (1 x 8.31 x 233)/75 L. =258L. 97. B, New volume of ir bubble = 2.x 1.5 x 10° x 273/255 ml. = 3.2 mL. Increase in volume = 3,2—1.5 = 1.7 mL. 98. A, our gases might have some interparticle dispersion forces teraction, nt there ls the pos of hyogen onlng berween ammonia molecules. A nae- : : : : : 172 Chemistry Question Answer 9. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104, 105. 106. 107, 108. 109. 110. B. D. A (Comments ‘alga = PVIRT = (156 x S.00)KB3T » 308) mol = 0.305 mol 0.305 ~0.083 = 0.222 mol Neo P(N,) = (101.3 % 75 x 298)/(293 x 57.3) kPa ~ 135 kPa Since the amount of hydrogen does not change n(H,) is constant and PV/RT = constant. Then Px LAG/T = 2P « VIZT, therefore V = 146 ml. If che gas samples are at the same temperature cheit average kinetic energy will be the seme, Since P, T and V ae the same for both gases then a(S0,) = n(O3) hence (A) and (C) are ‘The formula of the compound is N,Q, and the equation for decomposiion is 2N,0, — aN, + yO. Under these eopdiions equal Volumes contain equal moleshence x= and y= 5. Since » and P are constant then T/V= constant. Then 291 x 475)/450 = 307.2 K or 34°C. If product volume is 60 ml. and the ratio CO,: SO,is 1: 2, V{CO,} = 20 mL and V(SO}) = 40 mt ‘Thus V{CS,) = 20 mL and V(O,) = 3 20 = 60 mL Volume ratio Os: HCL= 1:4, ‘Thus 50 ml, of oxygen eeacts wich 4 x 50 = 200 mL. of HCL Volume of water is negligible at room eemperature So product volume = 2 x v(O.)» 100m 100 mi of CH, reacts with 200 mL of O, producing 100 mL. oF CO, and 200 mL, of steam. "Total ceactane gos volume = rotal produce gas volume and there is no overall volume change. In the fiese container, n(ait) = (2 x S)/RT, For the second container afais) = (8 2VRT. Hence coral n(ait) = 12/RT. When the containers are connected Vicoral) = 5.0 L and PéFinal) = [(12/RT) RT).0 ~ 24 atm, n(gas) = PVIRT = 100 x 7.82/8.31 x 300 = 0.3137 mol, 1M igas) = aun = 11.9410.3137 = 38.06 g mot! M(F,)= 38 g nol Since V and Tate the sume then P is proportional to n. The relative mass of Qi greater than thac of and thas n(Q) will be less than a). sini Answers: Introduc n to Quantitative Chemistry 173 Extended Response Questions Question 1 @) Mele) + 2H,0%@) + MgOH)) + Hyg 2 ends} () Cals) + 2HClfag) + CaChiag) + HAG) 2 mas) (© 4Na() + O,(9) + 2Na,015) (2 mas) (Tora = 6 mas) Question 2 () 2CHs) + 304g) 26,04) marks) () PO) + 2CLig) + PRCLOS) mats) (© 2KG) + 2100) —+ 2KOHiag) + 24,09) ats) (@)2AlG) + 6H,O(® + 2AKOH),) + 3H@ ate) (@)2Fels) + GHCHaq) + 2FeChtaq) + 3HAE@) eral) (8 2AlG) + 3E,SO,lag) + AL(SO),laq) + SH) 2k Tor = 12 mals) Question 3 (@) 2NaHCOj5) + NaCO\G) + COs) + 10%) (2 mack) (6) masslose = 5.163 ~ 3.258 = 1.905 g 4% mass oss = (1.905 ~ 5.163} x 100 = 36.90% 2 malay (© masslost = 4.687 ~ 3.207 = 1.480 g ‘This mass is 36.90% ofthe mass of NaHCO, Hlenee (1.480 + mass NaHCO) x 100 = 36.90 mass NaHCO, = (1.480 = 36.90) x 100 = 4.01 g 5% purity NaHCO, = (enass NaHCO, + mass of samp) x 100 % purity NaHCO, = (4.01 + 4.687) x 100 = 85.6% mls) (Tol ~ 6a) Question 4 No. of atoms of He produced in 10 days = 6.2 x 10!" 60 x 60 x 24 x 10 5,357 x 10" (Ee) produced in 10 days = 3.68 x 107 + 4.0 = 9.2% 10 mol No, of atoms of He in 1.0 mol = 5.357 » 10" «9.2 10" = 5,82 10" (Tora 4 macs) Question 5 @) Cul) * 4HINO,(aq) + Cu(NO),faq) + 24,00) + 2NOA@ mak) (b) 2C,Helg) + 70,{g) + 4CO,(g) + 6H,O0), (2 marks} © PA) + WEL@ > APFQ (2 mk) (@) Al (SOJafaq) + 3BsCl,a9) > 2AICL(aq) + 38150.) 