Journal of Cleaner Production 164 (2017) 146e152

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Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

Enhancement of energy recovery from chicken manure by pyrolysis in

carbon dioxide
Jechan Lee a, Dongho Choi a, Yong Sik Ok b, Sang-Ryong Lee c, **, Eilhann E. Kwon a, *
a
Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
b
Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
c
Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, National Institute of Animal Science, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Herein, pyrolysis of chicken manure is investigated to establish a sustainable platform for the disposal of
Received 26 April 2017 chicken manure while efficiently recovering energy as a form of syngas. To this end, this study lays great
Received in revised form emphasis on the exploitation of CO2 in pyrolysis of chicken manure. As an initial assay for the role CO2 in
20 June 2017
the pyrolysis process, thermal degradation of chicken manure in N2 and CO2 is characterized thermo-
Accepted 24 June 2017
Available online 27 June 2017
gravimetrically. Except the temperature regime (
720  C) governed by the Boudouard reaction, the
TGA results with chicken manure do not reveal any differences associated with physical aspects such as
onset and end temperatures. For in-depth study, pyrogenic products generated from pyrolysis of chicken
Keywords:
Chicken manure
manure in N2 and CO2 are characterized. Particularly, an enhanced generation of CO is substantial at
Waste-to-energy temperatures higher than 500  C. This enhanced generation of CO is likely due to an enhanced thermal
Pyrolysis cracking behavior of volatile organic carbons (VOCs) evolved from pyrolysis of chicken manure. The
Carbon dioxide enhancement of CO generation is catalytically expedited by biogenic salt such as calcite (CaCO3) in
CaCO3 catalysis chicken manure. The introduced approach for utilizing CO2 in pyrolysis could be a sustainable option to
treat biowaste such as chicken manure along with developing an effective waste-to-energy strategy.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction as unwanted distribution of pathogens into our ecosystem and

The large consumption of poultry meat in the World has been
increased annually from 11.0 kg per capita in 2000 to 14.4 kg per
capita in 2011 (Evans, 2015). Chicken is one of common poultry and
the cheapest protein sources (FAO, 2014). Base on the USDA report
in 2015, approximately 87% of total poultry meat (2.1  1010 kg)
production in the U.S. was estimated as chicken meat (1.8  1010 kg)
(USDA, 2017). This high demand for chicken has inevitably resulted
in the massive generation of biowaste such as chicken manure. A
conventional management of chicken manure has been highly
dependent on composting process being used as an effective fer-
tilizer in diverse agricultural practices due to its well-balanced
nutrition between organics and inorganics (Kelleher et al., 2002).
Despite numerous environmental benefits, using chicken manure
as fertilizer possibly lead to adverse environmental problems, such
* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: soilsang@korea.kr (S.-R. Lee), ekwon74@sejong.ac.kr
(E.E. Kwon).
emission of potent greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
(McMichael et al., 2007). Furthermore, the high amount of N-/P-
nutrient in fertilizer derived from chicken manure can be leached,
which can be a driving source for eutrophication (Burra et al., 2016).
Therefore, the environmentally sound platform for the disposal of
chicken manure should be implemented.
Apart from composting, animal manure has been used as energy
source by oxidation (Morris and Scurlock, 2012). Although com-
bustion of the manure is advantageous to energy recovery, size
reduction, and pathogen-free, emissions including particulate
matters (PMs), unburned hydrocarbons (UHCs) such as VOCs and
PAHs are very problematic (Lewtas, 2007). There has also been
many efforts to reform the waste into biogas (mixture of methane
(CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)) by anaerobic digestion (AD) pro-
cess (Zhang et al., 2014). Despite merits of AD (Esen and Yuksel,
2013), the production of biogas via AD of biowaste is indeed
costly due to impurities in feedstocks and formation of odorants
and corrosive substances during the AD process (Syed et al., 2006).
Moreover, controlling the optimal operation parameters (e.g.,
temperature, pH, and properties of feedstocks) for the AD process

