See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/255907805

Rearing shrimp in pens. a predictive model for impact assessment. Estuaries

and Coasts

Data · August 2013

CITATIONS READS

0 107

5 authors, including:

Jorge Pablo Castello Luís H Poersch

Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG)
89 PUBLICATIONS   2,013 CITATIONS    125 PUBLICATIONS   2,302 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Marcelo Vasconcellos Ronaldo Cavalli

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG)
49 PUBLICATIONS   2,084 CITATIONS    137 PUBLICATIONS   3,052 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Genetic manipulation in Bacillus subtilis using CRISPR/Cas9: a potential application in the control of viruses that affect shrimp farming View project

Evaluation of the effects of exposure to aflatoxin B1 through the ration on Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to low salinity View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Luís H Poersch on 15 May 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Estuaries and Coasts: J CERF (2008) 31:215–222
DOI 10.1007/s12237-007-9005-8
Rearing Shrimps in Pens: A Predictive Model
for Impact Assessment
Jorge P. Castello & Luis Poersch &
Marcelo C. Vasconcellos & Ronaldo Cavalli &
Wilson Wasielesky
Received: 18 April 2007 / Revised: 25 September 2007 / Accepted: 25 October 2007 / Published online: 12 December 2007
# Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation 2007
Abstract A predictive model for impact assessment of
shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) culture in pen enclo-
sures was developed. Experiments were carried out at Saco
da Mangueira, a small embayment at the Patos Lagoon
estuarine area (southern Brazil). Nitrogen budget was
assessed considering inputs and outputs from the culture
system. The measured parameters were water flow, shrimp
density, pen mesh size and clogging effect, artificial diet
quality, and food conversion rates. Shrimp excretion was
estimated from literature available. A N-NT concentration
of 0.07 mg Lj1 of was assumed as a conservative critical
reference value to assess environmental impact and water
deterioration. Trials showed that for Saco da Mangueira
conditions, a total number of 70 pen enclosures of 0.3 ha
(i.e., a total production of 32.2 ton) is recommended as a
maximal number. This model is a useful tool for impact
assessment and coastal management and may be applied to
other estuarine areas.
Keywords Shrimps rearing . Predictive model . N budget .
Lagoa dos Patos . Brazil
J. P. Castello : L. Poersch : R. Cavalli : W. Wasielesky
University of Rio Grande,
Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
M. C. Vasconcellos
Fisheries Department, Food and Agriculture Organization,
Rome, Italy
J. P. Castello (*)
Department of Oceanography, Fundação Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande (FURG),
P.O. Box 474, 96202-020 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
e-mail: docjpc@furg.br
Introduction
Recent developments in aquaculture, lower supply of sea
food and an expanding demand have significantly stimu-
lated the adoption of semi-intensive and intensive systems
of marine aquaculture, particularly in developing countries.
In many of these countries, there is no specific legislation
and governance for marine aquaculture. Therefore, the
development of aquaculture is controlled mainly by
economic factors and the entrepreneurs who seek to
maximize their profits.
As with agriculture, the intensification of aquaculture is
currently a global trend (Gomes-Galindo 2000; Piedrahita
2003). Rosenberry (1998) highlights that in Thailand
(a leading shrimp producing country), 85% of the farms
use intensive production methods. This trend is a conse-
quence of the increasing demands of growing markets
combined with decreased supplies of wild caught shrimp
(Farfantepenaeus paulensis). On the other hand, ecologists
and environmentalists in general hold a bleak view about the
development of aquaculture because of the serious environ-
mental problems it has already caused worldwide, e.g.,
China, Indonesia, and Ecuador.
A critical issue in shrimp rearing is maintaining the
quality of the water at satisfactory levels for the shrimp and
the environment. This is generally achieved by changing 1
to 20% of the total water volume daily, depending on the
density of organisms kept in the ponds (Lorenzen et al.
1997) In Australia, Burford and Lorenzen (2004) found,
through modelization, that shrimp farms rearing Penaeus
monodon may negatively effect nitrogen content in sedi-
ments if the daily water exchange rates are lower than 10%.
Changing the water avoids problems within the ponds, but
it impacts the environment because the effluents produced
by the pond are rich in potentially harmful substances, such
216 Estuaries and Coasts: J CERF (2008) 31:215–222