6 was) (© 2PHNOAAIs) + 2PHOI) + OL@ + ANOY) 6 mek) (set 12 na) Question 6 G@) [04.01 + 2.02) » 2) + 12.01 + 16.00 = 60.07 g mol" (0 mae474 Chemistry o ag) 206160054) 10x02 16000-3255 (0 malt 155.85 +6 (1201 + 1401) 232927 mol” (math) (© 9.10%3) to <3 mt) Question? Molar mas of CH_COOE« 605 gmol” Ne COOH) = 3.60» 60.06 « 0.0599 20) matt {) No of molecles » 0.0599 x 6.022 10? = 3.61 x 10 (tea) C) nO) + 2x 0.0599 = 0.1198 sal 1 mash {@) Each molecate contains 8 2001 Foal no. oF atoms = 8 «3.61 7 2.988 «10 dou (toe = Sms) Quen’ Quen gain einai 06 SSIS ram of opp Ne) 08-16 88863 ratio n(lo) ‘(O} = 0.0667 0,0663 = 1:1 en Te nlc ewes 00-9 fn teed om BL F ond 0) = 0066 m8 ene wy oases x2) = 300002 8 Taataygge=183 rae 148) mats cross 6nd Question 9 02.0 (5 mad oer save forma mas of botite > (69-59) * 55.85 + 4(32.1) = 5 5.63.55 x 100 55,85 « 100 5x 6559 2108 55,85 100 44 130 3552100 gaan Fer 5020 = 11.13% w we gos AESELAI 5.57% amt © Mass of eopper EEE - 633.08 conus) (toal <6 as Question 10 2x14 «100 (a) ON (utes) = T7416 + 2114 + ase gn (NH) SOD = HT + 31 + AUS 20% __ 2x1 100 96 (NH.NOD = FE ea9 186 30)” 5.0% 8 wwks) ot 2100 (bh nN) = gy 2 25 mal Se TERE rer ee earn nr rn ee 2x 500 font -25E 7.58 mol mase(N)=75BX 14 106g ma (or (25.20 x 500) + 100) (Foval = 7 mach) Quetion i) The relative molecular mass is the 1 assis the mass of | molecule ofa subs to the mass of 1 atom of °C taken as 12 exactly. cee 2 mak {b) The molar mass isthe mas n-gram oF I mole oF substance, a : als) (ora Question 12, i OP Molar mass of propane = 36 + § = 44 g:mol (0) n(GjH) = 1s 44 =0.25 mol ies (Number of molecles = 0.25 x 6x 10° = 1.5 x 10° vee @) (Ef) = m(CH,) x8 © 0.25 «8 =2.0 mol es fe) Number of atomsia each molecule = oe nolecale = 348 = 11 Vota pumnber of atoms = 11 1.5 x 10% = 1.65 x 10% ma (tos -5 mat) 20% 10%) + (6.02 x 10%) = 0.199 mol (0) Mass © = 0.199 12.01 = 2.39 g cs (1 ma {o) Bach molecle of ethane contins 2 atoms Bah ao oun fcabon een Number of molecules = (1.20% 10°) + 2= 60 10% (4) Every 2 aos of carbo bined ace aubon are combined with 6 atoms of hydro Ben 2aons of aon eam 2 mack (© (CH) = (©) + 2= 0.0997 mol ‘Mass (CaH,) ~ 0.0997 x 30.08 « 3.00 g ieee cumin wien aot Na0s= 20299) +1201 431860) = 1060 fh) MawN4C0y = 0250 1060+265 aioe (@)_ n(Na) - 2 «0.250 = 0.500 mol tt (1 mark) fa) nO} 23 0.250 = 0.750 mol, mass oxygen = 0.75 x 16 = 12.0 =120— Goa) oa = 5 marks) Quesion 15 eee ayn = 1500 539-11Alg Oe ptm e)=T14t+i6=060%nd gma = {0 Rao nf) m9) = 0.694 «0278 =2. Hence empitical formola is N.O, Ae eee em creat aa)176 Chemistry Question 16 G) (Hd) 0.12 +1.0=0.12 mek; a(C) ~ 048 + 12 ~ 0.04 mol 2 mals) (6) eati alFt) (©) = 0.12 0.06 + 3: Is hence empirical formu is CH (@) The formula CH, has a molar mass of 12 + 3.= 15 g mol. Since the actual Inolar mas iy 300 g mol” then the molecular formula must be 2 % che empirical formula. Molecular Formula is CH. {Alternatively lee molecuae formula » (CH), © CHa then 30.0 = 12x + 3x andx=2) rash) (oral 6 ahs) NES) 314-46 00714 mo eat {b) 1 mole of CO, contains 1 male oF Cs hence a(C)=0.0714 mol (tah Mass of C= 0.0714 « 12 = 0.8565 (mad (@) Mass of H = 1.000.856 = 0.144 g (ot) (© alti) = 0.144 + 1.0 «0.144 mols n{C) = 0.0714 mol Ratio n(F):n(C) = 0.144:0,0714 » 2.02:1; or 2:1 [Empirical