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.217
0959-6526/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 J. Lee et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 164 (2017) 146e152
of animal manure is very challenging, thereby resulting in poor
quality of biogas (Gulhane et al., 2017). In this context, technical
approaches exhibiting a high tolerance against the deviations
arising from the physico-chemical properties in animal manure are
required to maximize energy recovery without technical limita-
tions. Thus, among diverse fuel processing techniques, the thermo-
chemical processes (i.e., pyrolysis and gasification) as a viable
candidate provide a great venue for resolving most problems stated
above (Kumar et al., 2009; Verma et al., 2012).
The thermo-chemical processes transform carbonaceous mate-
rials (e.g., coal and biomass) into gaseous, liquid, and solid products
under controlled environment. For example, gasification produces
syngas from carbonaceous feedstocks under the controlled amount
of oxygen or steam (Hussein et al., 2017). Pyrolysis is an interme-
diate step in gasification, which is conducted in absence of oxygen
and produces syngas, bio-oil, and biochar (Higman and van der
Burgt, 2003). Syngas can be utilized to synthesize to value-added
chemicals and fuels such as ammonia and methanol (Spath and
Dayton, 2003). Bio-oil is considered as an alternative fuel with
upgrading by the addition of hydrogen (Busetto et al., 2011). Bio-
char, a highly porous carbon material, is used for soil amendment,
absorbent of contaminant, and carbon capture and sequestration
(Mohan et al., 2014). In addition, such thermochemical process
enables to eliminate pathogens and odorous compounds due to
processing at high temperatures (e.g., 400 to 1300  C) (Cantrell
et al., 2007). Also, the emission of air pollutants (e.g., NOx, SOx,
dust particles, and dioxin) can be highly reduced than combustion
(Gustafsson, 2013).
Normally, chicken manure contains alkali compounds such as
calcium, potassium, and magnesium (Eneji et al., 2003). Previous
studies investigated that calcium carbonate (CaCO3) existed in
chicken manure results in the formation of porous material with
sub-nanometer pore size and enhances the char gasification in
pyrolysis (Kaneko et al., 2014). Given that thermo-chemical pro-
cesses are energy-intensive, increasing thermal efficiency of the
processes are highly necessary. It was reported that CO2 enhances
thermal efficiency of pyrolysis of biomass compared to N2 by
increasing the production of syngas and reducing the generation of
tar (Kwon et al., 2013). In this regard, this work is to explore the
effect of calcium in chicken manure on pyrolysis in CO2. To do this,
thermo-gravimetric analyses of two feedstocks, regular chicken
manure and acid washed chicken manure, were performed to see
the effect of mineral (e.g., calcium) compounds on thermal
decomposition of chicken manure. These two feedstocks were also
compared in pyrolysis under N2 and CO2 atmospheres. Gases, oils,
and biochars produced from the pyrolysis experiments were
analyzed and compared. The scope of this study investigated py-
rolysis only because it is important intermediate step in gasification
process.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
Chicken manure was collected from National Institute of Animal
Science in Korea. The chicken manure was dried at 50  C for 2 days
prior to experiments. Acid washed chicken manure was prepared
by soaking in 0.25 M hydrogen chloride (HCl) solution (HCl solu-
tion/chicken manure (v/v) ¼ 10) and mixing with stirring at
400 rpm for 120 min at ambient temperature, followed by rinsing
with deionized water until pH of the sample reached to 5.
Ultra-high purity nitrogen (N2) and CO2 gases used in this study