as phosphates, nitrogenous compounds, and particulated

and dissolved organic material (Clark 1995).
Input of nitrogenous compounds into the rearing is
related to the quantity and quality of the feed offered to the
shrimp (Hargreaves 1998). Only about 18–27% of
the nitrogen used in rearing is effectively assimilated by
the shrimp (Funge-Smith and Stewart 1996). Research data
for Australian shrimp farms show that up to 14% of
nitrogen is caught in the sediment, 57% goes into the
environment (particulated and dissolved), implying a great
waste (Jackson et al. 2003). However, using qualitatively
improved diets, Velasco et al. (1998) observed nitrogen
absorption of 63%. In general, nitrogen retention varies
from 20 to 40% (Philips et al. 1993); the rest being
available for incorporation by phytoplankton and bacteria.
Farm practices that ignore or downplay basic under-
standing of ecosystem processes may lead to severe
consequences to the own cultivation and the surrounding
environment (Islam et al. 2004).
In view of this problem, this study aims to determine the
maximum number of pens that a shallow bay in the Patos
Lagoon estuary can hold without affecting water quality.
For this purpose, an empirical and validated mixed box
budget model was developed to estimate the quantity of
Fig. 1 Saco da Mangueira in the Patos Lagoon estuary, southern
nitrogen released by intensive shrimp rearing in pen
Brazil
enclosures.
2 m height, and mesh size of 0.5 cm) by artisanal fishers in
the region and used as an alternative source of income.
Materials and Methods
Simple and cheap materials are used to build the pens, such
as bamboo and polyester nets covered with PVC. The nets
The estuary of the Patos Lagoon is located in Southern
have a mesh size of 5 mm, which allows the water to be
Brazil, at approximately 32°S 52°20′W; it has about
renewed continuously. The University of Rio Grande
970 km2 of surface, which represents 11.3% of the surface
(FURG) has been conducting several studies to optimize
of the Patos lagoon, which in turn drains a hydrographical
the native shrimp rearing at semi-intensive levels
basin of more than 200 thousand km2 (Castello 1985). The
(Wasielesky et al. 2001) and has been transferring this
estuary has two principal areas, one with shallow, calm
knowledge to local fishermen associations through an
waters (mean depth of ca. 0.80 m) and protected bays and
another with a central body of water connected to a natural
draining channel, which is deeper and with higher water
dynamics (Bonilha and Asmus 1994). This study was done
in the Saco da Mangueira, which is a rather small bay
positioned in the southern part of the estuary, with a mean
depth of less than 1.3 m and an average water volume of
18.69×106 m3. A narrow and deep channel links to the sea
(Fig. 1).
The Patos Lagoon is considered a choked coastal lagoon
dominated by an oligohaline regime (Castello 1985; Garcia
1997). Water dynamics is controlled by the wind and the
hydrological cycle in the drainage basin, with little or null
influence of tidal currents (Garcia 1997).
In the Saco da Mangueira, the native shrimp
(Farfantepenaeus paulensis) is reared in pens (Fig. 2) of a Fig. 2 Aerial view of pen enclosures (60 m in diameter) for rearing
standard size of 0.3 ha (dimensions are: 62.8 m diameter, shrimp, set up in the Saco do Justino, Patos Lagoon Estuary
Estuaries and Coasts: J CERF (2008) 31:215–222
extension program. Rearing starts around the second week
of December (austral spring time) using 1-month-old
postlarvae produced at the university facilities and stocked
at a density of 20 shrimps m−2. Results show that the final
yield of a standard pen of 0.3 ha and a density of 20
shrimps m−2 is 460 kg. This productivity provides the
involved fishers with an additional monthly income of
approximately US$110 (Wasielesky et al. 2001).
Water renewal rates estimated by Wasielesky (personal
communication) suggest that even under conditions of
lowest degrees of water flux the volume in the pen is