formula is CH, (2 masts) (9 Molar mass of compound ~ 14.0 + 0.25 = 56.0 g mot Molecular formula is (CH). Hence 56,0 = 12x + 2x and x= 4 Molecular formula is (CH), oF C,H (2 masks) (Toe = 8 mask) Question 18, (0) = (9.0% 10%) + 6 x 10%) = 0.15 mol, a(H} = 0.40 = 1.0 =0.40 me. ‘n(Q) ~ 0.15 : 0.40 :0.15 = 1 : 2.67 : 1. Simplest whole number the empirical formula is C,H,0.. (Corl «3 mae) Question 19 (a) Seonygen = 100 50.0-8.53 - 194 (mt) i) Gabon [Fydrogen [nitrogen oper % 50.0 333 BH DB qomae ]500+ 12 =/833> 10= |. + 1 = [R228 + 16 = 407 a33 139 139 Fawalker [517 = 139/833 = 139= PTH 10 0 599 lence eapitel formula is HNO Cons (© Molar mass ofcompound = 21.6 + 0.15 = 144 g mot co (4) Molecular formula is(C,H,NO), Hence 36x + 6x + 14x + 16x = 144 ie, 72x = 144 and Molecular formula is CoH,.N,O; feral = 7 00) | ' | | | | | i j j | { ‘Answers: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 177 Question 20 @ Carbon Fidiogen Oger % 3e71 Tee 100-3871 988 =5161 pomeke | 3871= 12 Tee TO | SGr= 16-3256 23.226 9.68 Tamallest | $226 > 3226 = | VGH VS.HDG = [3226+ 3.226 - 100 Loo 3.00 Hence empirical formula is CHO Gms) {b) Molar mass of CH,O » 31 g mol. Sie the molar mass af che compound is 62 ¢ mot” the molecular formula muse be 62/31 = 2 cimes the empirical foumula, ie. CHOs rr) tals 5 mar) Question 21 {@)_ Mas of oxygen produced = 5.21 ~(3.51 + 145) g = 0.25 goxygen (mul) {6 @a(PbNOQ)) = $211 (207.2 + 28.02 + 96) = 0.0157 mol (P60) = 3.51) (207.2 + 16) = 0.0157 mol (ete bet sd mack) (6) Molar ratio (PbNO,):PBO : (NO,) +O, = 0.0157 + 6.0157 : 0.0315 0.00781 ie 2122421 Equation is 2Pb(NO,),() —> 2PbO() + 4NOJg) + Ox) mats) (Tor = 7 ma) Question 22 fa) Molar ratio Nz,CO,: AgNO, = 1:2 an(AgNO,) ~ 1.62/(107.87 + 14.01 + 48) mol = 9,536 x 10% mol HNE{CO,) » 9.536. 10°22 = 4.768 10° mol ‘m(Na,CO,) = 4.768 x 10° x (22.99 x2 + 12.01 + 48) = 0.505g (9 masksl (6) n(AgCO) = n(Na,CO) = 4.768 x 10° mol IiAg,COy) 4.768 x 10° x 215.74 12.01 648) = 132g madad (ol = Sm) Question 23 @) Molarratio CrCl, NaOH = 1:3, (CrCl) = 2.35 > 10°U(52.00 + 106.35) ~ 14.84 mot n(NaOH) « 3 x 14.84 = 44.52 mol m(NaOH) - 44,52 x 40.00=1781 gor 1.78 kg 2 mas) OA a Litets Grease at m{Ce(OH}) = 14.84 & (52 + 48 + 3.03) = 1529g oF LS kg, sn(NaC) » n(NaOH) = 44.52 mol sm{NaCl = 4.52 x (22.99 + 35.45) = 2602 g 0r2.60kg mats) (Tor = 6 aks) Question 24 @) Molar satio SO; : 0, © 2:1 1($0,) = 100/(32.06 + 32) = 1.56 mol178 Chemistry n(O,) required + 1.56/2 = 0,781 mol ‘n(O,) supplied = 100/52 = 3.13 mol (©, isin excess by 3.13 — 0.78) = 2.34 mol Mass O, remaining = (2.34 x 32) =75.0 g 6 mats) () nf, = n{$O) = 1.56 mol miSO») = 1.56% 80.068 = 125g On massSOs formed =mass of SO, + mass of O, reacting = 100425 =125 ¢ mats) (oral ~' mas) estion 25 St ay ore iinet crcl rece the magnesium, as {0} Massof Mg» 15.86 ~ 15.67 = 0.19 go (Mfg) = 0.19 « 24.3 ~0,007819 mol Massaf O = 15,96 15.86 = 0.10 g n(0) = 0.10 ~ 16 = 0.09625 mol Ratio n(lg) (0) = 0,007819/0.00625 : 1.0 = 1.25:1 or5:4 Empitical formula of magnesium oxide is Mg,O. mark) (6 The mass of oxygen is tao low for che mass of Mg. Either some of the Tbagnesium remained unreacted or some magnesium oxide escaped from the {rucible during the heating proces. 