Contents

LIST OF SYMBOLS xix Important Terms and Concepts 46

References 47
1. Introduction 1
3. The Structure of Crystalline
Learning Objectives 2 Solids 48
1.1 Historical Perspective 2
Learning Objectives 49
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 3
3.1 Introduction 49
1.3 Why Study Materials Science and
Engineering? 5 CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 49
Case Study—Liberty Ship Failures 6 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 49
1.4 Classification of Materials 7 3.3 Unit Cells 50
Case Study—Carbonated Beverage 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 51
Containers 12 3.5 Density Computations 57
1.5 Advanced Materials 14 3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 57
1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 16 Material of Importance—Tin (Its
Summary 17 Allotropic Transformation) 58
References 18 3.7 Crystal Systems 59
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS, DIRECTIONS, AND
PLANES 61
2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic
Bonding 19 3.8 Point Coordinates 61
3.9 Crystallographic Directions 64
Learning Objectives 20 3.10 Crystallographic Planes 70
2.1 Introduction 20 3.11 Linear and Planar Densities 76
ATOMIC STRUCTURE 20 3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 77
2.2 Fundamental Concepts 20 CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE
2.3 Electrons in Atoms 22 MATERIALS 79
2.4 The Periodic Table 28 3.13 Single Crystals 79
ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 30 3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 79
3.15 Anisotropy 81
2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 30
3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of
2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 32
Crystal Structures 82
2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals
3.17 Noncrystalline Solids 87
Bonding 39
Summary 88
Materials of Importance—Water (Its Equation Summary 90
Volume Expansion Upon Freezing) 42 List of Symbols 90
2.8 Mixed Bonding 43 Important Terms and Concepts 91
2.9 Molecules 44 References 91
2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification
Correlations 44 4. Imperfections in Solids 92
Summary 45
Equation Summary 46 Learning Objectives 93
List of Symbols 46 4.1 Introduction 93

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POINT DEFECTS 93 PLASTIC DEFORMATION 154

4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 93 6.6 Tensile Properties 154
4.3 Impurities in Solids 95 6.7 True Stress and Strain 161
4.4 Specification of Composition 98 6.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic
MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 102 Deformation 164
6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional
4.5 Dislocations—Linear Defects 102 Deformations 165
4.6 Interfacial Defects 105 6.10 Hardness 165
Materials of Importance—Catalysts (and
Surface Defects) 108 PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY
4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects 109 FACTORS 171
4.8 Atomic Vibrations 109 6.11 Variability of Material Properties 171
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 110 6.12 Design/Safety Factors 173
Summary 177
4.9 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 110 Important Terms and Concepts 178
4.10 Microscopic Techniques 111 References 178
4.11 Grain-Size Determination 115
Summary 118
Equation Summary 119 7. Dislocations and Strengthening
List of Symbols 120 Mechanisms 180
Important Terms and Concepts 120 Learning Objectives 181
References 120 7.1 Introduction 181
DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION 181
5. Diffusion 121 7.2 Basic Concepts 182
Learning Objectives 122 7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 184
5.1 Introduction 122 7.4 Slip Systems 185
5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 123 7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 187
5.3 Fick’s First Law 124 7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline
5.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Materials 190
Diffusion 126 7.7 Deformation by Twinning 192
5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 130 MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS 193
5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting
7.8 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 193
Materials 135
7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening 195
Materials of Importance—Aluminum
7.10 Strain Hardening 196
for Integrated Circuit
Interconnects 138 RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION, AND GRAIN
5.7 Other Diffusion Paths 139 GROWTH 199
Summary 139 7.11 Recovery 199
Equation Summary 140 7.12 Recrystallization 200
List of Symbols 141 7.13 Grain Growth 204
Important Terms and Concepts 141 Summary 206
References 141 Equation Summary 208
List of Symbols 208
Important Terms and Concepts 208
6. Mechanical Properties of Metals 142
References 208
Learning Objectives 143
6.1 Introduction 143
8. Failure 209
6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 144
ELASTIC DEFORMATION 148 Learning Objectives 210
8.1 Introduction 210
6.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 148
6.4 Anelasticity 151 FRACTURE 211
6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 151 8.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 211