purchased from Kuk-Je Industrial Gases and Green Gas,
respectively.
147
2.2. Methods of chicken manure characterization
Surface morphology and elements in the chicken manure
samples were characterized using a Hitachi S-4700 field emission-
scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectro-
scope (FE-SEM/EDX) and a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer
(XRD) with Cu Ka radiation and a LynxEye position sensitive de-
tector. Ash contents of the samples were measured as described
elsewhere (Ahmad et al., 2013). Thermal characterization of the
samples in N2 and CO2 was carried out from 25 to 900  C (ramping
rate: 10  C min1) using a Mettler Toledo thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA) instrument.
2.3. Pyrolysis of chicken manure and analysis of pyrolytic gases
A quartz tubular reactor (outer diameter: 25 mm; inner diam-
eter: 22 mm; length: 0.6 m) was used for pyrolysis of the chicken
manure samples in N2 or CO2. A 3.3 ± 0.01 g of the sample was
loaded in an alumina boat and the boat was centered in the reactor.
The gas flow rate was controlled to 600 mL min1 by Brooks In-
strument mass flow controllers (MFCs) (Hatfield, PA, USA). The
reactor was heated (ramping rate: 10  C min1) by a DAIHAN Sci-
entific temperature-programmable tubular furnace (Wonju,
Gangwon-do, Korea). Temperatures in the center of the reactor
were monitored with a K-type thermocouple. Pyrolytic gases were
quantified using an INFICON 3000A micro-GC (Bad Ragaz,
Switzerland). A standard gas mixture (RIGAS, Daejeon, Korea) was
used for calibration of the micro-GC.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characterization of chicken manure
As mentioned in introduction section, to figure out the effects of
mineral in chicken manure on pyrolysis, two feedstocks were used
in this study: chicken manure and acid washed chicken manure.
Fig. 1 shows XRD patterns of the chicken manure with/without acid
washing. The chicken manure contains calcite (i.e., CaCO3) and
CaCO3 was removed by acid washing. Table 1 lists the elements of
which the chicken manure is composed, showing that alkaline
minerals exist in the chicken manure (5.6 wt.% of calcium and trace
amounts of magnesium and potassium). However, the content of
calcium was decreased from 5.6 to 0.3 wt.% after acid washing. Ash
content was also decreased after acid washing from 17.5 to 2.8 wt.%.
The elemental analysis data are very much consistent with the XRD
results in Fig. 1. Surface morphology of the samples is shown in
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3 shows mass decay and thermal degradation rate of the
chicken manure and acid washed chicken manure in N2 and CO2.
As shown in Fig. 3a, mass decay of the chicken manure in N2 and
CO2 between 25 and 600  C was identical. However, from 600  C,
both TG and DTG curves of the chicken manure in CO2 were
different from those in N2. In thermal decomposition of the
chicken manure in N2, the thermal region between 600 and 800  C
with a DTG peak at around 700  C is likely attributed to the
degradation of mineral and biogenic salts such as calcium car-
bonate present in the chicken manure (i.e., CaCO3 / CaO þ CO2)
(Cimo
et al., 2014; Dell’Abate et al., 2000). From 720  C, more
sample was thermally degraded in CO2 than in N2. This may be
due to the Boudouard reaction (C(s) þ CO2(g) # 2CO(g)). How-
ever, considering that the Boudouard reaction is kinetically
favorable at temperatures higher than 800  C (Cho et al., 2015),
the drastic mass decay of the chicken manure between 720 and
800  C cannot be solely explained by the Boudouard reaction. A
possible explanation for the phenomenon is that alkaline metals
148 J. Lee et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 164 (2017) 146e152