2m) | oe tel 6m) uestion 26 PR emoweanyremsining sine iodide ea {) Mass of zine reacting = 26.58 — 26.04 = 0.54 gs ndZn)= 0.54 + 65.4 = 0.008257 mol Mass of fodine = 28.66 ~ 26.58 » 2.08 g 2.08 = 126.9 = 0.01639 mol nCZn) + Ml) = 0.008257 0.01639 = 1.0:1.99, ie, 122 jeal formula tine iodide = Zn, Om) (oral = nas) Question 27 ae OF REN (malachite) = (63.54% 2) + 12.01 + (165) + (4012) - 221 1 a) () 127.08 100% = 57.5% (2mm) 21. (57.5% 500 kg ~ 287 keg (3 sig a) (mato) a ool 6 at Question 28 (Cu) = 0.203 + 63.55 0.003194 mol Mass Q = 0.256 0.205 = 0.053 s ‘n(O) » 0.053 «16.0 = 0.003313 Racin a(O) :a(Cu) = 0,003313 0.003194 © 1.04: 1.0; ie 1:1 Empirical formula of copper oxide is CuO (Tora = 3 mats) Question 29) ; Geto war formula is C,H,,O, and the molar mass is 102.1 g mol” | i | | ‘Answers: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 179 ‘Mass of C in 1.0 mole = $x 12,01 ~ 60.05 g 96 C = (60.05 x 100) = 102.1 = 58.81% ‘Mass of H in 1.0 mole ~ 10.08 g 9H = (10.08 x 100} = 102.1 - 9.87% ‘Mass of O in 1.0 mole = 32.0 g 9% ~ (520 x 100) + 102.1 = 31.34% (Foal = 3 mack) Question 30 @) Mass C= (4761 + 44.01) x 1201 © 1.299 ¢ 9% C= (1.299 + 2.167) x 100 = 59.96% Mass H = (2,605 » 18} x 2= 0.289 g 96H = (0.289 = 2.167) 100 = 13.36% % O= 100 59.96 13.36 = 26.68% G mks) by c H T o @ = 5996 + 130T | = 1336-1008 2668-16 24,992 13.25 1.668 smallest 4992+ 68> | 132+ .GOT= | LEGR- 1.668> 2.992 7.986 10 whole number 3 8 T Empirical formala = CH,O 2 muds) (6) The molecular formula of a compound is either che same as its empirical fotmnula or a simple multiple of this Formula. If C,H,O is doubled the formula becomes C:H,,O,, Now there are 90 many hydrogen atoms co bond c the carbon acoms. The maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond 10 6 cin sms th Heme CH0y cuore cos ‘net o tH astern act VV Vy WAN AON, WAN A dy KA Oh Ooms cro a Quon 3 CB racy ofthe ean ae sand the eng eddy he eich Mice te gutted Cut {b) From the equation che cual mass of eacant » 2 x (34) +32 = 100 For the maximum loud of 2500 hg the masses required are BOs 6825-1700 kg and” NH 32325 = 800 kg G mars) (Tul = 5 mals} Question 32 @) {SiO = (800 « 1000)/60.09 = 1.33 x 10* mol fC} = (250 x 1000}/12.01 = 2.08 x 10" mol Molar ratio n(SiO,) : n(C) = 1:2, n{C) needed to react with SiO; is 2 1.33 x 10! = 266 « 10 mol, hence SiO, isin exces. n(SiO,) reacting = 2.08 x 10° » 2 = 1.04 x 10" mol in(SiO } remaining = (1.33 ~ 1.04) x 10*= 0.29 x 10’ mol180 Chemistry Mas (S10) remaining = 0.29 « 10 60.09 = 17.4 « 10" g oF 174 kg Goma) (b)e(Si) produced = n(C) + 2= 2.08 x 10" = 2~ 1,04 10° mol Mass i formed = 1.04 x 10" 28.09 = 2.92 10° g or 292 kg am) (ora) 3 rat) Question 33.” (Mass of sodium penicillin administered ~ 6.0 x 10 x 50 000 = 0.300 na) = mC H,.NNAO.S) = 0.300 + 3564 = 8.42 x10 mol mars () (NY) = (Ce NNAO,S) *2 = 1.68 « 10° mol Mass N = 1168 « 10° « 14.01 = 0.0236 g (2m) (6) n(C) = 8.42 « 10 16 = 0.0135 mol No of C atoms = 0.0135 x 602 > 10° = 8.11 x 10" 2 mark) {Tonal =6 mae) Question 34 G) (MgCl) = 0.250 x 0.0500 ~ 0.0125 mol {sky () _niCh} = 0.0125 x 2 = 0.0250 mol (aks {6} No. of ons in solution = 0.0125 x 3 « 6.02 % 10° =2.26 x10" (mkt (@) Molae mass MgCl, = 24.3 + 35.45 + 35.45 ~ 95.2 ¢ mol Mass MgCl, requited = 0.0125 «95.2.8 1.19 g owt (Tonal at) Question 35 G) MgOHD9 + 2HClaq) —» MgChiag) + 25,000 ena (6) Mass Mg(OH), = (1.20 x 80.0) + 100 =0.98 g n(Mg(OH),) = 0.96 + 58.3 = 0.01645 = 0.0165 mol (2 mask) (6) a{FICD = 0.0165 x 2» 0.0329 mol (math) (@ Volume of