renewed with a daily rate of 320%.
Shrimp is fed two times a day with PURINA feed. The
second time, in the late afternoon, is 60% of the daily ratio.
Feed weight is a function of the shrimp biomass in the pen,
which is 20% at the beginning and 2% at the end of the
rearing period.
To modelize the nitrogen consumption and production
processes occurring in a rearing pen, a conceptual diagram
is proposed as shown in Fig. 3.
The protein present in the shrimp’s feed is the largest
source of nitrogen input into the system (Hargreaves 1998).
Part of the nitrogen entering the system is consumed by the
shrimp and or is lost or not consumed. The unconsumed
feed usually represents 20% of that given (Wyban et al.
1998), although for intensive rearing systems up to 50%
may be lost. Of the feed eaten, about 25% is converted into
growth and the rest is excreted through the gills and as
feces.
Phytoplankton and bacteria determine the assimilation
capacity of nitrogen not assimilated by the shrimps.
Lorenzen et al. (1997) showed that phytoplankton may be
responsible for removing up to 87% of the dissolved
nitrogen present in a pond with low shrimp density and
54% with high density. This nitrogen uptake by phyto-
plankton limits the amount of nitrogen available for
sedimentation (Burford and Lorenzen 2004). Similarly,
under anoxic conditions, bacteria are responsible for
Entry Food offered
Fertilization of the ponds
Natural water input
Growth of shrimp ,
Rearing
system Microorganism action
System s
assimilation
Primary production capacity?
Harvest
Exit
Volatilization
Water renewal
O.M. deposited
Fig. 3 Conceptual model of nitrogen consumption and production
processes occurring in a rearing pen (O.M.: organic material)
217
removing up to 30% of the nitrogen input through the
conversion of nitrate and ammonia into N2 (Fry 1987), but
this is not the case for Patos Lagoon estuarine shallow
waters, which show mean dissolved oxygen levels of 30 mg
L−1 (Niencheski and Baumgarten 1997).
The intensity of the processes of consumption and
production depends mainly on factors related to the quality
of the water, i.e., how rearing is carried out.
An empirical mixed box budget model for total nitrogen
(TN) balance in shrimp rearing pens was designed and
elaborated using resources for modeling in the Stella
software, version 5.1, and the information used to run the
model was obtained from the literature for the Pacific white
shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Model details are provided
in the Appendix.
The release of nitrogen from the rearing pond was
determined based on the rations of food supplied, water
quality, and the growth rates of the reared specimens. The
following assumptions were made; units are referred to
weight in grams and total nitrogen:
○ One kilogram of shrimp weight gain is equivalent to
178.5 g protein and to 28.56 of N, or 2.85% of N on a
wet weight basis, according to L. vannamei body
composition (Boyd and Teichert-Coddington 1995).
Following Holland et al. (1991), nitrogen in protein
was estimated as 16% of crude protein equivalent to a
proportion of 6.26 of crude protein to N.
○ The protein content of the feed (Purina®) is 30%;
○ The feeding rate (FR) recommended by the feed
manufacturer (Purina®) for L. vannamei is:
FR ¼ 0:16
ðindividual weightÞ0:5
○ Quantity of feed (QF) needed for a pen is calculated
multiplying FR by the biomass in the pen;
○ There is a 15% loss of the feed given (NC), which is
not consumed (Primavera 1993);
○ The food ingested (IN) is:
IN ¼ QF  NC
○ Of the total amount ingested, a fraction (%) is
digested (DI) and part is not. The digested food is
transformed into growth (GR) and excretion (EX), and
the undigested into feces (FC). Thus:
FC ¼ IN  DI
EX ¼ IN  ðFC þ GRÞ
○ 30% of the food ingested is transformed into growth
(GR) (Montoya et al. 1999);
○ The digestibility of the protein in the food is 90%
(Montoya et al. 1999);
218 Estuaries and Coasts: J CERF (2008) 31:215–222