Also, as presented in Fig. 1 and Table 1, the acid washed sample

contains almost no minerals. This clearly indicates that mass
decay of the regular chicken manure between 720 and 800  C
(Fig. 3a) is due to catalytic effect of alkaline metals in the sample.

3.2. Effect of CO2 on pyrolysis of chicken manure

Even though the TGA experiments show there is catalytic effect

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of the chicken manure (CM) and the acid washed chicken manure
(CM-AW). The XRD peaks at 2q ¼ 29.7, 36.6 , 39.8 , 43.5 , and 48.0 correspond to
CaCO3 (Kontoyannis and Vagenas, 2000).
(e.g., calcium) catalyze the thermochemical reaction (Lindstad
et al., 2004; Samaras et al., 1996). Thus, for the further investi-
gation into the catalytic effect of alkaline metals, the thermal
decomposition of acid washed chicken manure was characterized.
A more thermal mass decay of the acid washed chicken manure
was observed than that of the chicken manure without acid
washing, attributed to mass fraction that is acid soluble in the
sample. The residual mass in Fig. 3b indicates that the acid washed
chicken manure sample contains ~10 wt.% of acid soluble mass
fraction. In addition, as shown in Fig. 3b, the TG and DTG curves
obtained in N2 and CO2 are identical between 23 and 800  C.
However, a more sample was decomposed in CO2 than in N2 at
>800  C. This mass decay results from the Boudouard reaction.
Table 1
Elemental analysis of the chicken manure and the acid washed chicken manure.
of alkaline metals contained in the chicken manure on its thermal
deconstruction, the results only show physical difference in ther-
mal degradation of the chicken manure (i.e., mass decay of different
samples in N2 and CO2). Therefore, we measured concentrations of
pyrolytic gases, such as hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), and carbon
monoxide (CO), evolved from the chicken manure in different at-
mospheres (100% N2, 50% N2/50% CO2, and 100% CO2) to investigate
the influence of CO2 on pyrolysis of the chicken manure in more
detail (Fig. 4).
As shown in Fig. 4a, concentration profile of H2 for thermal
degradation of the chicken manure in N2 had a typical pyrolysis
pattern in that the concentration of H2 is proportional to pyrolysis
temperature until 630  C. A parabolic pattern was observed in the
H2 concentration profile indicates that sources of H2 began to be
depleted at 630  C. The concentration of CH4 started to decrease at
the temperature the concentration of H2 increased (Fig. 4b). This is
because CH4 was used as a substrate for generating H2 via thermal
cracking and dehydrogenation (Lee et al., 2017a).
However, evolution patterns of the pyrolytic gases from thermal
decomposition of the chicken manure in CO2 was different from
those in N2. For example, the concentration of H2 from pyrolysis of
the chicken manure in CO2 was lower than that in N2 while the
concentrations of CH4 for pyrolysis of the chicken manure in CO2
were similar to those in N2. The H2 concentration decreased from
600  C. Interestingly, a significant enhancement of CO generation
beginning at 600  C in pyrolysis of the chicken manure in the
presence of CO2 (Fig. 4c). The different trends between H2 and CO
generations is likely because the increased CO production diluted
H2 (note that the GC analysis provides a relative mole fraction of
gases).
In addition, it was found that the generation of CO is propor-
tional to volumetric fraction of CO2 in pyrolysis. Unlike the con-
centration profiles of H2, the concentration profile of CH4 in 50% N2/
50% CO2 were similar to that in 100% CO2 meaning that enhanced
generation of CH4 also occurred in CO2. These results suggest that
thermal cracking of chemical species (i.e., volatile organic carbons
(VOCs)) evolved from thermal degradation of the chicken manure
could be enhanced by CO2. To confirm this, the ratio of CO to H2 is
depicted in Fig. 5.
As shown in Fig. 5, the ratio of CO to H2 increased with an in-
crease in the volumetric portion of CO2 in pyrolysis of the chicken
manure. In addition, the ratio of CO to H2 obtained from pyrolysis of
the chicken manure in CO2 is more noticeable than one obtained
from pyrolysis of other biomass in CO2 reported in a previous
literature (Lee et al., 2017b). This shows that energy density could
be enhanced by CO2 in pyrolysis of the chicken manure.

Element Content (dry basis), [wt.%]

3.3. Effect of CaCO3 on pyrolysis of chicken manure

Chicken manure Acid washed chicken manure

As we discussed in the previous section, CO2 enhanced the
C 44.7 63.3 production of CO from the chicken manure through pyrolysis.
N 24.3 15.9
However, an enhanced CO generation was observed under 100% N2
O 23.9 19.4
Mg 0.3 0.1 environment between 660 and 750  C (Fig. 4c), which is not typical
P 0.4 0.4 pyrolytic behavior of other biomass samples in N2. This is likely due
S 0.1 0.6 to a catalytic effect of CaCO3 in the chicken manure. The decrease in
K 0.7 0.02 the CO concentration after 750  C in N2 is due to CaCO3 degraded at
Ca 5.6 0.3
>600  C, consistent with the result in Fig. 3a.
 J. Lee et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 164 (2017) 146e152 149

Fig. 2. FESEM images of the chicken manure (CM) and the acid washed chicken manure (CM-AW).