HCl required ~ n(HCD + e(HCh = 0.0329 ~ 0.250 132 L or 132.mL. Comms) (Toul «7 mado) Question 36 (@)-niNaCl) = 40.0 x 1000 + 58.44 = 684.46 mol (NaCl) = 684.46 + 5000 = 0.1369 = 0.137 mol I omar) (&) New concentration of NaCl = 684.46 + 4500 = 0.152 mol L"” Grats) (Tora) = 4k) Question 37 @) Cr{NO),(aq) + 3NaOHGaq) > CHOW) + 3NaNO.aq) meld {b) alCHNO),) = 0.100 x 0.25 = 0.0250 mol and riNaOH) « 0,60 x 0.10 = 0.069 mol (NaOH) requiced co react with 0.0250 mal Cx(NO,), = 0.0750 mol ‘There is invuticient NSOH to react with all of the Ce(NOJ, hence CO), n{CH(NO,),) reacting = 0.0600 + 3 = 0.0200 mol niGr(NO}}) remaining ~ 0.0250 ~ 0.0200 = 0.0050 mol mata (© n{CchOFTp formed = n(Cr(NO,).) reacting = 0.0200 mol Mass Cr(OH}, formed = 0.0200 x (52.00 + (17.01 x3))= 2.06 g (2 masks) i j Answer :: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 181 fd) _-n(NO;) = nfCeNO,)) x 3 = 0.0250 « Final volume of solution = 0.100 + 0.60 0750 mel 700. (NO, } = 0.0750 + 0.700 = 0.107 mol L- at) (Tota = Bale) Question 38 @) n(FICH » 10.0 x 25.0 = 250 mol Mass HCl = 250 x 36.46 = 9115 g, ie. 9.12 kg (2 mark) (6) Massof solution = 25.0 x 1000 x 1.16 = 29000 g or 29.0 kg, 6 composition = (9.12 «29.0) x 100 = 31.4 marty {6 n(HCY eequited =2.50 x 0.125 ~ 0.3125 mol Volume concencrated acid needed = 0.3125 + 10.0 «0.03125 L =313mL mark (4) _n(HC) « 0.0500 x 10.0 - 0,500 mol Volume of dilute solution = 0.500 + 0.500 = 1.00 L Volume of water needed = 1000 ~ 50 = 950 mL Cmts) (e) Toeal n{HC) « (0.200 x 0.60} + (0.300 x 1.60) ~ 0,600 mol Toral volume = 0.200 + 0.500 = 0.500 1 Final concentration = 0,600 + 0.500 « 1.20 mol L* mark (Ford = 10 mals) Question 39 @) (i) Molar mass Al(6O ), = 342.1 g mol" ‘n{Al(SO,),) » 12.83 = 342.1 = 0.0375 mol {Al{$0,)) = 0.0375 + 0.250 ~ 0.150 mol L” mark i) {ALSO}. = 12.85 + 0.250=513 gL" (wah) (b) _n{Al{SO,),) = 0.0500 x 0.150 = 0.00750 mol ‘Volume of diluted solution = 0.00750 + 0.100 » 0.0750, ic. 75.0 mL. Volume of water needed = 75.0 50.0 = 25.0 mL @ mats {@ o{AL{SO),) = 0.100 mol L* hence e($0,*) - 0.300 mol L* SO," = 0.300 x 96.06 = 28.8 gL" @ ratte) oral =7 marks) Question 40 (a) vlethanol) = 15.3 + 0.785 = 19.5 mL (1 mask) {b) Expected volume of solution = 120 + 19.5 = 139.5 mL 1 math) 46) There is a contraction in volume caused by hydrogen bondiag beoween che ethanol and water molecules. Fach water molecule can hydrogen bond to twa ehanol molecules (ona () fi) nlethanol) = 15.3 + 46 = 0.333 mol efethanol) = 0.333 » 0.135 = 2.46 mol (0 ao 153 gper0.135 L=(1+0.135)x153gL"=1133gh* Gm) i) Assume density of ethanol solution = 1g mb" SenenCethanol solution) =18.3/135 x 100 = 11.3 9% n/m (1 ead iv) %m/v{ethanol solution) = (15.3 + 135) x 100 = 11.3% {) Ippm= 1g per 10g 153 g per 135 p= 10" « 135) x 15 mv (mak) 133% 10% ppm mata onl Bra Question 41 1) n(CalOH), = 4.50/(40.08 ¢ 32 +2.02) = 0.0600 mol,482 Chemistry (OH) = 2 «0.0600 ~ 0.120 mol elOH) = 0.120/0.500 » 6.240 mol mats) {6} 2HC + CalOH, ~+ Cel, + 24,0; INFIC) = 0.100 ¥ 0.150 ~0'0150 mol Molar ratio HCL: Ca(OH) = 2:1, (Ca(OH), = 0.015002 = 0.0075 mol Volume Ca(OH), = 0.007510.120 = 0.0625 L or 62.5 mL. Grae) (0) Mass of (Ca(OH) in 25.0 mi. = 0.025 x 0.120 x 74.1 - 0222 g This is in 1000 ml. = 1000 g lence mass in 10" gis (0.222 10°) 1000 = 222 ppm nm) (Tot = 8 ot) Question 42 G@ ZoClag) + KCOKaq) + 2KCllag) + ZaCO\s} cron) 0) Molarratio