○ At the end of the rearing process, there is a shrimp
mortality rate of 20%, considered as acceptable;
○ The initial weight of the shrimp (juveniles) is 0.35 g
(Wasielesky 2000);
○ The initial number of shrimp per pen (0.3 ha) is
60,000 (20 ind m−2).
To validate the model, water samples were collected in
the vicinity of a single rearing pen located in the Ilha dos
Marinheiros (Fig. 1). The pen, with the standard area of
0.31 ha, was populated with 60,000 postlarvae of F.
paulensis, which were fed on commercial feed. To
determine the total nitrogen in the water, samples were
taken at four different distances from the pens (5, 15, 30,
and 100 m), the last and most distant one being the control
point during the 3-month period of shrimp rearing (one
production cycle). Salinity, temperature, and the speed of
the predominant currents were also measured. Analyses of
the total nitrogen were conducted at the hydrochemical
laboratory at FURG.
Results
Based on the above assumptions, a first version of the
model for total nitrogen balance in shrimp rearing pens was
devised and ran. However, it was considered to be
inadequate as the simulated growth rates for the shrimp
were lower than those observed in practice (Fig. 4). To
solve this problem, the ratio of food offered to the shrimp
was adjusted, so that:
FR ¼ 0:56
ðindividualweightÞ0:5
FR = 0.56 x (individual weight) -0.5
12
Ind weight
Ind weight(g)
(g)adjusted
adjusted
10
Ind weight
Ind weight(g)
(g)
8 400
Weight (g)
This adjustment (from 0.16 to 0.56) incorporated into the
model the natural food that is available in the environment
and that is present in the rearing process. After the new
food ratio was adopted, the quantity of nitrogen that
becomes available in the system and originates from the
feces, gill excretion, and unconsumed food was recalculated
(Fig. 4).
Once the amount of total nitrogen released by a pen was
known, a second stage of the simulation was carried out
integrating the environment with the pen. To determine the
appropriate number of pen enclosures for the Saco da
Mangueira, with minimal alterations to the water quality of
the environment, a highly conservative scenario was
adopted under the following assumptions:
○ Water circulation through the mesh (5 mm) of the
pen is reduced by 15%;
○ Speed of the water currents in the area is ≤0.01 cm
s−1 (almost still water);
○ Maximum allowable concentration of total nitrogen
in the environment, resulting from rearing, is 0.07 mg
L−1. This figure is the average observed at the control
point for shrimp rearing in pens conducted at Ilha dos
Marinheiros (Patos Lagoon estuary).
○ All the nitrogen accumulated in the sediment during
the rearing process is released to the environment at
harvesting time.
The model used to determine the number of pens in the
Saco da Mangueira can be seen in Fig. 5.
Model validation was performed correlating predicted
(simulated) values of nitrogen input of the pen (1, 30, 60,
and 90 days) with values observed in the field at 5 m
distance from the pen. A correlation coefficient of r=0.88
was found (Fig. 6). Predicted and observed nitrogen
concentrations were statistically and significantly correlat-
ed, indicating that model parameters and basic assumptions
were able to reproduce the processes of nitrogen produc-
600
tion, consumption, and dissipation into the environment.
Thus, new simulations were done to determine the number
of pens the environment could hold.
To estimate the allowable number of pens in the Saco da
Mangueira, a cautious approach was followed. Simulations
Biomass (kg)

6
were carried out with a water current speed of 0.01 cm s−1,
which is lower than the actual value observed in the
4 200
environment. For instance, current measurements taken
during February at the Saco do Justino (Fig. 1)—a bay with
2 lower hydrodynamics than the Saco da Mangueira—
showed values between 0 and 3 cm s−1.
0 0 Considering a current of 0.01 cm s−1 and a shrimp
density of 20 ind m−2, the simulations showed that 86 pen
0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90
Rearing days
Fig. 4 Estimate of growth of shrimp in pen, using a mortality rate of
enclosures could be installed in the area before the
20%, the feeding rate (FR) recommended by Purina® (squares) and established limit of 0.07 mg L−1 of N-NT was reached.
the adjusted ratio used in the model (circles) However, when the water current speeds were reduced even
Estuaries and Coasts: J CERF (2008) 31:215–222 219