To see the effect of calcite on pyrolysis of the chicken manure in
N2, concentration profiles of CO evolved from thermal degradation
of the chicken manure and the acid washed chicken manure in N2
are compared, as described in Fig. 6. Clearly, there is no enhance-
ment of CO production from 660 to 750  C with the acid washed
sample that was observed with the regular sample. This strongly
indicates that the existence of CaCO3 in the chicken manure ex-
pedites thermal cracking of VOCs evolved from thermal decom-
position of the chicken manure to produce CO.
So far, we showed that both CO2 and calcite have an effect on
increasing the production of CO from pyrolysis of the chicken
manure. A remaining question is how they synergistically affects
pyrolysis of the chicken manure. To answer this question, we draw
plots in Fig. 7 to compare gas evolution patterns of H2, CH4, and CO
for pyrolysis of the chicken manure and the acid washed chicken
manure in CO2. For thermal degradation of the regular sample
without acid washing, dehydrogenation occurred at lower temper-
ature (360  C) than the acid washed sample (450  C). In addition, the
extent of enhancement of CO production was higher for pyrolysis of
the chicken manure than for that of the acid washed sample. For
instance, three times more CO was produced from pyrolysis of the
regular sample at 720  C than from that of the acid washed sample.
Apparently, CO2 and CaCO3 have synergistic effects on thermal
cracking VOCs generated during pyrolysis of the chicken manure.

Fig. 3. Thermograms (TGs) and differential thermograms (DTGs) of the chicken manure (CM) and the acid washed chicken manure (CM-AW) in N2 and CO2.
150 J. Lee et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 164 (2017) 146e152

Fig. 4. Concentration profiles of H2, CH4, and CO evolved from thermal degradation of the chicken manure in 100% N2, 50% N2/50% CO2, and 100% CO2. Mean values of replicates
(n
3) are reported with standard deviations given as error bars.

Fig. 8 shows mass balance of the pyrolytic products of the (30.6 wt.%). The liquid portion in the pyrolytic products was 26.4
chicken manure in N2 and CO2. An almost two times more gaseous and 9.4 wt.% in N2 and CO2, respectively. 42.9 wt.% of the chicken
pyrolytic products was produced in CO2 (65.7 wt.%) than in N2 manure was remained after the pyrolysis in N2 whereas 24.8 wt.%

Fig. 5. Molar ratio of CO to H2 for pyrolysis of the chicken manure in 100% N2, 50% N2/ Fig. 6. Comparison of gas evolution patterns of CO for pyrolysis of the chicken manure
50% CO2, and 100% CO2. Mean values of replicates (n
3) are reported with standard (CM) and the acid washed chicken manure (CM-AW) in N2. Mean values of replicates
deviations given as error bars. (n
3) are reported with standard deviations given as error bars.
 J. Lee et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 164 (2017) 146e152
Fig. 7. Comparison of gas evolution patterns of H2, CH4, and CO for pyrolysis of the chicken manure (CM) and the acid washed chicken manure (CM-AW) in CO2. Mean values of
replicates (n
3) are reported with standard deviations given as error bars.
was remained in CO2. The mass balance shown in Fig. 8 demon-
strates that CO2 shifts the distribution of carbon in the pyrolytic
products toward CO, thereby reducing the portion of liquid and
solid products.
Fig. 8. Mass balance of pyrolytic products from the chicken manure in N2 and CO2.
Mean values of replicates (n
3) are reported and standard deviations of the mean
values of around 5%.
151
4. Conclusions
This study provides a new approach to eco-friendly treat bio-
waste (e.g., chicken manure) as well as effectively recovering en-
ergy by utilizing a potent greenhouse gas such as CO2. Pyrolysis of
chicken manure in the presence of CO2 led to a more production of
CO than pyrolysis in N2. CaCO3 was also increased CO production
both in N2 and CO2. The existence both of CO2 and of CaCO3 in
pyrolysis synergistically enhanced the generation of CO from
chicken manure, increasing the concentration of CO up to 6.9 mol.%
at 780  C. This also means that the catalytic effects of CaCO3 on the
pyrolysis could act together with the influence of CO2. Considering
that syngas (CO and H2) is used as a fuel for internal combustion
engines, the results of this work show the feasibility of pyrolysis as
an effective waste-to-energy process by an increased recovery of
energy from chicken manure with CO2.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017R1D1A1B03028176).
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