ZnCl, :K,CO, = 1:1 alZaCh) = nf{K,CO,) (ZnCl) ~ (0.250 0,050) mol = 0.0125 mol x (0.500 x 0.050) ~ 0.025 mol, K,CO, isin excess. a\ZnCO}) = afZni 0125 mol Mass (ZnCO,) = a M, = (0.0125 > 125.38) g » 1.57 g (mass of precipitate) (@ marks) (©) The porassium fons are spectator ions and al of them remain in the solution, an(K) added = 2 x 0.05 0.500 = 0.0500 mol Volume of final solution = 50 + 50 = 100 ml. c{K’) = m/v = 0.0500/0.100 = 0,500 mol L* mks) Tora = 5 mack) Question 43 (@)Pe,(SOJ)jlaq) + GNaOHaq) > 3Na,SO,lag) + 2F(OH),(8) La) (b) Molae ratio Fe,(SO), NaOH = 1:6 ‘n(Be(SO,)9) ~ 3.00 x 0.200 mol = 0.600 mol n(NaQH} = 5.000.120 = 0.600 mol NaQH is the limiting reactant since 0.600 mol Fe,(SO,}, requires 6 x 0.6 mol NaOH for complete reaction and only 0,600 mol is present Fe{SOqJ is in excess since 0.60 mol NaOH requires only 0.60/6 = 0.1 mol Fe(S0,), for complete reaction mula) {2 nfFe($O)) unreacted = 0,600 - 0.100 mol = 0.500 mol c(Fe,{SO,},) remaining = 0.500/(0.200 + 0.120) = 1.56motL" sat, (@)- Molar ratio NaOH : Fe(OH), = 6:2 ie. 3:1 0,600 mol NaOH reacts 1 form 0.60015 = 0.200 mol Fe(OH), Mass Fe(OH), = 0.200 x (55.85 + 4843.03) = 214g 2 mais) og = 8 marked Question 44 G)AgNO,Gq) + KCllaqd + KNOsaq) + AgCl6s) (mark) (b) Molar ratio AgNO, : KCL = 1:1 (AgNO) ~ (1.20 % 0.0500) mol = 0.0600 mot (KC) = (0.800 + 0.0750) mol = 0.0600 mol Since the number of moles of the teacrants is che same and the mole ratio is Til, neither reactancis in excess (2 mts) [ { ' Answers: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 183 (6) - Silver chloride isthe insoluble product. B{AgCl) = nfAgNO,) Mass AgC1 ~ (0.0600 x (107.87 + 35.45)) = 8.60 g 2 matt (@Tonicequation: Agag) + Crag) > AgCKs) Spectator ions: K'(aq) and NOs (oq) (mask) (Toul 7a) Question 45 {@) Mass argon = (105.0 x 10.0 x 39.95) = (®.314%300)= 168g (mado {b) Since mass of gas is unchanged PV/T = constant [Now cemperatuire = (60.0 x 20.0 x 300) + (105 x 10) 42.9 Kor 69.8°C (este) (0) Total mass oFargon = 26.8 g and n(Ae) = 26.8/39.95 ~ 0.671 mol Pe (0.671 x 8.314 x 342.9) « 20.0 ~ 95.6 kPa aks) (Total = 6 ath) Question 46 2.2062 G@)nNO} = 2/5n(Cu) = gene * 0.0231 mol Volume NO = (0.0251 x 8314 x 291) + 99.85 = 0.559 L (359 mL} (2 mau) (6) (NO) = afCu) x 2 = 0.0692 mol ‘Volume NO, = (0.0692 x 8.314 x 298) + 102.0» 1.68 L (2 mas (Tora = 6 mae) waien esa tery ated eas aD 752% 15.0 248, New volume, V= S55 G5 5.5L 6 make, Question 48, (a) Molar volume = (2,00 x 8.314 x 293) = 101 24.051, mks) (0) @ density (Ny) ~ 28.02 = 24.05 « 1.165 gL (0 mate Gi) densiey (NH) = 17.08 + 24.05 = 0.709 g ma (il) density (NO} = 30.01 = 24.05 = 1.248 gL fu mato (© Actual molar volume (N,) = 28.02 » 1.165 = 2405 L mot 0 mate ‘Actual molar volume (NH) ~ 17.04 + 0,717 = 23.77 Lmol' = (mail) ‘Actual molar volume (NO) = 30.01 1.249 = 24.03 L mol” mak) (€) Small deviations from ideal gas behaviour oceur when there are significant attractive forces between molecules. This is the case lor NH, when hydrogen bonding is possible berween the molecules. Attractive forces berveen the smolecilles in N, and in NO are much smaller and these gases are closer to an ideal gos. mc) (Tora 9 mari) Question 49 G@) vol ratio NH, :O, = 4:5 thus 6.00 L of NH, reacts with 7.50 L of O, 10.0 1. of O, would requiee 8.00 L of NH,, thus O, isin excess. @ mate) (b) volratioNH,:NO:HLO = 