Fig. 7 N-NT concentrations as estimated by the model using: (a) 86

pens with 20% mesh interference and current speed of 1×10−3 cm
s−1—diamonds; (b) 86 pens with 15% mesh interference and 1×
10−2 cm s−1—squares; and (c) 70 pens with 15% mesh interference
and 1×10−2 cm s−1—triangles. Arrows indicate the day when nitrogen
concentration reaches the established reference point

Fig. 8A, B when water current speed of 0.01 cm s−1 and

shrimp density of 20 per square meter were used. The total
nitrogen released by the 70 pen does not reach the
maximum limit stipulated up to the moment of harvest.
On the other hand, increasing the number of pens, for
example to 200, allows the N-NT concentrations to reach
the limit set at around 30 days of rearing (Fig. 8B).
Fig. 5 Representation of the model used to determine the number of
pens in the Saco da Mangueira, Patos Lagoon estuary

further or the influence of the mesh increased, it was

observed that rearing could be affected. Thus, the limit of
units estimated for the Saco da Mangueira was 70 (Fig. 7).
A comparison of the effect of 70 and 200 pens on the
emission of nitrogen into the environment is shown in

Fig. 8 Effect of the number of pens on N-NT emission for the Saco
da Mangueira. A and B represent a scenario of 70 and 200 pen
Fig. 6 Results of the correlation analysis of the data produced by the enclosures, respectively, with 20 shrimps m−2 and a water current
model and that observed speed of 0.01 cm s−1
220
Fig. 9 Simulation with 70 pens (20 shrimp m−2) and with no water
circulation
Discussion
When Figs. 8A and 9 are compared, it can be seen that
under a scenario of no water circulation the nitrogen
dilution is compromised, reaching the limit of 0.07 mg
L−1 around the 40th day of rearing. A similar effect can be
seen in Fig. 8, where current speed and mesh influence
were altered. This represents a hypothetical situation where
biofilm or algae growth on the pen clogs the mesh, thus
reducing the water flux. In this situation, the concentrations
would be close to 70 mg L−1 of N-NT at the end of the
rearing process and would pose a serious development
problem to the reared shrimps.
When modeling actual conditions, some compromises
must be made. For instance, when a particular current speed
is assumed, the simplified model considers a constant water
speed throughout the whole rearing period, which is not
what actually happens in the environment, where there is
generally a variable flux rate and a great deal of dynamism.
Similarly, when a greater resistance of the mesh to the
passage of water is adopted because of the clogging effect
of biofilm or algae growth, this situation is considered by
the model to be unchanged up to the moment of harvest.
One of the characteristics of the Patos Lagoon estuary is
that there is little presence of “fouling” on the mesh of the
pens, probably because of variations in salinity (Castello
1985; Garcia 1997).
Despite the model’s limitations, this study could serve as
a basis for new research. In the future, it will be necessary
to consider nitrogen load in sediments, as well as other
anthropic sources of nitrogen. For instance, Lacerda et al.
(2006) have found in six estuaries in NE Brazil that inputs
of N related to shrimp farming are considerable. The middle
and upper hydrographic basins of the Patos Lagoon collect
and carry moderate to elevated nitrate and ammonia
because of agricultural activities on the surrounding lands
and macrophyte and algal decomposition and mineraliza-
tion (Niencheski and Baumgarten 1997). In addition, the
Estuaries and Coasts: J CERF (2008) 31:215–222
Fig. 10 The impact of water renewal on the concentration of total
nitrogen, using 80 units distributed over the Saco da Mangueira.
Estimate made with current speed of 0.01 (A) and 0.001 cm s−1 (B),
25% mesh influence and pens with 20 shrimps m−2
model should consider the influence of microorganisms on
nutrient recycling and include hydrodynamic variations
(Castello 1985; Garcia 1997) over the rearing period to
make the model more realistic.
Conclusions
For the current stage of development of the model, the
simulation results under different scenarios of water speed,
shrimp density, number of pens, and clogging effect on the
mesh suggest that an optimal number of standard pens (area
of 0.3 ha) can be estimated as 70 units in the Saco da
Mangueira (Fig. 10). That is, equivalent to a total shrimp
production of 32.2 ton.
This model shows that through successful formulation,
parameterizing, verification, and application of a budget
model considering basic input processes such as assimila-
tion and loss of nitrogen it is possible to develop a highly
useful analytical tool, available in the planning of marine
aquaculture, and its possible environmental impact. How-
ever, it should not be used as the only source for decision
making, as further adjustments and new simulations for
other bay scenarios are needed to better reflect the local
circumstances.
Estuaries and Coasts: J CERF (2008) 31:215–222 221