4:4:6 ‘Thus 6.00 L NO and 9.00 LH,0 are produced. @ mats)184 Chemistry (©) Volume of ©, remaining = (10.00 ~ 7:50) = 2.501. Final cotal gas volume ~~ volume unteacted oxygen + volume products = 250+ 6.00 +9.00 = 17.50 L (wk) (Toul 5 ma) Question 50 Nig) #-O,g + 2NOG® and INO + Oy(g) + 2NOLY (2 mas) (b) Overall Nyig) + 204g) — 2NO.G) Volume ratio'N; :O, = 1:2 WO)= 2x15L=301 (mark (© Air contains 209% oxygen thus vain) = 100/20 x3.0L = 150L mead (Toul = 6 mais) Question 51 f@) Oxygen (0 mak) fh) -n(CatNO),) = 0.980 + 245 = 0.00400 mol (oat) f@)_n(Co,0,) = 0332 « 166 = 0.00200 mol (0 ah) (@) VO.) = 72 ml and n(O} = 0.072 + 24.05 ~ 0.00299 mol “V(NO) » 36072 = 288 ml. and n(NO}) = 0.288 + 24,05 = 0.0120 mol (2 mars) (©The mola ratios are a5 follows a{Co(NO)}) :n(Co,0,)= 2: 1; (NO): 0/0) =4:1 n(Co,03) nl 3 {Co(NO),) nO) = 4:5 N{Ca(NO,) a(NOJ=1:3°—— niCoj0); n(NO,) =1:6 ‘The balanced equation for dhe readin is ACo{NO}G) + 2C0,0\6) + 12NOjg) + 30,18) et orl =7 mls) tion 52 Re. x kttn0) © 2= 5 %0:0230 09200) +2 «0.00125 ma ‘V(Q,) = 0.00125 x 24.05 = 0.0301 L G0.1 mL} G mts) Gh) x0) = 9100 = 320-0.003125 ne mse eet mnsia5 8 + 5=0.00125 Mane atnO. slut rend 0.00125 00200 = 0.0625 weer nats {© n(KMnO,} = 0.0400 x 0.0200 = 8.00 x 10% mol n(H,0,) = 0.0200 x 0.100 = 20.0 x 10 mol mee aldo e200 10° nel Fe eee perro eat nly 172.00 «10 mol nec Manco sO} a0). = 8.00% 104: 900% 105 as “hiss th lar raged by he gen. Hence al fh KM and PO vaoccenamed NOS ngI OS BH « 16 moland O39 20.0 x 10" x 24.05 0.0881 1. 48.1 ml) met (Tonal = mari) ‘Answers: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 185 Question 53, {@) Since the gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and presure (gas) © Vigas}. Hence n(CO,) : nfC,H,) = 80 : 20, je. Land x= 4. 2 masks) (6) V(O) reacted = 250 — 130 120 mL and (0) : (CH) = 120: 20, ie. 6 1. From the equation x + 0.25y = 6. Since x - 4 then 0.25y =2 andy =, 2 marks) (9) Molecular formula is CH, oe) (orl = 5 mare) Question 54 No. of e-paticles = 3.2 x 10” x 10 ie 2x10" 101.3 «0.135 x 10°) = (8.314 x 293) = 5.61 x 10 mol No. of a-particles in 1.0 mol = 3.2% 10+ 5.61 «10% =5.70% 10". G ma) Question 55 &) ® Test: Quantitative Chemistry Muttiple Choice Items Question Answer Comments 1 2 Since P, V and are the sume for both gases n(X) = nN.) 1.08/00 = 0.42/28.02 and M,(X) » (1.08 x 28.02) ~ 0.42 = 72.1 g mol (2 mas) “The most likely formula is CH, Wonly 4 C were present, then 24 H would be needed to produce a molar mass of = 72.1 g mol". 6 C does not leave room for any Hi (ark) (oval 3s) DB. The conrect equation INO[g) + 041g) > INO) D. The molar anaes fin g mol) of these compounds are CJHg = 58:15 HAN = 59.1; CHO = 58.1; CHO, = 60.1 A. a(FCD, in mol, for each answer is (A) = 8.0 « 0.175 » 1.45 (B) = 8.0 + 24.79 = 0.322; (C) =8.0 10 + 6.02 x 10° ~ 132; (D) 80+ 36.45 =0.219 . A. Mass of nitrogen present in oxide = 8.8 -3.2-5.6g nN) 25.65 14= 0.4; n(O} = 3.2 = 1 ratio n(N) (0) = 04:0.2~2:1 B.—_a($0,} ~ 60.0764 = 0.938 mol: n(O) = 10,0132 = 0.313 mol SO, is in exces, n{SO,) produced = 2 x 0.313 = 0.626 mol. Mass SO, = 0.626 « 80 = 50 C960 in each compound is CH.O + 50%; CHO, = 53.3%: CHO, = 52.25 CHO, = 46.2% ©. —_ Mass of catbon present = 2.18 x 12 = 26.16 g Mass hydrogen in compound = 32.0 26.16 =5.84 g Ratio n(C) n(H) = 2.18 :5.84= 1; 2.67 os 3:8oA 186 Chemistry Question Answer Comments & Rei = avy 9X 002 = 15 x Vy v= 0.12 Lor 120 mL. ‘Thus 100 ml. must be added In each case the amount of CO and O, that reacr to produce CO, must be calculared. In (B) 400 mL. of CO, are produced, when 400 ml of CO and 200 ml. of O, react. Thus the total volume atthe starr i 400 + 200 + 400 = 1.00 L. For the o:her cases the volumes of CO and O, at the scart do nor add 10, 190 L. (A) = 1.05 L; (C}= 0.90 L and {D) = 0.95 L, Mase NH, = 3.70% 1045 17 = 6.29 x 10° g Mas NHL in LOL = 6.29 « 10° g 9, B 10, B 1G. Massof ethanol = 0.900 « 46.1 = 41.49 g ‘Mass oF solution ~ 250 % 0.932 ~ 233 g % composition = (41.49 x 100) + 233 = 17.8 (A): a(C1) = 0.05 and [Cr] = 0.05 = 0.10 = 0.50 mol L”. (B} o(CL) » 0.05 x 2 and [CF] = 0.06 = 0.10 = 0.60 mol L* (Qj (C1) ~ 0.04 x 3 and [CI] ~ 0.12 + 0.10 « 1.2 mot L*. (Dhin(CP) « 0.02 x 4 and [CI 80 ml. of NHL, will react with (80 * 3) = 4 = 60 mL of O;, ‘All che NE, reacts and 20 ml. O, remains unreacted, Volume of Ny formed = (80 x 2) + 4 = 40 mb. Volume of HO formed = (80 x 6) + 4 = 120 mb Hence final volume = (20 + 40 + 120) mL. = 180 ml. (CO, = 1.76 +44 = 0.04; n(H,0} = 0.90 + 18 = 0.05 n{C) = n(CO;} ~ 0.04; n(H) ~ 2 x 9(H,0) - 0.10 ratio a(C): 1H) = 0.04 :0.10= 4:10 Hence empirical formals is C,H, Ra. A B. D. Mi. « Since P and T are constant then (gas) & Vig). O, is in excess; 40 ml. of O, would require 80 mL of CO for reaction. Thus 16 mL of O, and all of the CO react. 32 mb. of CO; are produced and 24 mL oF O, remain, 15, B Extended Response Answers (b) Radius of W arom = 137 pm or 1.37 x 10% cm (No, of W atoms in block » 8.0 + 1.077 x 10% « 7.4 x 10° atoms: (1 mark) (d)_ No. of W atoms in 1.0 0 4 x 10" ~ 0.8398 = 8.8 x 10” ‘(1 oar) (e) This valuc is greater than the expected value of 6.02 x 10°, W atoms are Volume of 1 arom ; Answers: Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry 187 bloc has been over estimated. (In many metals -7496 of the space is actully ecupied and for W vis -68%) ‘oma Coal aa) Question 2 Formula of iron(II) sulfate is Fey(SO,), ‘Molar mass = (55.85 x 2) « (32.06 « 3) + (16.00 > 12) = 399.88 9% Fe = (111.7 = 399.88) x 100 = 27.93% 0 S = (96.18 + 399.88) x 100 = 24.05% % 0 = (192 + 399.88) x 100 = 48.01% (Tor = 3 mark) PVERT = (1.23 « 101.3 x 6.55) + (8.314 323) ~ 0.304 mol 304x709 = 21.68 2 mks) () n(O,)= n(Cl) + 2= 0.304 + 2- 0.152 mol 3) (0.152 x 8.314 x 298) + 101.3 = 3.72L. (2 mike} Cl.) x 2 = 0.304 x 2 = 0.608 mot = 0.608 = 0.650 = 0.935 mol L* (2 masks) (4) (HC) in 100 mt. = 0.0935 mol ‘Mass {ICI in 100 mL. = 0.0935 x 36.46 = © Al,ie. olen} = (2 mks) Sere) Question 4 {@) Since Vand Tare constant then P& a, ie. PP, = nfo n(NZ) = 0.1377/28.02 = 0.004914 mol {= n,} GX)» (aN) ¥ 0.97) = 1.03 = 0.008628 mal Molar mass X = 0.2038 + 0.004628 = 44.04 g mol" (3 marks) (b) Posible gases ae carbon dioxide, CO, propane, CH, ethanal, CHO, ethylene oxide, C,H, diniragen oxide, NO, o¢ Fuoroacryene, CA ould (Foul =4 wit) Question 5 G) Mass of oxygen = 1.25 ~ 0.763 - 0.148 = 0.339 = a ° Masig) OE 0 0359 ‘ntnol) | 0:763712.01 ‘O1a8i1.01 03397160, 0635 = 0.147 00212 ~amaller [00635700212 [0.t47/00RI2 | Co212/eazt2 0 2693 =10 Empirical formula = CHO ma (b) Molar mass of CyH,O = 36 +7 +16 - 59 g mol", The actual molar mass of che compound is twice this value, Hence molecular formula is C.H,O » 2 ot CH,O; maria) (Tora = Smt) Total = 40 marks