Appendix References

ANNEX Bonilha, L., and M. Asmus. 1994. Modelo ecológico do fitoplâncton e

zooplâncton do estuário da Patos Lagoon, RS. Publ. Academia de
A detailed description of the equations used in the model is Ciências do Estado de São Paulo 87(1):347–362.
described below: Boyd, C.E., and D. Teichert-Coddington. 1995. Dry matter, ash and
elemental composition of pond-culture Penaeus vannamei and
Total_faeces (t) = Total_faeces (t - dt) + (faeces prod) * dt Penaeus stylirostris. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26
(1):88–92.
INIT Total_faeces = 0 Burford, M.A., and K. Lorenzen. 2004. Modeling nitrogen dynamics
INFLOWS: in intensive shrimp ponds: The role of sediment mineralization.
Faeces_prod = total_food *0.3*0.16*0.85*0.1 Aquaculture 229:129–145.
Castello, J.P. 1985. La ecología de los consumidores del estuario de Lagoa
Number (t) = Number (t - dt) + (- mortality) * dt
dos Patos, Brasil. In Fish community ecology in estuaries and coastal
INIT Number = 60000 lagoons: towards an ecosystem integration, ed. A. Yanez-Arancibia,
OUTFLOWS: 383–406. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Clark, J.R. 1995. Coastal zone management handbook. Lewis
mortality = IF(ind_weight_B<10) THEN (0.0022*Number)
Publishers.
ELSE(Number) Fry, J.C. 1987. Functional roles of the major groups of bacteria
N_excreted(t) = N_excreted(t - dt) + (excretion) * dt associated with detritus. In Detritus and microbial ecology in
aquaculture. ICLARM Conference Proceedings.
INIT N_excreted = 0
Funge-Smith, S., and J. Stewart. 1996. Coastal aquaculture: Identifi-
INFLOWS: cation of social, economic and environmental constraints to
Excretion=total food*0,3*0,16*0,85-(faeces prod+ total sustainability with reference to shrimp culture. In Coastal
food*0,3*0,16*0,85*0,3)
aquaculture and environment: strategies for sustainability.
Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland.
total_N(t) = total_N (t - dt) + (N_accumulation - dilution) * dt Garcia, C.A. 1997. Hydrographic Characteristics. In Subtropical conver-
INIT total_N = 0 gence environments. The coast and sea in the Southwestern
INFLOWS: Atlantic, eds. U. Seeliger, C. Odebrecht, and P. Castello, 18–20.
New York: Springer.
N_accumulation = IF(harvest=0) THEN (Number_pens* (excret
Gomes-Galindo, C. 2000. A nitrogen-based assessment of aquaculture:
ELSE(Number_pens* (excretion+total_faeces+N_losses)) Shrimp farming in northwest México. PhD Thesis. University of
OUTFLOWS: British Columbia, Canada. 150 pp.
Hargreaves, J.A. 1998. Nitrogen biochemistry of aquaculture ponds.
dilution = renewal rate* total_N
Aquaculture 166:181–212.
N_losses(t)= N losses (t - dt) + (unconsumed) * dt Holland, B., A. Welch, I.D. Unwin, D.H. Buss, A. Paul, and D.
INIT N losses = 0 Southgate. 1991. McCance and Widdowson’s the composition of
INFLOWS: foods, 5th ed. UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry and Ministry
of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
unconsumed = total food *0.3*0.16*0.15 Islam, M.A., M.J. Sarker, T. Yamamoto, M.A. Wahab, and M. Tanaka.
ind_weight_N(t) = ind weight N(t - dt) + (assimilation) * dt 2004. Water and sediment quality, partial mass budget and
INIT ind weight_N = 0.01 effluent N loading in coastal brackishwater shrimp farms in
Bangladesh. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:471–485.
INFLOWS:
Jackson, C., N. Preston, P.J. Thompson, and M. Burford. 2003.
assimilation = ind food*0.16*0.3*0.85*0.3 Nitrogen budget and effluent nitrogen components at an intensive
ind_food = 0.56*(ind weight B^-0.5) shrimp farm. Aquaculture 218:397–411.
Lacerda, L.D., A.G. Vaisman, L.P. Maiaz, C.A. Ramos e Silva, and E.
total food = (ind food *biomass)*0.0285
M.S. Cunha. 2006. Relative importance of nitrogen and
biomass = Number* ind weight B phosphorus emissions from shrimp farming and other anthropo-
N concent mg L-1 = total N / pen volume m3 genic sources for six estuaries along the NE Brazilan coast.
Aquaculture 253:433–446.
Conc N Mangueria mg L-1= (total N/volume Mangueira)+ environment
Lorenzen, K., J. Stuve, and V. Cowan. 1997. Impact of farming
Environment conc = 0.065 intensity and water management on nitrogen dynamics in
real current = natural current m s-1 *mesh influence intensive pond culture: A mathematical model applied to Thai
natural current m s-1 = 0.0001
commercial shrimp farms. Aquaculture Research 28:493–507.
Montoya, R.A., A.L. Lawrence, W. Grant, and M. Velasco. 1999.
harvest = IF(ind weight B<10) THEN(0) ELSE(mortality*ind weight B Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and shrimp growth in an
mesh influence = 0.85 intensive shrimp culture system: Effects of feed and feeding
Number pens = 72 parameters. Ecological Modeling 122:81–95.
Niencheski, L.F., and M.G. Baumgarten. 1997. Environmental
ind weight B = ind weight N/0.0285 chemistry. In Subtropical convergence environments. The coast
renewal rate = (90*real current*86400)/ pen volume_m3 and sea in the Southwestern Atlantic, eds. Seeliger, Odebrecht,
pen volume m3 = 3.000 and Castello, 20–23. Springer.
Philips, M.J., K.C. Lin, and M.C.M. Beveridge. 1993. Shrimp culture
Mangueira volume m3= 18.690.000
and the environment: Lessons from the world’s most rapidly
222
expanding warm water aquaculture sector. In Environment and
aquaculture in developing countries. ICLARM Conference
Proceedings.
Piedrahita, R. 2003. Reducing the potential environmental impact of
tank aquaculture through intensification and recirculation. Aqua-
culture 226:35–44.
Primavera, J.H. 1993. A critical review of shrimp pond culture in the
Philippines. Reviews in Fisheries Science 1(2):151–201.
Rosenberry, B. 1998. World shrimp farming. Shrimp News International.
Velasco, M., A.L. Lawrence, and W.H. Neill. 1998. Development of a
static-water ecoassay with microcosm tanks for postlarval
Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 161:9–87.
View publication stats
Estuaries and Coasts: J CERF (2008) 31:215–222
Wasielesky, W. 2000. Cultivo de juvenis do camarão-rosa Farfante-
penaeus paulensis (Decapoda, Penaeidae) no estuário da Patos
Lagoon: Efeitos de parâmetros ambientais e manejo de cultivo.
Tese de doutorado, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande. Rio Grande, Brasil.
Wasielesky, W., L.H. Poersch, L. Jensen, and A. Bianchini. 2001.
Effect of stocking density on pen reared pink shrimp Farfante-
penaeus paulensis (Perez-Farfante, 1967) (Decapoda, Penaeidae).
Nauplius 9(2):163–167.
Wyban, J.A., J.N. Sweeney, and R. Kanna. 1998. Shrimp yields and
economic potential of intensive round pond systems. Journal of
World Aquaculture Society 19:210–217.